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Xiao Y, Tan M, Song J, Huang Y, Lv M, Liao M, Yu Z, Gao Z, Qu S, Liang W. Developmental validation of an mRNA kit: A 5-dye multiplex assay designed for body-fluid identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2024; 71:103045. [PMID: 38615496 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2024.103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of biosamples found at crime scenes is crucial for forensic investigations. Among the markers used for body fluid identification (BFI), mRNA has emerged as a well-studied marker because of its high specificity and remarkable stability. Despite this potential, commercially available mRNA kits specifically designed for BFI are lacking. Therefore, we developed an mRNA kit that includes 21 specific mRNA markers of body fluids, along with three housekeeping genes for BFI, to identify four forensic-relevant fluids (blood, semen, saliva, and vaginal fluids). In this study, we tested 451 single-body-fluid samples, validated the universality of the mRNA kit, and obtained a gene expression profile. We performed the validation studies in triplicates and determined the sensitivity, specificity, stability, precision, and repeatability of the mRNA kit. The sensitivity of the kit was found to be 0.1 ng. Our validation process involved the examination of 59 RNA mixtures, 60 body fluids mixtures, and 20 casework samples, which further established the reliability of the kit. Furthermore, we constructed five classifiers that can handle single-body fluids and mixtures using this kit. The classifiers output possibility values and identify the specific body fluids of interest. Our results showed the reliability and suitability of the BFI kit, and the Random Forest classifier performed the best, with 94% precision. In conclusion, we developed an mRNA kit for BFI which can be a promising tool for forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Mengyu Tan
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jinlong Song
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yihang Huang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Meili Lv
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Miao Liao
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Zailiang Yu
- Suzhou Microread Genetics Co.,Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhixiao Gao
- Suzhou Microread Genetics Co.,Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shengqiu Qu
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Weibo Liang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Zhu Y, Marin LM, Xiao Y, Gillies ER, Siqueira WL. pH-Sensitive Chitosan Nanoparticles for Salivary Protein Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041028. [PMID: 33920657 PMCID: PMC8073935 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Salivary proteins such as histatins (HTNs) have demonstrated critical biological functions directly related to tooth homeostasis and prevention of dental caries. However, HTNs are susceptible to the high proteolytic activities in the oral environment. Therefore, pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles (CNs) have been proposed as potential carriers to protect proteins from enzymatic degradation at physiological salivary pH. Four different types of chitosan polymers were investigated and the optimal formulation had good batch to batch reproducibility, with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 144 ± 6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.15 ± 0.04, and a zeta potential of 18 ± 4 mV at a final pH of 6.3. HTN3 encapsulation and release profiles were characterized by cationic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The CNs successfully encapsulated HTN3 and selectively swelled at acidic pH to facilitate HTN3 release. Protection of HTN3 against enzymatic degradation was investigated in diluted whole saliva. HTN3 encapsulated in the CNs had a prolonged survival time compared to the free HTN3. CNs with and without HTN3 also successfully reduced biofilm weight and bacterial viability. The results of this study have demonstrated the suitability of CNs as potential protein carriers for oral applications, especially for complications occurring at acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Lina M. Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Schulich Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.Z.); (E.R.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Walter L. Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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3
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Boroumand M, Olianas A, Manconi B, Serrao S, Iavarone F, Desiderio C, Pieroni L, Faa G, Messana I, Castagnola M, Cabras T. Mapping of Transglutaminase-2 Sites of Human Salivary Small Basic Proline-Rich Proteins by HPLC-High-Resolution ESI-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:300-313. [PMID: 31638822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Because of the distinctive features of the oral cavity, the determination of the proteins involved in the formation of the "oral protein pellicle" is demanding. The present study investigated the susceptibility of several human basic proline-rich peptides, named P-H, P-D, P-F, P-J, and II-2, as substrates of transglutaminase-2. The reactivity of the P-C peptide and statherin was also investigated. Peptides purified from human whole saliva were incubated with the enzyme in the presence or in the absence of monodansyl-cadaverine. Mass spectrometry analyses of the reaction products highlighted that P-H and P-D (P32 and A32 variants) were active substrates, II-2 was less reactive, and P-F and P-J showed very low reactivity. P-C and statherin were highly reactive. All of the peptides formed cyclo derivatives, and only specific glutamine residues were involved in the cycle formation and reacted with monodansyl-cadaverine: Q29 of P-H, Q37 of P-D, Q21 of II-2, Q41 of P-C, and Q37 of statherin were the principal reactive residues. One or two secondary glutamine residues of only P-H, P-D P32, P-C, and statherin were hierarchically susceptible to the reaction with monodansyl-cadaverine. MS and MS/MS data were deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium ( http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride ) via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD014658.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Boroumand
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
| | - Simone Serrao
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma 00168 , Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Roma 00143 , Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Laboratorio di Proteomica -Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello- IRCCS , Fondazione Santa Lucia , Roma 00142 , Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Pathology, AOU , University of Cagliari , Cagliari 09100 , Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica -Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello- IRCCS , Fondazione Santa Lucia , Roma 00142 , Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
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Histatin-1 counteracts the cytotoxic and antimigratory effects of zoledronic acid in endothelial and osteoblast-like cells. J Periodontol 2019; 90:766-774. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Laputková G, Schwartzová V, Bánovčin J, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Salivary Protein Roles in Oral Health and as Predictors of Caries Risk. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:174-200. [PMID: 33817083 PMCID: PMC7874700 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the current state of research on the potential relationship between protein content in human saliva and dental caries, which remains among the most common oral diseases and causes irreversible damage in the oral cavity. An understanding the whole saliva proteome in the oral cavity could serve as a prerequisite to obtaining insight into the etiology of tooth decay at early stages. To date, however, there is no comprehensive evidence showing that salivary proteins could serve as potential indicators for the early diagnosis of the risk factors causing dental caries. Therefore, proteomics indicates the promising direction of future investigations of such factors, including diagnosis and thus prevention in dental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Laputková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Schwartzová
- 1st Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Bánovčin
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Rastislavova 43, Košice, 041 90, Slovakia
| | - Michal Alexovič
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Ján Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
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6
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Torres P, Díaz J, Arce M, Silva P, Mendoza P, Lois P, Molina-Berríos A, Owen GI, Palma V, Torres VA. The salivary peptide histatin-1 promotes endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis. FASEB J 2017; 31:4946-4958. [PMID: 28751526 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700085r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a key factor that contributes to the high efficiency of wound healing in the oral mucosa. This is not only attributed to physical cues but also to the presence of specific peptides in the saliva, such as histatins. Histatin-1 is a 38 aa antimicrobial peptide, highly enriched in human saliva, which has been previously reported to promote the migration of oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro However, the participation of histatin-1 in other crucial events required for wound healing, such as angiogenesis, is unknown. Here we demonstrate that histatin-1 promotes angiogenesis, as shown in vivo, using the chick chorioallantoic membrane model, and by an in vitro tube formation assay, using both human primary cultured endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the EA.hy926 cell line. Specifically, histatin-1 promoted endothelial cell adhesion and spreading onto fibronectin, as well as endothelial cell migration in the wound closure and Boyden chamber assays. These actions required the activation of the Ras and Rab interactor 2 (RIN2)/Rab5/Rac1 signaling axis, as histatin-1 increased the recruitment of RIN2, a Rab5-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) to early endosomes, leading to sequential Rab5/Rac1 activation. Accordingly, interfering with either Rab5 or Rac1 activities prevented histatin-1-dependent endothelial cell migration. Finally, by immunodepletion assays, we showed that salivary histatin-1 is required for the promigratory effects of saliva on endothelial cells. In conclusion, we report that salivary histatin-1 is a novel proangiogenic factor that may contribute to oral wound healing.-Torres, P., Díaz, J., Arce, M., Silva, P., Mendoza, P., Lois, P., Molina-Berríos, A., Owen, G. I., Palma, V., Torres, V. A. The salivary peptide histatin-1 promotes endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Torres
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Díaz
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Arce
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Silva
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Mendoza
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Lois
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente A Torres
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; .,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Ali M, Shah D, Pasha Z, Jassim SH, Jassim Jaboori A, Setabutr P, Aakalu VK. Evaluation of Accessory Lacrimal Gland in Muller's Muscle Conjunctival Resection Specimens for Precursor Cell Markers and Biological Markers of Dry Eye Disease. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:491-497. [PMID: 27612554 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1214966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The accessory lacrimal glands (ALGs) are an understudied component of the tear functional unit, even though they are important in the development of dry eye syndrome (DES). To advance our understanding of aging changes, regenerative potential, and histologic correlates to human characteristics, we investigated human ALG tissue from surgical samples to determine the presence or absence of progenitor cell markers and lacrimal epithelial markers and to correlate marker expression to relevant patient characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS ALG tissues obtained from Muller's muscle conjunctival resection (MMCR) specimens were created using tissue microarrays (TMAs). Immunofluorescence staining of MMCR sections was performed using primary antibodies specific to cell protein markers. Cell marker localization in TMAs was then assessed by two blinded observers using a standardized scoring system. Patient characteristics including age, race, and status of ocular surface health were then compared against expression of stem cell markers. RESULTS Human ALG expressed a number of epithelial markers, and in particular, histatin-1 was well correlated with the expression of epithelial markers and was present in most acini. In addition, we noted the presence of precursor cell markers nestin, ABCG2, and CD90 in ALG tissue. There was a decrease in precursor cell marker expression with increasing age. Finally, we noted that a negative association was present between histatin-1 expression and DES. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we report for the first time that human ALG tissues contain precursor marker-positive cells and that this marker expression may decrease with increasing age. Moreover, histatin-1 expression may be decreased in DES. Future studies will be performed to use these cell markers to isolate and culture lacrimal epithelial cells from heterogeneous tissues, determine the relevance of histatin-1 expression to DES, and isolate candidate precursor cells from ALG tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Ali
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Dhara Shah
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Zeeshan Pasha
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Sarmad H Jassim
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Assraa Jassim Jaboori
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Pete Setabutr
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Vinay K Aakalu
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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8
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Abstract
Background Study of human lacrimal cell biology is limited by poor access to tissue samples, heterogeneous cell composition of tissue and a lack of established lacrimal epithelial markers. In order to further our understanding of lacrimal cell biology, we sought to find a better marker for human lacrimal epithelial cells, compared to what has been reported in the literature. Methods We utilized human Muller’s muscle conjunctival resection (MMCR) specimens containing accessory lacrimal gland (ALG) and cadaveric main lacrimal gland (MLG) as sources of lacrimal tissue. Candidate markers were sought using human ALG tissue from MMCR specimens, isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM). Affymetrix® analysis was performed on total RNA isolated from FFPE samples to profile transcription in ALG. MMCR tissue sections were assessed by immunofluorescence using antibodies for histatin-1, lactoferrin, E-cadherin (E-cad) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to analyze the expression of histatin-1, E-cad and lactoferrin from cadaveric MLG. Results Histatin-1 is expressed in ALG and MLG, localizes to lacrimal epithelium, and to a greater degree than do other putative lacrimal epithelial markers. Conclusions Histatin-1 is a good marker for human lacrimal epithelium in ALG and MLG and can be used to identify lacrimal cells in future studies.
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9
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Imamura Y, Wang PL, Masuno K, Sogawa N. Salivary protein histatin 3 regulates cell proliferation by enhancing p27(Kip1) and heat shock cognate protein 70 ubiquitination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:269-274. [PMID: 26775844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Histatins are salivary proteins with antimicrobial activities. We previously reported that histatin 3 binds to heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70), which is constitutively expressed, and induces DNA synthesis stimulation and promotes human gingival fibroblast (HGF) survival. However, the underlying mechanisms of histatin 3 remain largely unknown. Here, we found that the KRHH sequence of histatin 3 at the amino acid positions 5-8 was essential for enhancing p27(Kip1) (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) binding to HSC70 that occurred in a dose-dependent manner; histatin 3 enhanced the binding between p27(Kip1) and HSC70 during the G1/S transition of HGFs as opposed to histatin 3-M(5-8) (substitution of KRHH for EEDD in histatin 3). Histatin 3, but not histatin 3-M(5-8), stimulated DNA synthesis and promoted HGF survival. Histatin 3 dose-dependently enhanced both p27(Kip1) and HSC70 ubiquitination, whereas histatin 3-M(5-8) did not. These findings provide further evidence that histatin 3 may be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, particularly during G1/S transition, via the ubiquitin-proteasome system of p27(Kip1) and HSC70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Pao-Li Wang
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Kazuya Masuno
- Department of Dental Education Innovation, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Norio Sogawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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10
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Human saliva protein profile: Influence of food ingestion. Food Res Int 2014; 64:508-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Imamura Y, Wang PL. Salivary histatin 3 inhibits heat shock cognate protein 70-mediated inflammatory cytokine production through toll-like receptors in human gingival fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:4. [PMID: 24495360 PMCID: PMC3922778 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Salivary histatins are bioactive peptides related to the innate immune system associated with antimicrobial activities. However, very little is known about the physiological and biological functions of histatins against host cells or their role in oral cell inflammation. Histatin 3 binds to heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70, a constitutively expressed heat shock protein (HSP)). It is unclear whether HSC70 is involved in the inflammatory response in oral cells. Injured oral cells release some intracellular proteins including HSC70. It is possible that released HSC70 induces toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, just as extracellular HSP70 (a stress inducible HSP) does, and that histatin 3 affects this process. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that HSC70 activates TLR signaling and histatin 3 inhibits this activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Methods A nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent luciferase reporter plasmid was transfected into HEK293 cells stably expressing TLR2 with coreceptor CD14 (293-TLR2/CD14 cells) or stably expressing TLR4 with CD14 and the accessory molecule MD2 (293-TLR4/MD2-CD14 cells). The cells were stimulated with HSC70 in the presence or absence of histatin 3, and examined using luciferase assays. We also stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) with HSC70 with or without histatin 3. Then, we analyzed the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8) in the culture media. Cell proteins were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting with antibodies of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB inhibitor IκB-α, respectively. Histatin 3-bound form of HSC70 was analyzed using limited V8 protease proteolysis. Results HSC70 induced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner in 293-TLR2/CD14 and 293-TLR4/MD2-CD14 cells, and histatin 3 inhibited this process and when histatin 3 binding to HSC70 was precluded by 15-deoxyspergualin, which augmented NF-κB-triggered activation. In HGFs, histatin 3 also inhibited HSC70-induced inflammatory cytokine production, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase phosphorylation, and degradation of IκB-α. Moreover, HSC70 in the presence of histatin 3 was relatively resistant to digestion by V8 protease compared with HSC70 in the presence of control peptide. Conclusions Histatin 3 may be an inhibitor of HSC70-triggered activation of TLR signaling and inflammatory cytokine production and may be involved in inflammation processes noted in oral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan.
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12
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Histatin 5 binds to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B (HagB) and alters HagB-induced chemokine responses. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3904. [PMID: 24473528 PMCID: PMC3912440 DOI: 10.1038/srep03904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histatins are human salivary gland peptides with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we hypothesized that histatin 5 binds to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B (HagB) and attenuates HagB-induced chemokine responses in human myeloid dendritic cells. Histatin 5 bound to immobilized HagB in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy-based biosensor system. SPR spectroscopy kinetic and equilibrium analyses, protein microarray studies, and I-TASSER structural modeling studies all demonstrated two histatin 5 binding sites on HagB. One site had a stronger affinity with a KD1 of 1.9 μM and one site had a weaker affinity with a KD2 of 60.0 μM. Binding has biological implications and predictive modeling studies and exposure of dendritic cells both demonstrated that 20.0 μM histatin 5 attenuated (p < 0.05) 0.02 μM HagB-induced CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, and TNFα responses. Thus histatin 5 is capable of attenuating chemokine responses, which may help control oral inflammation.
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13
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Boghori M, Aghamaali M, Sariri R, Mohamadpour F, Ghafouri H. Salivary enzymes and flow rate: Markers of peptic ulcer. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2014; 4:24-9. [PMID: 25737915 PMCID: PMC4252638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Peptic ulcers are among the most common and most costly diseases known to human. Its diagnosis in the early stages would have great benefit in treatment of the disease. The aim of this study was to compare alternations of enzymes activity in salivary fluid between patients with peptic ulcer disease and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups each composed of 26 subjects (13 male and 13 female) patients with peptic and healthy controls entered. Activities of selective salivary enzymes were assayed by a spectrophotometeric method. RESULTS The results showed significant increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as total salivary protein (TSP) concentration in peptic ulcer patients as compared to control group. However, the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) also increased in peptic ulcer patients as compared to healthy control, but not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Based on the obtained results it was concluded that peptic ulcer may be early diagnosed by detecting activity of salivary enzymes. Therefore the saliva can be suggested as a diagnostic fluid.
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Bhadbhade SJ, Acharya AB, Thakur SL. Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid histatin in periodontal health and disease. J Clin Exp Dent 2013; 5:e174-8. [PMID: 24455076 PMCID: PMC3892240 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Histatin, with its anti bacterial, anti protease, and wound closure stimulating property might influence the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This study assessed the presence of histatin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF); the levels of salivary and GCF histatin in periodontal disease.
Material and methods: It was a cross sectional study that included systemically healthy forty five subjects (22 males and 23 females) between the age group of 20 to 45 years. Based on Gingival Index (Loe and Silness ,1963) and Russell’s Periodontal Index they were grouped as 15 healthy (Group 1), 15 gingivitis (Group 2), and 15 periodontitis (Group 3) subjects. Whole pooled unstimulated saliva was collected by asking the patient to spit in a sterile container and GCF samples were collected using a micropipette from all the subjects. Histatin levels were assessed using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The intergroup comparison was done by ANOVA and Mann Whitney U Test was done for pair wise comparison.
Results: The results of this study show that histatin is present in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. When the salivary histatin levels were compared it was found that the levels of histatin increase from health to periodontitis but the levels of histatin in the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva had no correlation with severity of periodontal disease as there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that histatin cannot be used as a potential marker of periodontal disease.
Key words:Periodontal disease, histatin, gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, gingival index, periodontal index, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti J Bhadbhade
- Private Consultant. B105, Sarala Roses, Baner Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anirudh B Acharya
- Professor. SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital. Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinath L Thakur
- Professor and Head. SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital. Sattur, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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15
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Chen YY, Seers CA, Slakeski N, Moore C, Zhang L, Reynolds EC. Reversible redox regulation of specificity of Arg-gingipain B in Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1275-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Jehmlich N, Dinh KHD, Gesell-Salazar M, Hammer E, Steil L, Dhople VM, Schurmann C, Holtfreter B, Kocher T, Völker U. Quantitative analysis of the intra- and inter-subject variability of the whole salivary proteome. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:392-403. [PMID: 23164135 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Interest in human saliva is increasing for disease-specific biomarker discovery studies. However, protein composition of whole saliva can grossly vary with physiological and environmental factors over time and it comprises human as well as bacterial proteins. MATERIAL AND METHODS We compared intra- and inter-subject variabilities using complementary gel-based (two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, 2-D DIGE) and gel-free (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) proteomics profiling of saliva. Unstimulated whole saliva of four subjects was examined at three different time-points (08.00 h, 12.00 h and 17.00 h) and variability of the saliva proteome was analyzed on two successive days by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS In the 2-D DIGE experiment, the median coefficient of variation (CV) for intra-subject variability was significantly lower (CV of 0.39) than that for inter-subject variability (CV of 0.57; CV of technical replicates 0.17). LC-MS/MS data confirmed the significantly lower variation within subjects over time (CV of 0.37) than the inter-subject variability (CV of 0.53; CV of technical replicates 0.11), and that the inter-subject variability was not time-dependent. CONCLUSION Both techniques revealed similar trends of variations on technical, intra- and inter-subject level but provided peptide and protein focused information and should thus be used as complementary approaches. The data presented indicate that 2-D DIGE as well as LC-MS/MS approaches are suitable for biomarker screening in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jehmlich
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Kim JK, Zhou H, Nabili V, Wang MB, Abemayor E, Wong DTW. Utility of multiple sampling in reducing variation of salivary interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β mRNA levels in healthy adults. Head Neck 2012; 35:968-73. [PMID: 22807130 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary mRNA biomarkers can exhibit significant variation over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern and magnitude of variation of salivary mRNA biomarkers and to explore the effect of performing replicate assays and multiple sampling on the dispersion of salivary biomarkers. METHODS Salivary interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNAs, developed as biomarkers for oral cancer detection, were selected and measured from 15 healthy subjects at 4 different time points on the same day. RESULTS Salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA levels fluctuated randomly over time without predictable rhythm and showed higher within-subject biological variation than analytical variation. The dispersion of salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNAs was more effectively reduced by taking multiple saliva sample measurements than by performing replicative assays. CONCLUSION Taking multiple saliva samples can effectively reduce variation of salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA levels in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 3056-6 Daemyung 4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu, South Korea
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18
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Kurowska E, Bonna A, Goch G, Bal W. Salivary histatin-5, a physiologically relevant ligand for Ni(II) ions. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1220-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Dixon DR, Jeffrey NR, Dubey VS, Leung KP. Antimicrobial peptide inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis 381-induced hemagglutination is improved with a synthetic decapeptide. Peptides 2009; 30:2161-7. [PMID: 19666067 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of various antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on disrupting the hemagglutinating ability of cellular components of the putative oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis were examined. AMP inhibition of P. gingivalis 381-induced hemagglutination using vesicles (VES) or outer membrane (OM) preparations was determined within standardized hemagglutination assays using various mammalian erythrocytes. A synthetic decapeptide (KSL-W) and its truncated peptide analogs were evaluated and compared with selected classes of AMPs derived from naturally occurring innate defense peptides. All tested AMPs were effective in disrupting P. gingivalis-induced hemagglutination among tested erythrocytes, with the exception of magainin I and the truncated KSL-W analogs. LL-37 was generally the most potent followed by histatin 5. The synthetic decapeptide (KSL-W) was found to be similar to the histatin 8 peptide in terms of inhibitory effect. In addition, co-application assays (with selected oral-related AMPs+/-KSL-W) were employed to determine if co-application procedures would improve hemagglutination abrogation above that of oral-related AMPs alone. These experiments revealed that the KSL-W peptide improved hemagglutination inhibition above that of each of the oral-related peptides (histatin 5 and 8, LL-37) alone. Among mammalian erythrocytes, significant peptide-induced hemagglutination was observed for the cathelicidin class AMPs, LL-37 and indolicidin (>or=25 and >or=100 microM respectively). In contrast, KSL-W did not induce erythrocyte agglutination throughout any concentration range tested (0.1-1000 microM). Our results suggest that several AMPs are effective in disrupting P. gingivalis 381-induced hemagglutination and that the co-application of a small, synthetically derived peptide may serve to augment the role of local host AMPs engaged in innate defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Dixon
- Microbiology and Immunology Branch, US Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA.
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20
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Inter-individual variability of protein patterns in saliva of healthy adults. J Proteomics 2009; 72:822-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Castagnola M, Messana I, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Cabras T, Morelli A, Pecoraro AM, Neri G, Torrioli MG, Gurrieri F. Hypo-phosphorylation of salivary peptidome as a clue to the molecular pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. J Proteome Res 2009; 7:5327-32. [PMID: 19367726 DOI: 10.1021/pr8004088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RP-HPLC-ESI-MS profile of naturally occurring salivary peptides of subjects with autistic spectrum disorder [ASD; N = 27:12 with diagnosis of autism, 1 with diagnosis of Asperger, 14 with diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)] was compared to that of age-matched controls with the goal of identifying differences that could turn out to become hallmarks of at least a subgroup of ASD individuals. Phosphorylation level of four specific salivary phospho-peptides, namely statherin, histatin 1 (both, p < 0.0001) and acidic proline-rich proteins (both entire and truncated isoforms) (p < 0.005) was found significantly lower in autistic patients, with hypo-phosphorylation of at least one peptide observed in 18 ASD subjects (66%). Developmental scale assessment (Griffith or WISC-R) carried out on 14 ASD subjects highlighted a normal to borderline cognitive development in 10 of them, all included in the hypo-phosphorylated group. Phosphorylation of salivary peptides involves a Golgi casein kinase common to many organs and tissues, CNS included, whose expression seems to be synchronized during fetal development. Hypo-phosphorylation of salivary peptides suggests potential asynchronies in the phosphorylation of other secretory proteins, which could be relevant in CNS development either during embryonic development or in early infancy. These results suggest that analysis of salivary phospho-peptides might help to discriminate a considerable subgroup of ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Sun X, Salih E, Oppenheim FG, Helmerhorst EJ. Kinetics of histatin proteolysis in whole saliva and the effect on bioactive domains with metal-binding, antifungal, and wound-healing properties. FASEB J 2009; 23:2691-701. [PMID: 19339663 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-131045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the rate and mode of degradation of individual histatin proteins in whole saliva to establish the impact on its functional domains. Pure synthetic histatins 1, 3, and 5 were incubated with whole saliva supernatant as the enzyme source, and peptides in the resultant digests were separated by reverse-phase-HPLC and structurally characterized by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The overall V(max)/K(m) ratios, a measure of proteolytic efficiency, were on the order of histatin-5 > histatin-3 > histatin-1. Mathematical models predict that histatins 1, 3, and 5 levels in whole saliva stabilize at 5.1, 1.9, and 1.2 microM, representing 59, 27, and 11% of glandular histatins 1, 3, and 5 levels, respectively. Monitoring of the appearance and disappearance of histatin fragments yielded the identification of the first targeted enzymatic cleavage sites as K(13) and K(17) in histatin 1, R(22), Y(24), and R(25) in histatin 3, and Y(10), K(11), R(12), K(13), H(15), E(16), K(17), and H(18) in histatin 5. The data indicate that metal-binding, antifungal, and wound-healing domains are largely unaffected by the primary cleavage events in whole saliva, suggesting a sustained functional activity of these proteins in the proteolytic environment of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Sun
- Dept. of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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23
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Oudhoff MJ, Bolscher JGM, Nazmi K, Kalay H, van 't Hof W, Amerongen AVN, Veerman ECI. Histatins are the major wound-closure stimulating factors in human saliva as identified in a cell culture assay. FASEB J 2008; 22:3805-12. [PMID: 18650243 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-112003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wounds in the oral cavity heal much faster than skin lesions. Among other factors, saliva is generally assumed to be of relevance to this feature. Rodent saliva contains large amounts of growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). In humans, however, the identity of the involved compounds has remained elusive, especially since EGF and NGF concentrations are approximately 100,000 times lower than those in rodent saliva. Using an in vitro model for wound closure, we examined the properties of human saliva and the fractions that were obtained from saliva by high-performance liquid chromotography (HPLC) separation. We identified histatin 1 (Hst1) and histatin 2 (Hst2) as major wound-closing factors in human saliva. In contrast, the d-enantiomer of Hst2 did not induce wound closure, indicating stereospecific activation. Furthermore, histatins were actively internalized by epithelial cells and specifically used the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, thereby enhancing epithelial migration. This study demonstrates that members of the histatin family, which up to now were implicated in the antifungal weaponry of saliva, exert a novel function that likely is relevant for oral wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno J Oudhoff
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Department of Oral Biochemistry, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Schipper RG, Silletti E, Vingerhoeds MH. Saliva as research material: Biochemical, physicochemical and practical aspects. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:1114-35. [PMID: 17692813 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Whole saliva is a complex mixture of proteins and other molecules which originate from several sources. The biochemical and physicochemical properties of saliva contribute to the numerous functions of saliva in, e.g., speech, maintaining oral and general health, and food processing. Interest in saliva has increased in the last few years for its potential to diagnose viral, bacterial and systemic diseases. The use of saliva as research material may pose particular problems due to its inherent variability and instability. This review describes practical aspects of salivary as research material with emphasis on protein biochemistry and physical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond G Schipper
- TI Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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A Review of the Salivary Proteome and Peptidome and Saliva-derived Peptide Therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Tan S, Liang CRMY, Yeoh KG, So J, Hew CL, Chung MCM. Gastrointestinal fluids proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:820-33. [PMID: 21136736 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Seventy million people suffer from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract annually in US, translating to US$85.5 billion in direct healthcare costs. The debilitating effects of these gastrointestinal (GI) diseases can be circumvented with good biomarkers for early detection of these disorders, which will greatly increase the success of curative treatments. GI fluids represent a potential reservoir of biomarkers for early diagnosis of various GI and systemic diseases since these fluids are the most proximal fluid bathing diseased cells. They are anticipated to have proteomes that closely reflect the ensemble of proteins secreted from the respective GI tissues. Most importantly, the disease markers present in GI fluids should be present in higher concentrations than in sera, thus offering greater sensitivity in their detection. However, proteome analysis of GI fluids can be complex mainly due to the dynamic range of protein content and the numerous PTMs of proteins in each specialized GI compartment. This review attempts to discuss the physiology of the various GI fluids, the special technical considerations required for proteome analysis of each fluid, as well as to summarize the current state of knowledge of biomarker discoveries and clinical utility of GI fluids such as salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Hardt M, Witkowska HE, Webb S, Thomas LR, Dixon SE, Hall SC, Fisher SJ. Assessing the effects of diurnal variation on the composition of human parotid saliva: quantitative analysis of native peptides using iTRAQ reagents. Anal Chem 2007; 77:4947-54. [PMID: 16053308 DOI: 10.1021/ac050161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in salivary composition correlate with disease susceptibility, disease state, or both. However, use of saliva for diagnostic purposes is complicated by the gland-specific effects of circadian rhythm or diurnal variation. We recently characterized a suite of peptides in the < or =10-kDa fraction of human parotid saliva that included many novel species. In this study, we used novel iTRAQ labeling chemistry to investigate possible diurnal effects on peptide generation. We collected samples produced by gustatory stimulation as the ductal secretions at four time points under conditions that minimized proteolysis, pooled them according to collection time, and isolated the LMW fractions. Samples collected at each collection time were derivatized with a different isobaric iTRAQ reagent. The labeled samples were combined, separated by reversed-phase HPLC, co-spotted with matrix on MALDI targets, and analyzed by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. With this approach, we achieved relative quantification of the parotid peptides at four time points. In several cases, abundance during the day changed dramatically. iTRAQ tagging improved the efficiency of MS/MS fragmentation, which in turn allowed the identification of several novel peptides. Our results demonstrated both the utility of this method and the importance of diurnal effects on the composition of the human parotid saliva peptidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hardt
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Amado FML, Vitorino RMP, Domingues PMDN, Lobo MJC, Duarte JAR. Analysis of the human saliva proteome. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 2:521-39. [PMID: 16097886 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.4.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the characterization of the salivary proteome has increased in the last few years. This review discusses the different techniques and methodologies applied to the separation and identification of salivary proteins. Nowadays, proteomic techniques are the state of the art for the analysis of biologic materials and saliva is no exception. 2D electrophoresis and tryptic digest analysis by mass spectrometry are the typical methodology, but new approaches using 2D liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methods have already been introduced for saliva analysis. Due to their important physiologic role in the oral cavity, low-molecular-weight proteins and peptides are also included in this article and the methodologies discussed.
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29
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Helmerhorst EJ, Alagl AS, Siqueira WL, Oppenheim FG. Oral fluid proteolytic effects on histatin 5 structure and function. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:1061-70. [PMID: 16901460 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Histatins are human salivary antifungal proteins that are prone to extensive enzymatic degradation upon their release into the oral cavity. Histatin proteolysis, leading to the disappearance of the intact protein can be expected to have functional consequences. Histatin 5, comprising 24 residues, is the smallest of the major salivary histatins and the most active in terms of its antifungal properties. The rate and mode of histatin 5 degradation were determined by incubating the protein in whole saliva supernatant for various time intervals. Fragmentation products were collected by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), characterised structurally by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and functionally in a fungal growth inhibition assay. Of the 19 fragments identified, 16 were derived from single proteolytic cleavage events in histatin 5. A remarkable finding was the inter-subject consistency in the histatin 5 degradation pattern. Added histatin 5 disappeared from whole saliva supernatant at an average rate of 105+/-22 microg/ml/h, which in part could explain the virtual absence of histatin 5 in whole saliva. Despite the rapid proteolysis of histatin 5, the early degradation mixture was as active in antifungal assays as intact histatin 5. These data demonstrate that the oral-fluid mediated proteolysis of histatin 5 represents an intrinsic biological property of whole saliva. The data also reveal that the early proteolysis phase of histatin 5 does not abolish the antifungal properties associated with this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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30
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Morales-Bozo I, Urztúa-Orellana B, Domínguez P, Aguilera S, López-Solís R. Patterns and variability in electrophoretic polypeptide profiles of human saliva in a healthy population. J Physiol Biochem 2006; 62:179-88. [PMID: 17451159 DOI: 10.1007/bf03168467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic polypeptide profiles of normal human saliva differ markedly between different reports. Since both methodological variations and polymorphism may explain these differences, in this study we aimed to establish whether or not the salivary electrophoretic polypeptide profiles of subjects from a healthy population share discrete molecular features. To this end, parotid, submandibular/sublingual and whole salivas were collected separately from each of 40 young and 34 elderly clinically healthy adults and processed for SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Coomassie blue staining. Each type of glandular saliva displayed a different group of invariant (i.e. present in every subject) electrophoretic polypeptide bands while whole saliva showed a profile that reflected mostly the combined contribution of the major salivary glands. Some minor variant (i.e. absent in some subjects) bands were identified in each type of saliva. Regarding those interindividual variations, no age- or sex-dependence was appreciated. Altogether, these results demonstrate the occurrence of distinctive electrophoretic polypeptide patterns, in addition to some minor variations, for each type of normal saliva, thus providing a background for further populational studies on salivary polypeptide profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Morales-Bozo
- Laboratory of Oral Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Center for Oral Research.
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31
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Svendsen IE, Lindh L, Arnebrant T. Adsorption behaviour and surfactant elution of cationic salivary proteins at solid/liquid interfaces, studied by in situ ellipsometry. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 53:157-66. [PMID: 17029761 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of the cationic salivary proteins lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and histatin 5 to pure (hydrophilic) and methylated (hydrophobized) silica surfaces was investigated by in situ ellipsometry. Effects of concentration (</=10 microgml(-1), for lysozyme </=200 microgml(-1)) and dependence of surface wettability, as well as adsorption kinetics and elutability of adsorbed films by buffer and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solutions were investigated. Results showed that the amounts adsorbed decreased in the order lactoferrin>/=lactoperoxidase>lysozyme>/=histatin 5. On hydrophilic silica, the adsorption was most likely driven by electrostatic interactions, which resulted in adsorbed amounts of lactoferrin that indicated the formation of a monolayer with both side-on and end-on adsorbed molecules. For lactoperoxidase the adsorbed amounts were somewhat higher than an end-on monolayer, lysozyme adsorption showed amounts corresponding to a side-on monolayer, and histatin 5 displayed adsorbed amounts in the range of a side-on monolayer. On hydrophobized substrata, the adsorption was also mediated by hydrophobic interactions, which resulted in lower adsorbed amounts of lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase; closer to side-on monolayer coverage. For both lysozyme and histatin 5 the adsorbed amounts were the same as on the hydrophilic silica. The investigated proteins exhibited fast adsorption kinetics, and the initial kinetics indicated mass transport controlled behaviour at low concentrations on both types of substrates. Buffer rinsing and SDS elution indicated that the proteins in general were more tightly bound to the hydrophobized surface compared to hydrophilic silica. Overall, the surface activity of the investigated proteins implicates their importance in the salivary film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida E Svendsen
- Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
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Pickering V, Jordan RCK, Schmidt BL. Elevated salivary endothelin levels in oral cancer patients--a pilot study. Oral Oncol 2006; 43:37-41. [PMID: 16757207 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of saliva has been proposed as a potentially rapid, non-invasive method to monitor and diagnose patients with oral disease. In this study we measured salivary endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) prior to treatment. We demonstrate significantly elevated salivary ET-1 levels in the oral SCC group (4.37+/-1.35pg/ml), relative to the control group (1.16+/-0.29pg/ml). ET-1 and ET-1 mRNA were also measured in oral SCC tissue specimens and compared to normal oral epithelial controls. The concentration of ET-1 in the oral SCC specimens was 17.87+/-4.0pg/ml and in the normal epithelial controls the concentration of ET-1 was 5.43+/-2.5pg/ml. ET-1 mRNA was significantly overexpressed in 80% (8/10) of the oral SCC specimens. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of salivary analysis for ET-1 levels to monitor patients at risk for oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pickering
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, C-522, Box 0440, San Francisco, CA 94143-0440, United States
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Mori M, Takeuchi H, Sato M, Sumitomo S. Antimicrobial Peptides in Saliva and Salivary Glands: Their Roles in the Oral Defense System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3353/omp.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Mori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Masaru Sato
- Department of Oral Pathology, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Shinichiro Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahi University School of Dentistry
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Castagnola M, Inzitari R, Rossetti DV, Olmi C, Cabras T, Piras V, Nicolussi P, Sanna MT, Pellegrini M, Giardina B, Messana I. A cascade of 24 histatins (histatin 3 fragments) in human saliva. Suggestions for a pre-secretory sequential cleavage pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:41436-43. [PMID: 15272024 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404322200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic search by tandem mass spectrometry of human saliva from four different subjects, of 136 possible fragments originated from histatin 3, allowed the detection of 24 different peptides. They include, with the exception of histatin 4, all the known histatin 3 fragments, namely histatins 5-12 and the peptides corresponding to 15-24, 26-32, 29-32 residues, and 13 new fragments corresponding to 1-11, 1-12, 1-13, 5-13, 6-11, 6-13, 7-11, 7-12, 7-13, 14-24, 14-25, 15-25, and 28-32 residues of histatin 3. On the contrary, none of 119 possible fragments of histatin 1, including histatin 2, was detected. The results suggest that the genesis of histatin 3-related peptides, being under the principal action of trypsin-like activities, is probably not a random process but rather follows a sequential fragmentation pathway. Lack of detection of C-terminal fragments, with the exception of 26-32, 28-32, and 29-32 fragments, suggested that arginine 25 should be the first cleavage site, generating histatin 6 and 26-32 fragments. The genesis of 28-32 and 29-32 fragments and histatin 5 should implicate a subsequent exo-protease action. Similarly, lack of detection of fragments having Lys-5 and Arg-6 at the N terminus and Arg-25 at the C terminus strongly suggested that sequences KRKF (11-14 residues) and AKR (4-6 residues) should be the second and the third cleavage sites, respectively. Lys-17 and Arg-22 are not cleaved at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Roma, Italy.
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