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Xiao QJ, Li ZG, Yang J, He Q, Xi L, Du LF. Heat-induced unfolding of apo-CP43 studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and CD spectroscopy. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:427-435. [PMID: 26071019 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CP43 is a chlorophyll-binding protein, which acts as a conduit for the excitation energy transfer. The thermal stability of apo-CP43 was studied by intrinsic fluorescence, exogenous ANS fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Under heat treatment, the structure of apo-CP43 changed and existed transition state occurred between 56 and 62 °C by the intrinsic, exogenous ANS fluorescence and the analysis of hydrophobicity. Besides, the isosbestic point of the sigmoidal curve was 58.10 ± 1.02 °C by calculating α-helix transition and the Tm was 56.45 ± 0.52 and 55.59 ± 0.68 °C by calculating the unfolded fraction of tryptophan and tyrosine fluorescence, respectively. During the process of unfolding, the hydrophobic structure of C-terminal segment firstly started to expose at 40 °C, and then the hydrophobic cluster adjacent to the N-terminal segment also gradually exposed to hydrophilic environment with increasing temperature. Our results indicated that heat treatment, especially above 40 °C, has an important impact on the structural stability of apo-CP43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zai-Geng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Fang Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Magdaong N, Frank HA, Rusling JF. Protein film voltammetry and co-factor electron transfer dynamics in spinach photosystem II core complex. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 120:153-167. [PMID: 23625504 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct protein film voltammetry (PFV) was used to investigate the redox properties of the photosystem II (PSII) core complex from spinach. The complex was isolated using an improved protocol not used previously for PFV. The PSII core complex had high oxygen-evolving capacity and was incorporated into thin lipid and polyion films. Three well-defined reversible pairs of reduction and oxidation voltammetry peaks were observed at 4 °C in the dark. Results were similar in both types of films, indicating that the environment of the PSII-bound cofactors was not influenced by film type. Based on comparison with various control samples including Mn-depleted PSII, peaks were assigned to chlorophyll a (Chl a) (Em = -0.47 V, all vs. NHE, at pH 6), quinones (-0.12 V), and the manganese (Mn) cluster (Em = 0.18 V). PFV of purified iron heme protein cytochrome b-559 (Cyt b-559), a component of PSII, gave a partly reversible peak pair at 0.004 V that did not have a potential similar to any peaks observed from the intact PSII core complex. The closest peak in PSII to 0.004 V is the 0.18 V peak that was found to be associated with a two-electron process, and thus is inconsistent with iron heme protein voltammetry. The -0.47 V peak had a peak potential and peak potential-pH dependence similar to that found for purified Chl a incorporated into DMPC films. The midpoint potentials reported here may differ to various extents from previously reported redox titration data due to the influence of electrode double-layer effects. Heterogeneous electron transfer (hET) rate constants were estimated by theoretical fitting and digital simulations for the -0.47 and 0.18 V peaks. Data for the Chl a peaks were best fit to a one-electron model, while the peak assigned to the Mn cluster was best fit by a two-electron/one-proton model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
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3
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Zhu N, Koh J, Ma C, Pan Y, Yu B, Chen S, Li H. Proteomic Analysis of Salt Tolerance in Sugar Beet Monosomic Addition Line M14. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4931-50. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400177m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Key Laboratory of
Molecular
Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Engineering Research Center
of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Information Science and Technology
School, Heilongjiang University, Harbin
150080, China
- Department
of Biology, Genetics
Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Interdisciplinary
Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department
of Biology, Genetics
Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Interdisciplinary
Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jin Koh
- Department
of Biology, Genetics
Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Interdisciplinary
Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Chunquan Ma
- Key Laboratory of
Molecular
Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Engineering Research Center
of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Key Laboratory of
Molecular
Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Engineering Research Center
of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of
Molecular
Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Engineering Research Center
of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Key Laboratory of
Molecular
Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Engineering Research Center
of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
- Department
of Biology, Genetics
Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Interdisciplinary
Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Haiying Li
- Key Laboratory of
Molecular
Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Engineering Research Center
of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
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4
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Gururani MA, Upadhyaya CP, Strasser RJ, Woong YJ, Park SW. Physiological and biochemical responses of transgenic potato plants with altered expression of PSII manganese stabilizing protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 58:182-94. [PMID: 22824424 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Manganese-stabilizing protein (MSP) represents a key component of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Transgenic potato plants with both enhanced (sense) and reduced (anti-sense) MSP expression levels were generated to investigate the possible physiological role of MSP in overall plant growth, particularly in tuber development. MSP antisense plants exhibited both higher tuberization frequency and higher tuber yield with increased total soluble carbohydrates. The photosynthetic efficiencies of the plants were examined using the OJIP kinetics; MSP-antisense plants were photosynthetically more active than the MSP-sense and UT (untransformed) control plants. The oxygen measurements indicated that the relative oxygen evolution was directly proportional to the MSP expression, as MSP-antisense plants showed much lower oxygen evolution compared to MSP-sense as well as UT plants. MSP-sense plants behaved like the UT plants with respect to morphology, tuber yield, and photosynthetic performance. Chlorophyll a fluorescence analyses indicate a possible lack of intact Oxygen Evolving Complexes (OECs) in MSP antisense plants, which allow access to internal non-water electron donors (e.g., ascorbate and proline) and consequently increase the Photosystem II (PSII) activity of those plants. These findings further indicate that this altered photosynthetic machinery may be associated with early tuberization and increased tuberization frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Anand Gururani
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Popelka H, Yocum C. Probing the N-terminal sequence of spinach PsbO: evidence that essential threonine residues bind to different functional sites in eukaryotic photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 112:117-128. [PMID: 22614952 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal ¹E-⁶L domain of the manganese-stabilizing protein (PsbO) from spinach prevents non-specific binding of the subunit to photosystem II (PSII) and deletions of the ¹E-⁷T or ¹E-¹⁵T sequences from the PsbO N-terminus reduce or impair, respectively, functional binding of PsbO to PSII (Popelkova et al., Biochemistry 42:6193-6200, 2003). The work presented here provides deeper insights into the interaction of PsbO with PSII. The data show that a single mutation, ¹⁵T → A in mature PsbO from spinach reduces the stoichiometry of its functional binding from two to one subunit per PSII and decreases reconstitution of activity to about 45 % of the wild-type control. Replacement of the ¹E-⁶L domain with ⁶M in the T15A PsbO mutant has no additional negative effect on recovery of O₂ evolution activity, but it significantly weakens both functional and nonspecific binding of the truncated mutant to PSII. These results suggest that the ¹⁵T side-chain by itself is essential for binding of one of two PsbO subunits to eukaryotic PSII and that specific PSII-binding sites for PsbO are distinguishable; one PSII-binding site does not require PsbO-¹⁵T and probably interacts with the other N-terminal domain of PsbO. Identity of the latter domain is revealed by a requirement for the presence of the ¹E-⁶L sequence that is shown here to be necessary for high-affinity binding of PsbO to PSII. When combined with previous results, the data presented here lead to a more detailed model for PsbO binding in eukaryotic PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Popelka
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
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6
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Zhang H, Han B, Wang T, Chen S, Li H, Zhang Y, Dai S. Mechanisms of plant salt response: insights from proteomics. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:49-67. [PMID: 22017755 DOI: 10.1021/pr200861w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth and agriculture productivity. To cope with salt stress, plants have evolved complex salt-responsive signaling and metabolic processes at the cellular, organ, and whole-plant levels. Investigation of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying plant salinity tolerance will provide valuable information for effective engineering strategies. Current proteomics provides a high-throughput approach to study sophisticated molecular networks in plants. In this review, we describe a salt-responsive protein database by an integrated analysis of proteomics-based studies. The database contains 2171 salt-responsive protein identities representing 561 unique proteins. These proteins have been identified from leaves, roots, shoots, seedlings, unicells, grains, hypocotyls, radicles, and panicles from 34 plant species. The identified proteins provide invaluable information toward understanding the complex and fine-tuned plant salt-tolerance mechanisms in photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, ion homeostasis, osmotic modulation, signaling transduction, transcription, protein synthesis/turnover, cytoskeleton dynamics, and cross-tolerance to different stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
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7
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Popelkova H, Yocum CF. PsbO, the manganese-stabilizing protein: Analysis of the structure–function relations that provide insights into its role in photosystem II. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:179-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Shibamoto T, Kato Y, Nagao R, Yamazaki T, Tomo T, Watanabe T. Species-dependence of the redox potential of the primary quinone electron acceptor QA
in photosystem II verified by spectroelectrochemistry. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1526-30. [PMID: 20211622 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Sengupta S, Majumder AL. Insight into the salt tolerance factors of a wild halophytic rice, Porteresia coarctata: a physiological and proteomic approach. PLANTA 2009; 229:911-29. [PMID: 19130079 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Salinity poses a serious threat to yield performance of cultivated rice in South Asian countries. To understand the mechanism of salt-tolerance of the wild halophytic rice, Porteresia coarctata in contrast to the salt-sensitive domesticated rice Oryza sativa, we have compared P. coarctata with the domesticated O. sativa rice varieties under salinity stress with respect to several physiological parameters and changes in leaf protein expression. P. coarctata showed a better growth performance and biomass under salinity stress. Relative water content was conserved in Porteresia during stress and sodium ion accumulation in leaves was comparatively lesser. Scanning electron microscopy revealed presence of two types of salt hairs on two leaf surfaces, each showing a different behaviour under stress. High salt stress for prolonged period also revealed accumulation of extruded NaCl crystals on leaf surface. Changes induced in leaf proteins were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent quantitative image analysis. Out of more than 700 protein spots reproducibly detected and analyzed, 60% spots showed significant changes under salinity. Many proteins showed steady patterns of up- or downregulation in response to salinity stress. Twenty protein spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF, leading to identification of 16 proteins involved in osmolyte synthesis, photosystem functioning, RubisCO activation, cell wall synthesis and chaperone functions. We hypothesize that some of these proteins confer a physiological advantage on Porteresia under salinity, and suggest a pattern of salt tolerance strategies operative in salt-marsh grasses. In addition, such proteins may turn out to be potential targets for recombinant cloning and introgression in salt-sensitive plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sengupta
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Bose Institute (Centenary Building), P-1/12, C.I.T Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
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10
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Enami I, Okumura A, Nagao R, Suzuki T, Iwai M, Shen JR. Structures and functions of the extrinsic proteins of photosystem II from different species. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:349-63. [PMID: 18716894 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This minireview presents a summary of information available on the variety and binding properties of extrinsic proteins that form the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II (PSII) of cyanobacteria, red alga, diatom, green alga, euglena, and higher plants. In addition, the structure and function of extrinsic PsbO, PsbV, and PsbU proteins are summarized based on the crystal structure of thermophilic cyanobacterial PSII together with biochemical and genetic studies from various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Enami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Burda K. Dynamics of electron transfer in photosystem II. Cell Biochem Biophys 2007; 47:271-84. [PMID: 17652775 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-007-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II, being a constituent of light driven photosynthetic apparatus, is a highly organized pigment-protein-lipid complex. The arrangement of PSII active redox cofactors insures efficiency of electron transfer within it. Donation of electrons extracted from water by the oxygen evolving complex to plastoquinones requires an additional activation energy. In this paper we present theoretical discussion of the anharmonic fluctuations of the protein-lipid matrix of PSII and an experimental evidence showing that the fluctuations are responsible for coupling of its donor and acceptor side. We argue that the fast collective motions liberated at temperatures higher that 200 K are crucial for the two final steps of the water splitting cycle and that one can distinguish three different dynamic regimes of PSII action which are controlled by the timescales of forward electron transfer, which vary with temperature. The three regimes of the dynamical behavior are related to different spatial domains of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvetoslava Burda
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
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12
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Tohri A, Dohmae N, Suzuki T, Ohta H, Inoue Y, Enami I. Identification of domains on the extrinsic 23 kDa protein possibly involved in electrostatic interaction with the extrinsic 33 kDa protein in spinach photosystem II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:962-71. [PMID: 15009208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.03998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the domains on the extrinsic 23 kDa protein involved in electrostatic interaction with the extrinsic 33 kDa protein in spinach photosystem II, we modified amino or carboxyl groups of the 23 kDa protein to uncharged methyl ester groups with N-succinimidyl propionate or glycine methyl ester in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide, respectively. The N-succinimidyl propionate-modified 23 kDa protein did not bind to the 33 kDa protein associated with PSII membranes, whereas the glycine methyl ester-modified 23 kDa protein completely bound. This indicates that positive charges on the 23 kDa protein are important for electrostatic interaction with the 33 kDa protein associated with the PSII membranes. Mapping of the N-succinimidyl propionate-modified sites of the 23 kDa protein was performed using Staphylococcus V8 protease digestion of the modified protein followed by determination of the mass of the resultant peptide fragments with MALDI-TOF MS. The results showed that six domains (Lys11-Lys14, Lys27-Lys38, Lys40, Lys90-Lys96, Lys143-Lys152, Lys166-Lys174) were modified with N-succinimidyl propionate. In these domains, Lys11, Lys13, Lys33, Lys38, Lys143, Lys166, Lys170 and Lys174 were wholly conserved in the 23 kDa protein from 12 species of higher plants. These positively charged lysyl residues on the 23 kDa protein may be involved in electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged carboxyl groups on the 33 kDa protein, the latter has been suggested to be important for the 23 kDa binding [Bricker, T.M. & Frankel, L.K. (2003) Biochemistry42, 2056-2061].
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tohri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Henmi T, Miyao M, Yamamoto Y. Release and reactive-oxygen-mediated damage of the oxygen-evolving complex subunits of PSII during photoinhibition. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:243-50. [PMID: 14988496 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Under photoinhibitory illumination of spinach PSII membranes, the oxygen-evolving complex subunits, OEC33, 24 and 18, were released from PSII. The liberated OEC33 and also OEC24 to a lesser extent were subsequently damaged and then exhibited smeared bands in SDS/urea-PAGE. Once deteriorated, OEC33 could not bind to PSII. The effects of scavengers and chelating reagents on the damage indicated that hydroxyl radicals generated from superoxide in the presence of metal ions were responsible for the damage. These results suggest that, like the D1 protein of the PSII reaction center complex, OEC subunits suffer oxidative damage and turnover under illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Henmi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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14
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Suorsa M, Regel RE, Paakkarinen V, Battchikova N, Herrmann RG, Aro EM. Protein assembly of photosystem II and accumulation of subcomplexes in the absence of low molecular mass subunits PsbL and PsbJ. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2004; 271:96-107. [PMID: 14686923 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein assembly and stability of photosystem II (PSII) (sub)complexes were studied in mature leaves of four plastid mutants of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L), each having one of the psbEFLJ operon genes inactivated. In the absence of psbL, no PSII core dimers or PSII-light harvesting complex (LHCII) supercomplexes were formed, and the assembly of CP43 into PSII core monomers was extremely labile. The assembly of CP43 into PSII core monomers was found to be necessary for the assembly of PsbO on the lumenal side of PSII. The two other oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) proteins, PsbP and PsbQ, were completely lacking in Delta psbL. In the absence of psbJ, both intact PSII core monomers and PSII core dimers harboring the PsbO protein were formed, whereas the LHCII antenna remained detached from the PSII dimers, as demonstrated by 77 K fluorescence measurements and by the lack of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes. The Delta psbJ mutant was characterized by a deficiency of PsbQ and a complete lack of PsbP. Thus, both the PsbL and PsbJ subunits of PSII are essential for proper assembly of the OEC. The absence of psbE and psbF resulted in a complete absence of all central PSII core and OEC proteins. In contrast, very young, vigorously expanding leaves of all psbEFLJ operon mutants accumulated at least traces of D2, CP43 and the OEC proteins PsbO and PsbQ, implying developmental control of the expression of the PSII core and OEC proteins. Despite severe problems in PSII assembly, the thylakoid membrane complexes other than PSII were present and correctly assembled in all psbEFLJ operon mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Finland
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15
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Ohta H, Suzuki T, Ueno M, Okumura A, Yoshihara S, Shen JR, Enami I. Extrinsic proteins of photosystem II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:4156-63. [PMID: 14519128 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PS II) complex of red algae contains four extrinsic proteins of 12 kDa, 20 kDa, 33 kDa and cyt c-550, among which the 20 kDa protein is unique in that it is not found in other organisms. We cloned the gene for the 20-kDa protein from a red alga Cyanidium caldarium. The gene consists of a leader sequence which can be divided into two parts: one for transfer across the plastid envelope and the other for transfer into thylakoid lumen, indicating that the gene is encoded by the nuclear genome. The sequence of the mature 20-kDa protein has low but significant homology with the extrinsic 17-kDa (PsbQ) protein of PS II from green algae Volvox Carteri and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, as well as the PsbQ protein of higher plants and PsbQ-like protein from cyanobacteria. Cross-reconstitution experiments with combinations of the extrinsic proteins and PS IIs from the red alga Cy. caldarium and green alga Ch. reinhardtii showed that the extrinsic 20-kDa protein was functional in place of the green algal 17-kDa protein on binding to the green algal PS II and restoration of oxygen evolution. From these results, we conclude that the 20-kDa protein is the ancestral form of the extrinsic 17-kDa protein in green algal and higher plant PS IIs. This provides an important clue to the evolution of the oxygen-evolving complex from prokaryotic cyanobacteria to eukaryotic higher plants. The gene coding for the extrinsic 20-kDa protein was named psbQ' (prime).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Ohta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Tissue Engineering Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
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16
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Henmi T, Yamasaki H, Sakuma S, Tomokawa Y, Tamura N, Shen JR, Yamamoto Y. Dynamic Interaction between the D1 protein, CP43 and OEC33 at the lumenal side of photosystem II in spinach chloroplasts: evidence from light-induced cross-Linking of the proteins in the donor-side photoinhibition. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 44:451-6. [PMID: 12721387 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the donor-side photoinhibition of spinach photosystem II, the reaction center D1 protein cross-linked with the antenna chlorophyll binding protein CP43 of photosystem II lacking the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) subunit proteins. The cross-linking did not occur upon illumination of photosystem II samples that retained the OEC33, nor when OEC33-depleted photosystem II samples were reconstituted with the OEC33 prior to illumination. These results suggest that the D1 protein, CP43 and the OEC33 are located in close proximity at the lumenal side of photosystem II, and that the OEC33 suppresses the unnecessary contact between the D1 protein and CP43. Previously we presented data showing the D1 protein located adjacent to CP43 on the stromal side of photosystem II [Ishikawa et al. (1999) BIOCHIM: Biophys. Acta 1413: 147]. The present data suggest that the spatial arrangement of the D1 protein and CP43 at the lumenal side of photosystem II in spinach chloroplasts is similar to that at the stromal side of photosystem II and is consistent with the assignment of these proteins recently proposed on the crystal structures of the photosystem II complexes from cyanobacteria [Zouni et al. (2001) Nature 409: 739, Kamiya and Shen 2003 PROC: Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100: 98]. Moreover, the data suggest that the binding condition and positioning of the OEC33 in the photosystem II complex from higher plants may be different from those in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Henmi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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Hong SK, Pawlikowski SA, Vander Meulen KA, Yocum CF. The oxidation state of the photosystem II manganese cluster influences the structure of manganese stabilizing protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1504:262-74. [PMID: 11245790 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of photosystem II membranes to trypsin that has been treated to inhibit chymotrypsin activity produces limited hydrolysis of manganese stabilizing protein. Exposure to chymotrypsin under the same conditions yields substantial digestion of the protein. Further probing of the unusual insensitivity of manganese stabilizing protein to trypsin hydrolysis reveals that increasing the temperature from 4 to 25 degrees C will cause some acceleration in the rate of proteolysis. However, addition of low (100 microM) concentrations of NH2OH, that are sufficient to reduce, but not destroy, the photosystem II Mn cluster, causes a change in PS II-bound manganese stabilizing protein that causes it to be rapidly digested by trypsin. Immunoblot analyses with polyclonal antibodies directed against the N-terminus of the protein, or against the entire sequence show that trypsin cleavage produces two distinct peptide fragments estimated to be in the 17-20 kDa range, consistent with proposals that there are 2 mol of the protein/mol photosystem II. The correlation of trypsin sensitivity with Mn redox state(s) in photosystem II suggest that manganese stabilizing protein may interact either directly with Mn, or alternatively, that the polypeptide is bound to another protein of the photosystem II reaction center that is intimately involved in binding and redox activity of Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hong
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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18
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Wang J, Shan J, Xu Q, Ruan X, Gong Y, Kuang T, Zhao N. Spectroscopic study of trypsin, heat and triton X-100-induced denaturation of the chlorophyll-binding protein CP43. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2000; 58:136-42. [PMID: 11233641 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin-, heat- and Triton X-100-induced denaturation of CP43, the core antenna complex of photosystem II purified from spinach, has been investigated using absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Triton X-100 was found to bring about considerable dissolution of pigments from the protein to the monomeric state in solution and destruction of the interactions among the chlorophyll, carotene and protein. Heat induced significant unfolding of the protein secondary structure and loss of excitonic interactions of the pigments, but no apparent dissolution of the pigments from CP43. Trypsin caused structural changes in the extrinsic part of the protein but no change of the native state of the pigments. Trypsin, heat and Triton X-100 treatments increased the light sensitivity of chlorophyll in CP43 to different extents. The results suggest that the protein and beta-carotene can protect the chlorophyll from light-induced destruction in CP43.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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Barber J, Morris E, Büchel C. Revealing the structure of the photosystem II chlorophyll binding proteins, CP43 and CP47. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1459:239-47. [PMID: 11004436 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A review of the structural properties of the photosystem II chlorophyll binding proteins, CP47 and CP43, is given and a model of the transmembrane helical domains of CP47 has been constructed. The model is based on (i) the amino acid sequence of the spinach protein, (ii) an 8 A three-dimensional electron density map derived from electron crystallography and (iii) the structural homology which the membrane spanning region of CP47 shares with the six N-terminal transmembrane helices of the PsaA/PsaB proteins of photosystem I. Particular emphasis has been placed on the position of chlorophyll molecules assigned in the 8 A three-dimensional map of CP47 (K.-H. Rhee, E.P. Morris, J. Barber, W. Kühlbrandt, Nature 396 (1998) 283-286) relative to histidine residues located in the transmembrane regions of this protein which are likely to form axial ligands for chlorophyll binding. Of the 14 densities assigned to chlorophyll, the model predicted that five have their magnesium ions within 4 A of the imidazole nitrogens of histidine residues. For the remaining seven histidine residues the densities attributed to chlorophylls were within 4-8 A of the imidazole nitrogens and thus too far apart for direct ligation with the magnesium ion within the tetrapyrrole head group. Improved structural resolution and reconsiderations of the orientation of the porphyrin rings will allow further refinement of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barber
- Biochemistry Department, Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, SW7 2AY, London, UK.
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Rosenberg C, Christian J, Bricker TM, Putnam-Evans C. Site-directed mutagenesis of glutamate residues in the large extrinsic loop of the photosystem II protein CP 43 affects oxygen-evolving activity and PS II assembly. Biochemistry 1999; 38:15994-6000. [PMID: 10625467 DOI: 10.1021/bi991326r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The psbC gene encodes the intrinsic chlorophyll protein CP 43, a component of photosystem II in higher plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce mutations into the portion of psbC that encodes the large extrinsic loop E of CP 43 in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. Three mutations, E293Q, E339Q, and E352Q, each produced a strain with impaired photosystem II activity. The E293Q mutant strain grew photoautotrophically at rates comparable to the control strain. Immunological analyses of several PS II components indicated that this mutant accumulated normal quantities of PS II proteins. However, this mutant evolved oxygen to only 56% of control rates at saturating light intensities. Measurements of total variable fluorescence yield indicated that this mutant assembled approximately 60% of the fully functional PS II centers found in the control strain. The E339Q mutant grew photoautotrophically at a severely reduced rate. Both immunological analysis and variable fluorescence yield experiments indicated that E339Q assembled a normal complement of PS II centers. However, this mutant was capable of evolving oxygen to only 20% of control rates. Variable fluorescence yield experiments demonstrated that this mutant was inefficient at using water as an electron donor. Both E293Q and E339Q strains exhibited an increased (approximately 2-fold) sensitivity to photoinactivation. The E352Q mutant was the most severely affected. This mutant failed to grow photoautotrophically and exhibited essentially no capacity for oxygen evolution. Measurements of total variable fluorescence yield indicated that this mutant assembled no functional PS II centers. Immunological analysis of isolated thylakoid membranes from E352Q revealed a complete absence of CP 43 and reduced levels of both the D1 and manganese-stabilizing proteins. These results suggest that the mutations E293Q and E339Q each produce a defect associated with the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. The E352Q mutation appears to affect the stability of the PS II complex. This is the first report showing that alteration of negatively charged residues in the CP 43 large extrinsic loop results in mutations affecting PS II assembly/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rosenberg
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
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Enami I, Kamo M, Ohta H, Takahashi S, Miura T, Kusayanagi M, Tanabe S, Kamei A, Motoki A, Hirano M, Tomo T, Satoh K. Intramolecular cross-linking of the extrinsic 33-kDa protein leads to loss of oxygen evolution but not its ability of binding to photosystem II and stabilization of the manganese cluster. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:4629-34. [PMID: 9468521 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.8.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extrinsic 33-kDa protein of photosystem II (PSII) was intramolecularly cross-linked by a zero-length cross-linker, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. The resulting cross-linked 33-kDa protein rebound to urea/NaCl-washed PSII membranes, which stabilized the binding of manganese as effectively as the untreated 33-kDa protein. In contrast, the oxygen evolution was not restored by binding of the cross-linked protein, indicating that the binding and manganese-stabilizing capabilities of the 33-kDa protein are retained but its reactivating ability is lost by intramolecular cross-linking of the protein. From measurements of CD spectra at high temperatures, the secondary structure of the intramolecularly cross-linked 33-kDa protein was found to be stabilized against heat treatment at temperatures 20 degrees C higher than that of the untreated 33-kDa protein, suggesting that structural flexibility of the 33-kDa protein was much decreased by the intramolecular cross-linking. The rigid structure is possibly responsible for the loss of the reactivating ability of the 33-kDa protein, which implies that binding of the 33-kDa protein to PSII is accompanied by a conformational change essential for the reactivation of oxygen evolution. Peptide mapping, N-terminal sequencing, and mass spectroscopic analysis of protease-digested products of the intramolecularly cross-linked 33-kDa protein revealed that cross-linkings occurred between the amino group of Lys48 and the carboxyl group of Glu246, and between the carboxyl group of Glu10 and the amino group of Lys14. These cross-linked amino acid residues are thus closely associated with each other through electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Enami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan.
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