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Zheng W, Lu X, Chen G, Shen Y, Huang X, Peng J, Wang J, Yin Y, Song W, Xie M, Yu S, Chen L. The osteoclastic activity in apical distal region of molar mesial roots affects orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption in rats. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:19. [PMID: 38418457 PMCID: PMC10901898 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-024-00284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of optimal orthodontic force is crucial to prevent undesirable side effects and ensure efficient tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. However, the sensitivity of existing detection techniques is not sufficient, and the criteria for evaluating optimal force have not been yet established. Here, by employing 3D finite element analysis methodology, we found that the apical distal region (A-D region) of mesial roots is particularly sensitive to orthodontic force in rats. Tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts began accumulating in the A-D region under the force of 40 grams (g), leading to alveolar bone resorption and tooth movement. When the force reached 80 g, TRAP-positive osteoclasts started appearing on the root surface in the A-D region. Additionally, micro-computed tomography revealed a significant root resorption at 80 g. Notably, the A-D region was identified as a major contributor to whole root resorption. It was determined that 40 g is the minimum effective force for tooth movement with minimal side effects according to the analysis of tooth movement, inclination, and hyalinization. These findings suggest that the A-D region with its changes on the root surface is an important consideration and sensitive indicator when evaluating orthodontic forces for a rat model. Collectively, our investigations into this region would aid in offering valuable implications for preventing and minimizing root resorption during patients' orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinfeng Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Wencheng Song
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengru Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoling Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China.
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Heat Shock Protein Overexpression-Mediated Periodontal Ligament Regeneration: A Fundamental Approach to Generate a Potential Biomaterial. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030809. [PMID: 35160752 PMCID: PMC8836659 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a cell-rich fibrous connective tissue supporting the tooth roots. The tissue helps to maintain homeostasis and exhibits regenerative and repairing ability, which is mediated by the heat shock protein (HSP). Here, we experimentally created PDL tissue with notable ability to regenerate hard tissue and evaluated it as a potential biomaterial. We immunohistochemically examined the mechanical load-induced HSP overexpression in mouse PDL. Following mechanical load application and release, HSP70 localization in the PDL was altered immediately, suggesting that the HSP70 function may differ with the timing of its expression in PDL. HSP70 expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of fibroblasts in PDL on the tension side not only participated in periodontium repair, but also functioned as a molecular chaperone during protein expression involved in osteogenesis to restructure injured tissue. This study highlights the potential of artificially created highly functional PDL tissues as biomaterials.
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Periodontal acidification contributes to tooth pain hypersensitivity during orthodontic tooth movement. Neurosci Res 2021; 177:103-110. [PMID: 34808249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tooth movements associated with orthodontic treatment often cause tooth pain. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here, we examined the involvement of periodontal acidification caused by tooth movement in mechanical tooth pain hypersensitivity. Elastics were inserted between the first and second molars to move the teeth in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation and the pH of the gingival sulcus around the tooth were measured. The expression of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) in trigeminal ganglion neurons and phosphorylation of ASIC3 in the periodontal tissue were analyzed. The mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation and pH in the gingival sulcus decreased on day 1 after the elastic insertion. These decreases recovered to the sham level by buffering periodontal acidification. Periodontal inhibition of ASIC3 channel activity reversed the decreased mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation. On day 1 after elastic insertion, the tooth movement did not change the number of ASIC3 immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the periodontal tissue but increased phosphorylated-ASIC3 levels in the periodontal tissue. Periodontal acidification induced by tooth movement causes phosphorylation of ASIC3, resulting in mechanical pain hypersensitivity in mechanically forced tooth.
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Okubo N, Ishikawa H, Sano R, Shimazu Y, Takeda M. Effect of resveratrol on the hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurons associated with ectopic hyperalgesia induced by experimental tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:275-283. [PMID: 33856731 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether, under in vivo conditions, systemic administration of resveratrol attenuates the experimental tooth movement-induced ectopic hyperalgesia associated with hyperexcitability of nociceptive trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) neurons. The threshold of escape from mechanical stimulation applied to the ipsilateral whisker pad in rats exposed to experimental tooth movement was significantly lower than seen in control rats from day 1 to 3 following movement of the right maxillary first molar tooth. The lowered mechanical threshold in the rats exposed to experimental tooth movement had almost returned to the level of sham-treated naïve rats at day 3 following administration of resveratrol. The mean mechanical threshold of nociceptive SpVc neurons was significantly lower after experimental tooth movement but the lower threshold could be reversed by administration of resveratrol. The higher discharge frequency of nociceptive SpVc neurons for noxious mechanical stimuli observed in rats exposed to experimental tooth movement was statistically significantly lower following resveratrol administration. These results suggest that resveratrol attenuates experimental tooth movement-induced mechanical ectopic hyperalgesia via suppression of peripheral and/or central sensitization. These findings support the idea that resveratrol, a complementary alternative medicine, is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of experimental tooth movement-induced ectopic hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Okubo
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Haruna Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Rena Sano
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shimazu
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takeda
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
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Matsumoto Y, Sringkarnboriboon S, Ono T. Proinflammatory mediators related to orthodontically induced periapical root resorption in rat mandibular molars. Eur J Orthod 2019; 39:686-691. [PMID: 28444165 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The early phase of orthodontic tooth movement involves acute inflammatory response that may induce bone resorption. The aim of this study was to localize and quantify cells in the periodontium expressing proinflammatory mediators during orthodontically induced periapical root resorption of the rat mandibular molars. Materials and methods The levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) α and β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2, and their product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the root resorption site were compared to those in the corresponding area of the untreated periodontal ligament (PDL) of physiologically drifting teeth. Continuous heavy orthodontic force was applied to the mandibular first molar for 8 and 15 days while in occlusion to induce root resorption. Frozen sections including root resorption lacunae were analyzed for the activity of non-specific esterase (NSE) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) by enzyme histochemistry and for the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-1, COX-2, and PGE2 by immunohistochemistry. Results The active root resorption lacunae had significantly more TRAP-positive multinucleated odontoclasts, whereas the number of NSE-positive cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage did not differ from that in the control PDL. Several types of periodontal cells exhibited a significant increase in the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, and PGE2 in the root resorption zone, while COX-1 was rarely detected. Conclusions These data suggest that proinflammatory mediators expressed in periodontal cells may synergistically promote apical root resorption in response to continuous heavy mechanical force applied to teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Matsumoto
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Heidary Z, Mojra A, Shirazi M, Bazargan M. A novel approach for early evaluation of orthodontic process by a numerical thermomechanical analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e2899. [PMID: 28544269 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to propose a novel method that provides an opportunity to evaluate an orthodontic process at early phase of the treatment. This was accomplished by finding out a correlation between the applied orthodontic force and thermal variations in the tooth structure. To this end, geometry of the human tooth surrounded by the connective soft tissue called the periodontal ligament and the bone was constructed by employing dental CT scan images of a specific case. The periodontal ligament was modeled by finite strain viscoelastic model through a nonlinear stress-strain relation (hyperelasticity) and nonlinear stress-time relation (viscoelasticity). The tooth structure was loaded by a lateral force with 15 different quantities applied to 20 different locations, along the midedge of the tooth crown. The resultant compressive stress in the periodontal ligament was considered as the cause of elevated cell activity that was modeled by a transient heat flux in the thermal analysis. The heat flux value was estimated by conducting an experiment on a pair of rats. The numerical results showed that by applying an orthodontic force to the tooth structure, a significant temperature rise was observed. By measuring the temperature rise, the orthodontic process can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Heidary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mojra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Shirazi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Bazargan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Gao Y, Liu Y, Zhu K, Zhang Z, Qiao H, Lu Z, Zhong T, Liu Y, Zhou H. Blocking of TRPV-1 in the parodontium relieves orthodontic pain by inhibiting the expression of TRPV-1 in the trigeminal ganglion during experimental tooth movement in rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:67-72. [PMID: 27267133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic pain has confused the orthodontics for a long time, and recent research demonstrated that transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) had crucial functions in transduction of painful stimuli. The present research investigated the analgesia effects of the blocking TRPV1 on orthodontic pain during experimental tooth movement. Under challenge with experimental tooth movement, the expression of TRPV1 in the parodontium was increased in a time-dependent and force-dependent manner. And treatment with selective TRPV1 antagonist AMG-9810 in the parodontium reduced the expression of TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and decreased the secretion of IL-1β in the gingival crevicular fluid. Furthermore, AMG-9810 could relieve orthodontic pain arising from experimental tooth movement in rats. We suggest that TRPV1 both in the parodontium and trigeminal ganglion are involved in orthodontic pain, and TRPV1 in the parodontium influence on orthodontic pain through reducing the expression of TRPV1 in trigeminal ganglion. Our finding may help to develop strategies for relieving orthodontic pain after orthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yingfei Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Hu Qiao
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
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Al-Duliamy MJ, Ghaib NH, Kader OA, Abdullah BH. Enhancement of orthodontic anchorage and retention by the local injection of strontium: An experimental study in rats. Saudi Dent J 2015; 27:22-9. [PMID: 25544811 PMCID: PMC4273278 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the clinical and histological effects of locally injected strontium on the anchoring unit of a rat model of an experimental relapsed tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six 10-week-old male Wister rats were randomly divided into two groups of 18 animals that were then randomly divided into three subgroups of six animals corresponding to three observation periods: T1 = 1 week, T2 = 2 weeks, and T3 = 3 weeks. In the first experiment, both the right and left maxillary first molars were moved buccally with a standardized expansive spring. Strontium chloride solution was injected every 2 days into the subperiosteal area buccal to the left maxillary first molar (the experimental side). The right-sided first molar was injected with distilled water as a control. In the second experiment, maxillary first molars were moved buccally with the spring. After 3 weeks, the spring was removed. Two days before the spring removal, strontium chloride was injected into the palatal side of left-sided maxillary first molar and distilled water was injected into the palatal side of the right-sided maxillary first molar as in experiment 1. RESULTS At the end of the experimental period, significant levels of inhibition were noted in terms of both tooth movement and relapse movement in strontium-injected sides. Histological examinations showed that strontium enhanced the number of osteoblasts and reduced the number of osteoclasts. CONCLUSION The local injection of strontium can inhibit the degree of experimental and relapsed tooth movement in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nidhal H. Ghaib
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Omar A. Kader
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Bashar H. Abdullah
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Iraq
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Qiao H, Gao Y, Zhang C, Zhou H. Increased expression of TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion is involved in orofacial pain during experimental tooth movement in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 123:17-23. [PMID: 25407056 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is involved in pain induced by experimental tooth movement, experiments were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g. Directed face-grooming behavior was used to evaluate nocifensive behavior in rats during experimental tooth movement. The distribution of TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and its expression was detected by western blotting at several time points following the application of various magnitudes of force during tooth movement. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TRPV1 was expressed in TG, and its expression was increased after experimental tooth movement. Western blot results also showed that experimental tooth movement led to a statistically significant increase in expression of TRPV1 protein in TG. Meanwhile, the time spent on directed face-grooming peaked on day 1 and thereafter showed a gradual decrease. In addition, both the change in TRPV1 expression in the TG and directed face-grooming behavior were modulated in a force-dependent manner and in concert with initial orthodontic pain responses. Our results reveal that TRPV1 expression is modulated by experimental tooth movement and is involved in tooth-movement pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qiao
- Department of Orthodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
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de Oliveira EL, Freitas FF, de Macedo CG, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Silva MBF, Manhães-Jr LRC, Junqueira JLC, Napimoga MH. Low dose propranolol decreases orthodontic movement. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1094-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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The effect of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a review of the literature. Int J Dent 2014; 2014:585048. [PMID: 24991214 PMCID: PMC4060421 DOI: 10.1155/2014/585048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. This review aims to evaluate the effect of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health. Data. Original articles that reported on the effect of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health were included. The reference lists of potentially relevant review articles were also sought. Sources. A literature search was conducted using the databases, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases for relevant studies. The search was carried out by using a combined text and the MeSH search strategies: using the key words in different combinations: “periodontal disease,” “orthodontics” and “root resorption.” This was supplemented by hand-searching in peer-reviewed journals and cross-referenced with the articles accessed. Articles published only in English language were included. Letters to the Editor, historical reviews and unpublished articles were not sought. Conclusions. Within the limitations of the present literature review, it was observed that there is a very close inter-relationship between the periodontal health and the outcome of orthodontic therapy.
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Jacobs C, Walter C, Ziebart T, Grimm S, Meila D, Krieger E, Wehrbein H. Induction of IL-6 and MMP-8 in human periodontal fibroblasts by static tensile strain. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:901-8. [PMID: 23851938 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mechanical loading is a potential activator of inflammation and able to stimulate factors for periodontal and alveolar bone destruction. Aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory response and synthesis of proteinases by human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPdLF) dependent on different strengths of static tensile strain (STS). MATERIALS AND METHODS HPdLFs were loaded with different STS strengths (1, 5, and 10 %) in vitro. Gene expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and interleukin (IL)-6 were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Production of IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL) synthesis was detected by immunocytochemical staining. RESULTS Ten percent STS led to an increased gene expression of IL-6 and COX-2 (34.4-fold) in HPdLF, and 1 and 5 % STS slightly reduced the gene expression of IL-6. Synthesis of IL-6 was significantly reduced by 1 % STS and stimulated by 10 % STS. Ten percent STS significantly induced PGE2 production. RANKL was not detectable at any strength of STS. MMP-8 synthesis showed significantly higher values only at 10 % STS, but TIMP-1 was stimulated by 5 and 10 % STS, resulting into highest TIMP-1/MMP-8 ratio at 5 % STS. CONCLUSIONS High-strength STS is a potent inducer of periodontal inflammation and MMP-8, whereas low-strength STS shows an anti-inflammatory effect. Moderate-strength STS causes the highest TIMP-1/MMP-8 ratio, leading to appropriate conditions for reformation of the extracellular matrix. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Furthermore, this study points out that the strength of force plays a pivotal role to achieve orthodontic tooth movement without inducing periodontal inflammation and to activate extracellular matrix regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany,
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IL-1β and compressive forces lead to a significant induction of RANKL-expression in primary human cementoblasts. J Orofac Orthop 2012; 73:397-412. [PMID: 22955577 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-012-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the response of primary human cementoblasts to conditions as they occur on the pressure side during orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS In our previous study, the cementoblasts were characterized using markers for osteoblastogenic differentiation and the cementoblast-specific marker CEMP-1. Initially, primary human cementoblasts were compressed for 1 h, 4 h, and 6 h (30 g/cm(2)). In the second experiment, the cementoblasts were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β for 24 h and for 96 h with 1 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml and subsequently compressed for 1 h and 6 h. Changes in mRNA expression for receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RANK and RANKL were also examined by immunocytochemical staining at the protein level. RESULTS Compression (30 g/cm(2)) led to a significant increase in RANKL expression after 6 h. OPG expression in compressed cementoblasts was significantly reduced after 1 h. RANK remained unchanged during the course of the experiment. Stimulation with IL-1β induced RANKL and OPG expression. However, IL-1β-dependent induction of RANKL was more prominent than the induction of OPG, leading to a (significant) increase in the RANKL/OPG ratios. The expression of RANK remained unchanged after 24 h of stimulation with IL-1β and decreased significantly after 96 h. Compression of the prestimulated cells resulted in a further increase in RANKL expression significant after 6 h. OPG and RANK expression remained unchanged compared to the unstimulated sample. COX-2 increased significantly after both compression and stimulation with IL-1β. Combined stimulation and compression resulted in a significant further increase after 6 h compared to IL-1β stimulation alone. CONCLUSION Primary human cementoblasts in vitro express increased levels of RANKL, in particular during the combination of inflammation and compression. The increase in RANKL expression is not compensated by an increase in OPG expression. The induction of RANKL expression was associated with a significant increase in COX-2 expression. Since RANKL attracts osteoclasts, its increase might be associated with the progression of root resorption. The in vitro alterations in cementoblasts we observed may be indicators of cellular mechanisms that lead to the increased root resorption during orthodontic treatment.
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Tripuwabhrut P, Brudvik P, Fristad I, Rethnam S. Experimental orthodontic tooth movement and extensive root resorption: periodontal and pulpal changes. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 118:596-603. [PMID: 21083621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported changes both in dental pulp and in periodontal ligament (PDL) following orthodontic tooth movement. However, pulpal changes following extensive root resorption after orthodontic tooth movement have not been studied in detail. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate inflammatory changes, both in the dental pulp and in the compressed PDL, after experimentally induced extensive root resorption. Extensive root resorption was induced in rats by the activation and re-activation of orthodontic force, with a short intervening period of no force application. The distribution of immune cells, nerve fibres and blood vessels was studied immunohistochemically using antibodies against CD68-immunoreactive (IR) cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II Ia-expressing cells, CD43-IR cells, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), and laminin. In the compressed PDL of experimental first molars, significantly increased density of CD68-IR cells and MHC class II Ia-expressing cells were found, whereas the density of CD43-IR cells were unchanged when compared with control second molars. In the compressed PDL, there was an increased density of blood vessels, but no sprouting of nerve fibres. In the dental pulp, however, no increased density of immune cells or sprouting of nerve fibres was recorded. In conclusion, inflammation after extensive root resorption was confined to the compressed PDL, whereas the dental pulp was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polbhat Tripuwabhrut
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Xie R, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Maltha JC. Inflammatory responses in two commonly used rat models for experimental tooth movement: Comparison with ligature-induced periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baba S, Kuroda N, Arai C, Nakamura Y, Sato T. Immunocompetent cells and cytokine expression in the rat periodontal ligament at the initial stage of orthodontic tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 56:466-73. [PMID: 21193170 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to investigate the involvement of immunocompetent cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines and HSP, to evaluate a change of periodontal ligament during the initial stage of orthodontic tooth movement. DESIGN In the present study, we investigated the distributional density of immunocompetent cells, the localisation of cytokines, and the expression levels of their mRNA in the periodontal ligament during the initial stage of orthodontic tooth movement, using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. RESULTS Orthodontic tooth movement led to significant recruitment of OX6(+) cells and ED1(+) cells in the rat PDL. Double-immunofluorescence staining showed that some ED1(+) cells expressed pro-inflammatory factors of IL-1β and TNF-α in the PDL during orthodontic tooth movement. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of IL-1β (Il1b) and TNF-α (Tnf) mRNA gradually increased following its decrease after 1h of orthodontic tooth movement. These findings suggest that ED1(+) cells are involved in the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β and the subsequent regulation of bone resorption on pressure side. HSP27 (Hspb1) mRNA levels were significantly increased as compared with the control at 1h of the initial stage of treatment. CONCLUSION ED1(+) cells involved in the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β may play an important role in the initial reaction of the PDL and in the induction of the osteoclastic bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Baba
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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Santos RL, De Farias MLF, De Mendonça LMC, Gonçalves RT, Martins MA, De Souza MMG. Effects of immunosuppressant FK-506 on tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res 2010; 13:153-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2010.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang Z, Wang Y, Luo W, Hua X, Wamalwa P, Wang J, Zhao Z, Lu Y, Liao Z, Lai W. Trigeminal expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 and behavior responses to experimental tooth movement in rats. Angle Orthod 2009; 79:951-7. [PMID: 19705939 DOI: 10.2319/082308-444.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that peripheral N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a role in pain induced by experimental tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 200 g and 300 g were used in this study. Expression of NMDA receptors subunit 1 (NMDAR1) in the mandibular portion of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) was determined by Western blotting 4 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after tooth movement. Changes in the time taken by the rats on nocifensive behavior then effects of NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and force magnitude on these changes in behavior and NMDAR1 expression were evaluated. RESULTS Experimental tooth movement led to a statistically significant increase in NMDAR1 expression at protein level from day 1 to 7 after force application initiating tooth movement. Time spent on nocifensive behavior dramatically increased from day 1 to 7. The rhythm in NMDAR1 expression in the TG and behavioral activities correlated well with the initial orthodontic pain responses. The magnitude of the nocifensive behavior and NMDAR1 expression were both force magnitude dependent and could be reduced by peripheral NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis is accepted. Peripheral NMDA receptors are modulated by experimental tooth movement and involved in the development of tooth movement pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yang Z, Luo W, Hou J, Zhao Z, Jian F, Wamalwa P, Lai W, Wang J, Wang Y, Liao Z. Development of a behavior model of pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117:380-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xie R, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Maltha JC. Osteoclast differentiation and recruitment during early stages of experimental tooth movement in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117:43-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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von Bohl M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Hyalinization during orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review on tissue reactions. Eur J Orthod 2008; 31:30-6. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjn080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yang Z, Cao Y, Wang Y, Luo W, Hua X, Lu Y, Liao Z, Lai W, Zhao Z. Behavioural responses and expression of P2X3 receptor in trigeminal ganglion after experimental tooth movement in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 54:63-70. [PMID: 18945422 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of P2X(3) receptor in pain induced by experimental tooth movement. DESIGN Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-300g were used. P2X(3) receptor distribution in the caudal one-third portion of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) was studied by IHC. Next, the changes of P2X(3) expression were detected by Western blotting 4h, 1d, 2d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 14d after tooth movement. We then developed a behaviour pain model associated with directed mouth wiping. Finally, the effect of TNP-ATP on nociceptive-like behaviour was evaluated. RESULTS Our results showed that P2X(3) receptors were expressed mainly in small- and medium-sized cells and experimental tooth movement led to an increase in staining of mandibular P2X(3) receptors. In addition, following experimental tooth movement, the expression of P2X(3) receptor in TG was statistically significantly up-regulated from days 1 to 5, with a peak on day 3. It was also found that the time spent on directed mouth wiping was dramatically increased by experimental tooth movement from days 1 to 7. The rhythm change of P2X(3) receptor expression in TG and the mouth wiping behaviour were in concert with the initial orthodontic pain responses. The directed mouth wiping behaviour was modulated in a force-dependent manner and could be attenuated by peripheral and systemic morphine. Furthermore, peripherally administered TNP-ATP could exert an analgesic effect on this pain model. CONCLUSION These results suggest that directed mouth wiping behaviour can be a reliable measurement of pain following experimental tooth movement in rats. The P2X(3) receptor is important in the development and maintenance of tooth movement pain and thus may be peripheral targets for analgesics in orthodontic pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kaneko T, Okiji T, Kaneko R, Suda H. Characteristics of resident dendritic cells in various regions of rat periodontal ligament. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:413-21. [PMID: 18040722 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the periodontal ligament (PDL) of normal rat molars, a considerable number of dendritic cells (DCs) are distributed as resident immunocompetent cells. We have hypothesized that the resident type of DCs can alter their morphology and phenotype to adapt to the microenvironment of the PDL. Thus, we have compared the characteristics of DCs in various regions of rat PDL by immunoelectron microscopy and gene expression analysis by means of reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. DCs in the periapical region show immature characteristics, i.e., small round profiles and few organelles. In the mesial region, which is the most stable area in the PDL, the density of DCs is the highest. DCs in the furcal region show the characteristics of activated antigen-presenting cells, i.e., CD86(high) expression, electron-dense lysosomes, and cell-to-cell contacts with lymphocytes. When the PDL is bacterially challenged by pulp exposure, the number of CD86+ DCs and contacts with lymphocytes increase in the furcal region. Gene expression analysis for the furcal region has also shown the up-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class II alpha-chain, CD83, CD86, and the antigen-presenting cell-lectin-like receptor A1. Thus, we have demonstrated heterogeneity in resident DCs. This may be associated with the difference in DCs regarding their state of maturation/activation, which may further reflect microenvironmental differences such as the amount of external antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoatsu Kaneko
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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Johnson RB. Osteoclast distribution within the rat interdental septum coincident to experimental tooth movement using light forces. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:74-82. [PMID: 17441200 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is little quantitative information concerning the number and distribution of bone-matrix resorbing osteoclasts (BMRO) within the adjacent alveolar bone coincident to tooth movement. We moved the right first maxillary molar tooth anteriorly in 40 female rats (E), the left side was untreated, serving as an internal control (IC). Forty female age and weight matched rats were untreated, serving as external controls (EC). BMRO were identified on periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the interdental septum from 1-5 days after initial force application using the MTB-322 antibody. The number of BMRO at periosteal surfaces of E was greater in IC and EC from 2-5 days (P < 0.001). Similarly, the number of BMRO at endosteal surfaces was greater from 1-5 days (P < 0.001). The number of BMRO at periosteal and endosteal surfaces was greater within E than within EC from 1-5 days (P < 0.001). Outcome data from IC were often significantly different from EC. Our data suggest that relatively low forces increase the number of BMRO, which are not uniformly distributed onto both periosteal and endosteal surfaces. Thus, the interdental septum resorbs at the alveolar wall and within spaces between the trabeculae, which, taken together, results in net removal of bone from areas of compression. These data also suggest that experimental tooth movement produces significant differences in the number and distribution of BMRO within IC and EC. Thus, EC groups should be included in studies of tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger B Johnson
- Department of Periodontics and Preventative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
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Iwasaki LR, Crouch LD, Tutor A, Gibson S, Hukmani N, Marx DB, Nickel JC. Tooth movement and cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid and whole blood in growing and adult subjects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128:483-91. [PMID: 16214631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2003] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tooth movement has been studied largely with respect to the force required for tipping when pressure distribution varies along the length of the periodontal ligament. But important factors for effective canine translation include the nature and magnitude of applied stress and the patient's cell biology. The purpose of this research was to test 3 hypotheses: (1) the velocity of tooth translation (v(t)) is related to applied stress and growth status, (2) a threshold of stress accounts for the lag phase, and (3) v(t) is correlated with the ratio (AI) of 2 cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-1RA) measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and stimulated whole blood (SWB). METHODS Continuous maxillary canine retraction stresses of 13 kPa and 4, 26, or 52 kPa were applied bilaterally in 6 growing and 4 adult subjects for 84 days. Dental models and GCF samples were collected at 1- to 14-day intervals. Cytokines were measured in GCF and SWB cell cultures. RESULTS V(t) was positively related to stress and was higher in growing subjects (P = .001). It was also related to AI(GCF) in growers (R2= 0.56) and nongrowers (R2= 0.72). Canines moved with 52 kPa showed a lag phase, and postlag phase AI(GCF) was twice that of lag phase AI(GCF). Mean v(t) and associated AI(GCF) during the postlag phase were nearly double the values for canines moved with 13 and 26 kPa. SWB production of cytokines was dose-dependent. For growing subjects, SWB IL-1RA was correlated with v(t) (R = 0.70-0.72), and AI(SWB) and IL-1beta concentrations were correlated with AI(GCF) (R = 0.73-0.78). CONCLUSIONS V(t) varied with growth status and stresses < or = 52 kPa; stresses of < 52 kPa showed no lag phase; and equivalent stresses yielded subject-dependent differences in v(t), which correlated with cytokines in GCF and SWB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Iwasaki
- Department of Oral Biology and Department of Growth and Development, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583-0755, USA.
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Ren Y, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Maltha JC. Immunohistochemical evaluation of osteoclast recruitment during experimental tooth movement in young and adult rats. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:1032-9. [PMID: 15963453 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orthodontic tooth movement starts slower in adults than in juveniles, but the rate of tooth movement in later phases is the same in both age groups. The hypotheses to be tested are that these phenomena are related to slower osteoclast recruitment in adults than in juveniles, but that in later phases the osteoclast numbers are the same in both age groups. DESIGN Standardized orthodontic tooth movement was performed in two groups of 30 rats, aged 6 weeks and 9-12 months, respectively. All maxillary molars at one side were together moved mesially by a continuous force of 10 cN. The other side served as a control. After 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, groups of animals were killed. After ED1 staining osteoclast numbers at the mesial and distal sides of selected roots were counted. RESULTS At the compression sides osteoclast numbers increased in both age groups. In young rats, a maximum was reached at 2 weeks, in adults at 4 weeks. In later phases of tooth movement, the number of osteoclasts in the adults was approximately twice as high as in the juveniles, while the rate of tooth movement was the same. A positive correlation between the rate of tooth movement and osteoclast numbers was found only in young rats. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic forces induce faster osteoclast recruitment in young than in adult rats and more osteoclasts are needed to achieve a certain rate of tooth movement in adult than in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, Triade gebouw, Ingang 24, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Barr AE, Safadi FF, Gorzelany I, Amin M, Popoff SN, Barbe MF. Repetitive, negligible force reaching in rats induces pathological overloading of upper extremity bones. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:2023-32. [PMID: 14606516 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.11.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Work-related repetitive motion disorders are costly. Immunohistochemical changes in bones resulting from repetitive reaching and grasping in 17 rats were examined. After 3-6 weeks, numbers of ED1+ macrophages and osteoclasts increased at periosteal surfaces of sites of muscle and interosseous membrane attachment and metaphyses of reach and nonreach forelimbs. These findings indicate pathological overloading leading to inflammation and subsequent bone resorption. INTRODUCTION Sixty-five percent of all occupational illnesses in U.S. private industry are attributed to musculoskeletal disorders arising from the performance of repeated motion, yet the precise mechanisms of tissue pathophysiology have yet to be determined for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This study investigates changes in upper extremity bone tissues resulting from performance of a voluntary highly repetitive, negligible force reaching and grasping task in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen rats reached an average of 8.3 times/minute for 45-mg food pellets for 2 h/day, 3 days/week for up to 12 weeks. Seven rats served as normal or trained controls. Radius, ulna, humerus, and scapula were collected bilaterally as follows: radius and ulna at 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 weeks and humerus and scapula at 0, 4, and 6 weeks. Bones were examined for ED1-immunoreactive mononuclear cells and osteoclasts. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry was performed for ED1 (monocyte/macrophage lineage cell marker) and TRACP (osteoclast marker) to confirm that ED1+ multinucleated cells were osteoclasts. Differences in the number of ED1+ cells over time were analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS Between 3 and 6 weeks of task performance, the number of ED1+ mononuclear cells and osteoclasts increased significantly at the periosteal surfaces of the distal radius and ulna of the reach and nonreach limbs compared with control rats. These cells also increased at periosteal surfaces of humerus and scapula of both forelimbs by 4-6 weeks. These cellular increases were greatest at muscle attachments and metaphyseal regions, but they were also present at some interosseous membrane attachments. The number of ED1+ cells decreased to control levels in radius and ulna by 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Increases in ED1+ mononuclear cells and osteoclasts indicate that highly repetitive, negligible force reaching causes pathological overloading of bone leading to inflammation and osteolysis of periosteal bone tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Barr
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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Zhang D, Goetz W, Braumann B, Bourauel C, Jaeger A. Effect of soluble receptors to interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha on experimentally induced root resorption in rats. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:324-32. [PMID: 12753372 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the role of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the course of mechanically induced root resorption was investigated. METHODS Mechanical induction of root resorption was performed on the upper left first molars in 18 male Wistar rats according to the method of Nakane and Kameyama. Starting on day minus 1, six animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of 2 ml of 1 micro g/ml soluble receptors to IL-1 (sIL-1RII) and another six animals were administered the same dose of soluble receptors to TNFalpha (sTNFalpha-RI). Six animals served as a control. On d 7 the left maxillae were prepared for histological and morphometric analysis of the extent of the root resorption that had developed. RESULTS The qualitative and quantitative results demonstrated that in both receptor groups the amount of root resorption was significantly reduced. Especially following systemic application of sTNFalpha-RI, root resorption was nearly completely prevented. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that IL-1 and more particularly TNFalpha are important for the induction and the further process of mechanically induced root resorption in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Zhang
- Jilin University, Dental School, Department of Orthodontics, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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