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Insights into Molecular Structure of Pterins Suitable for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315222. [PMID: 36499560 PMCID: PMC9737128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterins are an inseparable part of living organisms. Pterins participate in metabolic reactions mostly as tetrahydropterins. Dihydropterins are usually intermediates of these reactions, whereas oxidized pterins can be biomarkers of diseases. In this review, we analyze the available data on the quantum chemistry of unconjugated pterins as well as their photonics. This gives a comprehensive overview about the electronic structure of pterins and offers some benefits for biomedicine applications: (1) one can affect the enzymatic reactions of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, NO synthases, and alkylglycerol monooxygenase through UV irradiation of H4pterins since UV provokes electron donor reactions of H4pterins; (2) the emission properties of H2pterins and oxidized pterins can be used in fluorescence diagnostics; (3) two-photon absorption (TPA) should be used in such pterin-related infrared therapy because single-photon absorption in the UV range is inefficient and scatters in vivo; (4) one can affect pathogen organisms through TPA excitation of H4pterin cofactors, such as the molybdenum cofactor, leading to its detachment from proteins and subsequent oxidation; (5) metal nanostructures can be used for the UV-vis, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy detection of pterin biomarkers. Therefore, we investigated both the biochemistry and physical chemistry of pterins and suggested some potential prospects for pterin-related biomedicine.
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Buglak AA, Telegina TA, Vechtomova YL, Kritsky MS. Autoxidation and photooxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin: a theoretical study. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:499-509. [PMID: 33283562 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1860213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pterins are naturally occurring pigments and enzyme cofactors widespread in living organisms. Tetrahydrobiopterin (H4Bip) is a coenzyme of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, NO-synthases, and alkylglycerol monooxygenases. This coenzyme is prone to oxidation in the presence of molecular oxygen, a so-called autoxidation. The reactions participating in H4Bip autoxidation are well known. However, our study is an attempt to evaluate theoretically the feasibility of reactions participating in autoxidation. To do so, we have calculated the Gibbs free energy of elementary reactions between H4Bip, its derivatives, molecular oxygen, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the last few years, we have established the photosensitized oxidation of H4Bip experimentally. Thus, we have also evaluated the feasibility of H4Bip photooxidation reactions, which may occur according to both type-I and type-II photosensitized oxidation. We calculated Fukui indices for H4Bip and found particular atoms in the molecule that interact with nucleophiles (for example, singlet oxygen 1O2) and radicals (in particular, molecular oxygen 3O2). Therefore, we evaluated the probability of H4Bip autoxidation reactions, photooxidation reactions, and the reactivity of particular atoms in H4Bip molecule using the theoretical methods of quantum chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Buglak
- Physical Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Taisiya A Telegina
- Physical Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of ecological and evolutionary biochemistry, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia L Vechtomova
- Laboratory of ecological and evolutionary biochemistry, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Kritsky
- Laboratory of ecological and evolutionary biochemistry, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Resilience and self-regulation processes of microalgae under UV radiation stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Buglak AA, Telegina TA. A theoretical study of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-hydroxymethylpterin: insight into intrinsic photoreceptor properties of 6-substituted tetrahydropterins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:516-523. [PMID: 30543247 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydropterins are essential biological cofactors, which play a crucial role in DNA and RNA syntheses, NO synthesis, hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids, etc. In the last few years, it has been shown that 6-substituted "unconjugated" tetrahydropterins can also play a photoreceptor chromophoric role in plants and cyanobacteria. However, the nature of the initial light signal transduction act in which H4pterins participate is unknown. Our quantum chemical calculations have shown the possibility of the fast internal conversion of excited states of H4pterins. The potential energy surface scan along the 1ππ* state shows no energy barrier leading to 1ππ*/S0 conical intersection, this explains the absence of fluorescence for H4pterins. Other trajectories of the internal conversion relate to the stretching vibrations of the N-H bonds of the pyrimidine ring for the Rydberg state. The presence of several trajectories of nonradiative quenching of the photoexcited singlet states provides the photostability of the molecule. It was demonstrated for the first time that the nature of the excited states of H4pterins is similar to the nature of the excited states of guanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Buglak
- St Petersburg State University, St. Peterburg, Russia.
| | - T A Telegina
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Evaluation of Pterin, a Promising Drug Candidate from Cyanide Degrading Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:684-693. [PMID: 29380042 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pterin is a member of the compounds known as pteridines. They have the same nucleus of 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine (pterin); however, the side-chain is different at the position 6, and the state of oxidation of the ring may exist in different form viz. tetrahydro, dihydro, or a fully oxidized form. In the present study, the microorganisms able to utilize cyanide, and heavy metals have been tested for the efficient production of pterin compound. The soil samples contaminated with cyanide and heavy metals were collected from Salem steel industries, Tamil Nadu, India. Out of 77 isolated strains, 40 isolates were found to utilize sodium cyanate as nitrogen source at different concentrations. However, only 13 isolates were able to tolerate maximum concentration (60 mM) of sodium cyanate and were screened for pterin production. Among the 13 isolates, only 1 organism showed maximum production of pterin, and the same was identified as Bacillus pumilus SVD06. The compound was extracted and purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by UV/visible, FTIR, and fluorescent spectrum. The antioxidant property of the purified pterin compound was determined by cyclic voltammetry. In addition, antimicrobial activity of pterin was also studied which was substantiated by antagonistic activity against Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Besides that the pterin compound was proved to inhibit the formation of biofilm. The extracted pterin compounds could be proposed further not only for antioxidant and antimicrobial but also for its potency to aid as anticancer and psychotic drugs in future.
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Murugesan T, Durairaj N, Ramasamy M, Jayaraman K, Palaniswamy M, Jayaraman A. Analeptic agent from microbes upon cyanide degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1557-1565. [PMID: 29285551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbes being the initial form of life and ubiquitous in occurrence, they adapt to the environment quickly. The microbial metabolism undergoes alteration to ensure conducive environment either by degrading the toxic substances or producing toxins to protect themselves. The presence of cyanide waste triggers the cyanide degrading enzymes in the microbes which facilitate the microbes to utilize the cyanide for its growth. To enable the degradation of cyanide, the microbes also produce the necessary cofactors and enhancers catalyzing the degradation pathways. Pterin, a cofactor of the enzyme cyanide monooxygenase catalyzing the oxidation of cyanide, is considered to be a potentially bioactive compound. Besides that, the pterins also act as cofactor for the enzymes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism. The therapeutic values of pterin as neuromodulating agent validate the necessity to pursue the commercial production of pterin. Even though chemical synthesis is possible, the non-toxic methods of pterin production need to be given greater attention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandeeswaran Murugesan
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Nisshanthini Durairaj
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Mahendran Ramasamy
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Karunya Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Muthusamy Palaniswamy
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Angayarkanni Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
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Abstract
Abstract
Pterins are widely conserved biomolecules that play essential roles in diverse organisms. First described as enzymatic cofactors in eukaryotic systems, bacterial pterins were discovered in cyanobacteria soon after. Several pterin structures unique to bacteria have been described, with conjugation to glycosides and nucleotides commonly observed. Despite this significant structural diversity, relatively few biological functions have been elucidated. Molybdopterin, the best studied bacterial pterin, plays an essential role in the function of the Moco cofactor. Moco is an essential component of molybdoenzymes such as sulfite oxidase, nitrate reductase, and dimethyl sulfoxide reductase, all of which play important roles in bacterial metabolism and global nutrient cycles. Outside of the molybdoenzymes, pterin cofactors play important roles in bacterial cyanide utilization and aromatic amino acid metabolism. Less is known about the roles of pterins in nonenzymatic processes. Cyanobacterial pterins have been implicated in phenotypes related to UV protection and phototaxis. Research describing the pterin-mediated control of cyclic nucleotide metabolism, and their influence on virulence and attachment, points to a possible role for pterins in regulation of bacterial behavior. In this review, we describe the variety of pterin functions in bacteria, compare and contrast structural and mechanistic differences, and illuminate promising avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Feirer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Clay Fuqua
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Wan N, DeLorenzo DM, He L, You L, Immethun CM, Wang G, Baidoo EEK, Hollinshead W, Keasling JD, Moon TS, Tang YJ. Cyanobacterial carbon metabolism: Fluxome plasticity and oxygen dependence. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1593-1602. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wan
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri 63130
| | - Drew M. DeLorenzo
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri 63130
| | - Lian He
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri 63130
| | - Le You
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri 63130
| | - Cheryl M. Immethun
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri 63130
| | - George Wang
- Joint Bio‐Energy InstituteEmeryvilleCalifornia
- Biological Systems and Engineering DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Edward E. K. Baidoo
- Joint Bio‐Energy InstituteEmeryvilleCalifornia
- Biological Systems and Engineering DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Whitney Hollinshead
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri 63130
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint Bio‐Energy InstituteEmeryvilleCalifornia
- Biological Systems and Engineering DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3)University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Tae Seok Moon
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri 63130
| | - Yinjie J. Tang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri 63130
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Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Kharel MK, Thorson JS. A comprehensive review of glycosylated bacterial natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7591-697. [PMID: 25735878 PMCID: PMC4560691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all naturally-occurring glycosylated bacterial secondary metabolites reported in the scientific literature up through early 2013 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of 15 940 bacterial natural products revealed 3426 glycosides containing 344 distinct appended carbohydrates and highlights a range of unique opportunities for future biosynthetic study and glycodiversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Durairaju Nisshanthini S, Teresa Infanta S AK, Raja DS, Natarajan K, Palaniswamy M, Angayarkanni J. Spectral characterization of a pteridine derivative from cyanide-utilizing bacterium Bacillus subtilis - JN989651. J Microbiol 2015; 53:262-71. [PMID: 25740375 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-4138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Soil and water samples were collected from various regions of SIPCOT and nearby Vanappadi Lake, Ranipet, Tamilnadu, India. Based on their colony morphology and their stability during subculturing, 72 bacteria were isolated, of which 14 isolates were actinomycetes. Preliminary selection was carried out to exploit the ability of the microorganisms to utilize sodium cyanate as nitrogen source. Those organisms that were able to utilize cyanate were subjected to secondary screening viz., utilization of sodium cyanide as the nitrogen source. The oxygenolytic cleavage of cyanide is dependent on cyanide monooxygenase which obligately requires pterin cofactor for its activity. Based on this, the organisms capable of utilizing sodium cyanide were tested for the presence of pterin. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the cell extracts using n-butanol: 5 N glacial acetic acid (4:1) revealed that 10 out of 12 organisms that were able to utilize cyanide had the pterin-related blue fluorescent compound in the cell extract. The cell extracts of these 10 organisms were subjected to high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) for further confirmation using a pterin standard. Based on the incubation period, cell biomass yield, peak height and area, strain VPW3 was selected and was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The Rf value of the cell extract was 0.73 which was consistent with the 0.74 Rf value of the pterin standard when scanned at 254 nm. The compound was extracted and purified by preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Characterization of the compound was performed by ultraviolet spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The compound is proposed to be 6-propionyl pterin (2-amino-6-propionyl-3H-pteridin-4-one).
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Hanaya T, Yamamoto H. Synthesis of biopterin and related pterin glycosides. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:300-9. [PMID: 23436386 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Certain pterins having a hydroxyalkyl side chain at C-6 have been found as glycosidic forms in certain prokaryotes, such as 2'-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)biopterin from various kinds of cyanobacteria, and limipterin from a green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium. Synthetic studies on glycosides of biopterin and related pterins have been made in view of the structural proof as well as for closer examination of their biological activities and functions. The syntheses of these natural pterin glycosides have effectively been achieved, mostly through appropriately protected N(2) -(N,N-dimethylaminomethylene)-3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]pterin derivatives as glycosyl acceptors, and are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hanaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause stresses or act as a photoregulatory signal depending on its wavelengths and fluence rates. Although the most harmful effects of UV on living cells are generally attributed to UV-B radiation, UV-A radiation can also affect many aspects of cellular processes. In cyanobacteria, most studies have concentrated on the damaging effect of UV and defense mechanisms to withstand UV stress. However, little is known about the activation mechanism of signaling components or their pathways which are implicated in the process following UV irradiation. Motile cyanobacteria use a very precise negative phototaxis signaling system to move away from high levels of solar radiation, which is an effective escape mechanism to avoid the detrimental effects of UV radiation. Recently, two different UV-A-induced signaling systems for regulating cyanobacterial phototaxis were characterized at the photophysiological and molecular levels. Here, we review the current understanding of the UV-A mediated signaling pathways in the context of the UV-A perception mechanism, early signaling components, and negative phototactic responses. In addition, increasing evidences supporting a role of pterins in response to UV radiation are discussed. We outline the effect of UV-induced cell damage, associated signaling molecules, and programmed cell death under UV-mediated oxidative stress.
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Lee YG, Kim AH, Park MB, Kim HL, Lee KH, Park YS. Molecular cloning of cyanobacterial pteridine glycosyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of either glucose or xylose to tetrahydrobiopterin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7658-61. [PMID: 20851980 PMCID: PMC2976191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01083-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report cloning of cyanobacterial genes encoding pteridine glycosyltransferases that catalyze glucosyl or xylosyl transfer from UDP-sugars to tetrahydrobiopterin. The genes were cloned by PCR amplification from genomic DNA which was isolated from culture and environmental samples and overexpressed in Escherichia coli for an in vitro activity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeol Gyun Lee
- FIRST Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, South Korea
| | - Ae Hyun Kim
- FIRST Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, South Korea
| | - Mi Bi Park
- FIRST Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, South Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Kim
- FIRST Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, South Korea
| | - Kon Ho Lee
- FIRST Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, South Korea
| | - Young Shik Park
- FIRST Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, South Korea
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Moon YJ, Kim SJ, Park YM, Chung YH. Sensing UV/blue: pterin as a UV-A absorbing chromophore of cryptochrome. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1127-1130. [PMID: 21150334 PMCID: PMC3115084 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.9.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria sense and respond to changes in an ambient light environment using highly specialized photoreceptors coupled to signal transduction pathways. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is currently used as a model system to study light signal transduction in cyanobacteria. Recently, several important players, including photoreceptors and other signaling partners, have been identified in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. However, the nature of the molecules that act as UV/blue light sensors (and their downstream signaling mechanism) has not been elucidated. It has been postulated that pterins might serve as possible photoreceptor pigments for some behavioral responses induced by UV/blue light. By investigating the photomovement of wild-type and a pgtA mutant to UV/blue light, we demonstrated that cyanopterin is indeed involved in inhibiting negative phototaxis under UV/blue light. In this addendum, we provide additional evidence showing that the UV/blue action spectrum of the phototactic response coincides with the fluorescence spectrum of the in vivo cyanobacterial cryptochrome, DASH. Based on these results, we discuss the potential role of pterin as a UV-A absorbing chromophore of the cryptochrome in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Moon
- Division of Life Science; Korea Basic Science Institute; Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- Division of Life Science; Korea Basic Science Institute; Daejeon, Korea
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center; Korea Basic Science Institute; Ochang, Korea
| | - Young Mok Park
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center; Korea Basic Science Institute; Ochang, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Chung
- Division of Life Science; Korea Basic Science Institute; Daejeon, Korea
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The Role of Cyanopterin in UV/Blue Light Signal Transduction of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Phototaxis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:969-80. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Hanaya T, Baba H, Toyota H, Yamamoto H. Synthetic studies on pterin glycosides: the first synthesis of 2′-O-(α-d-glucopyranosyl)biopterin. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hanaya T, Baba H, Toyota H, Yamamoto H. Efficient total syntheses of natural pterin glycosides: limipterin and tepidopterin. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hanaya T, Baba H, Kanemoto M, Yamamoto H. An Efficient Synthetic Route for a Versatile Ciliapterin Derivative and the First Ciliapterin D-Mannoside Synthesis. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(n)54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hanaya T, Baba H, Yamamoto H. First synthesis of tepidopterin [2'-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-L-threo-biopterin]. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2159-62. [PMID: 17631283 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N(2)-(N,N-Dimethylaminomethylene)-1'-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-L-threo-biopterin (14) was prepared from L-xylose in an 11-step-sequence. The first synthesis of tepidopterin (3) was achieved by treatment of 14 with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide in the presence of silver triflate and tetramethylurea, followed by removal of the protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hanaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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de Crécy-Lagard V, El Yacoubi B, de la Garza RD, Noiriel A, Hanson AD. Comparative genomics of bacterial and plant folate synthesis and salvage: predictions and validations. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:245. [PMID: 17645794 PMCID: PMC1971073 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate synthesis and salvage pathways are relatively well known from classical biochemistry and genetics but they have not been subjected to comparative genomic analysis. The availability of genome sequences from hundreds of diverse bacteria, and from Arabidopsis thaliana, enabled such an analysis using the SEED database and its tools. This study reports the results of the analysis and integrates them with new and existing experimental data. RESULTS Based on sequence similarity and the clustering, fusion, and phylogenetic distribution of genes, several functional predictions emerged from this analysis. For bacteria, these included the existence of novel GTP cyclohydrolase I and folylpolyglutamate synthase gene families, and of a trifunctional p-aminobenzoate synthesis gene. For plants and bacteria, the predictions comprised the identities of a 'missing' folate synthesis gene (folQ) and of a folate transporter, and the absence from plants of a folate salvage enzyme. Genetic and biochemical tests bore out these predictions. CONCLUSION For bacteria, these results demonstrate that much can be learnt from comparative genomics, even for well-explored primary metabolic pathways. For plants, the findings particularly illustrate the potential for rapid functional assignment of unknown genes that have prokaryotic homologs, by analyzing which genes are associated with the latter. More generally, our data indicate how combined genomic analysis of both plants and prokaryotes can be more powerful than isolated examination of either group alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Basma El Yacoubi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Alexandre Noiriel
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Van Wagoner RM, Drummond AK, Wright JLC. Biogenetic Diversity of Cyanobacterial Metabolites. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 61:89-217. [PMID: 17448789 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)61004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Van Wagoner
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
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26
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Kong JS, Kang JY, Kim HL, Kwon OS, Lee KH, Park YS. 6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase orthologs of either a single or dual domain structure are responsible for tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis in bacteria. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4900-4. [PMID: 16920111 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) catalyzes the second step of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis. We previously identified PTPS orthologs (bPTPS-Is) in bacteria which do not produce BH4. In this study we disrupted the gene encoding bPTPS-I in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942, which produces BH4-glucoside. The mutant was normal in BH4-glucoside production, demonstrating that bPTPS-I does not participate in BH4 synthesis in vivo and bringing us a new PTPS ortholog (bPTPS-II) of a bimodular polypeptide. The recombinant Synechococcus bPTPS-II was assayed in vitro to show PTPS activity higher than human enzyme. Further computational analysis revealed the presence of mono and bimodular bPTPS-II orthologs mostly in green sulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively, which are well known for BH4-glycoside production. In summary we found new bacterial PTPS orthologs, having either a single or dual domain structure and being responsible for BH4 synthesis in vivo, thereby disclosing all the bacterial PTPS homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun Kong
- Mitochondrial Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
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27
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Rezanka T, Temina M, Tolstikov AG, Dembitsky VM. Natural microbial UV radiation filters--mycosporine-like amino acids. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2004; 49:339-52. [PMID: 15530001 DOI: 10.1007/bf03354663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ozone depletion by anthropogenic gases has increased the atmospheric transmission of solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm). There is a logical link between the natural defenses of terrestrial and marine organisms against UV radiation and the prevention of UV-induced damage to human skin. UV light degrades organic molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, giving rise to structural changes that directly affect their biological function. These compounds offer the potential for development of novel UV blockers for human use. The biological role of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and scytonemin as a defense against solar radiation in organisms, together with their structure, synthesis, distribution, regulation and effectiveness, are reviewed in this article. This review points to the role of MAAs as a natural defense against UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia.
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28
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Woo HJ, Hwang YK, Kim YJ, Kang JY, Choi YK, Kim CG, Park YS. Escherichia coli 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase ortholog encoded by ygcM has a new catalytic activity for conversion of sepiapterin to 7,8-dihydropterin. FEBS Lett 2002; 523:234-8. [PMID: 12123838 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The putative gene (ygcM) of Escherichia coli was verified in vitro to encode the ortholog of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS). Unexpectedly, the enzyme was found to convert sepiapterin to 7,8-dihydropterin without any cofactors. The enzymatic product 7,8-dihydropterin was identified by HPLC and mass spectrometry analyses, suggesting a novel activity of the enzyme to cleave the C6 side chain of sepiapterin. The optimal activity occurred at pH 6.5-7.0. The reaction rate increased up to 3.2-fold at 60-80 degrees C, reflecting the thermal stability of the enzyme. The reaction required no metal ion and was activated slightly by low concentrations (1-5 mM) of EDTA. The apparent K(m) value for sepiapterin was determined as 0.92 mM and the V(max) value was 151.3 nmol/min/mg. The new catalytic function of E. coli PTPS does not imply any physiological role, because sepiapterin is not an endogenous substrate of the organism. The same activity, however, was also detected in a PTPS ortholog of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 but not significant in Drosophila and human enzymes, suggesting that the activity may be prevalent in bacterial PTPS orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, 621-749, Kimhae, South Korea
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29
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Hwang YK, Kang JY, Woo HJ, Choi YK, Park YS. Functional investigation of a gene encoding pteridine glycosyltransferase for cyanopterin synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1570:141-4. [PMID: 11985899 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A gene (slr1166) putatively encoding pteridine glycosyltransferase was disrupted with a kanamycin resistance cassette in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which produces cyanopterin. The deduced polypeptide from slr1166 consisted of 354 amino acid residues sharing 45% sequence identity with UDP-glucose:tetrahydrobiopterin alpha-glucosyltransferase (BGluT) isolated previously from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. The knockout mutant was unable to produce cyanopterin but only 6-hydroxymethylpterin-beta-galactoside, verifying that slr1166 encodes a pteridine glycosyltransferase, which is responsible for transfer of the second sugar glucuronic acid in cyanopterin synthesis. The mutant was affected in its intracellular pteridine content and growth rate, which were 74% and 80%, respectively, of wild type, demonstrating that the second sugar residue is still required for quantitative maintenance of cyanopterin. This supports the previous suggestion that glycosylation may contribute to high cellular concentration of pteridine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea
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30
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Choi YK, Hwang YK, Park YS. Molecular cloning and disruption of a novel gene encoding UDP-glucose: tetrahydrobiopterin alpha-glucosyltransferase in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. FEBS Lett 2001; 502:73-8. [PMID: 11583114 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding UDP-glucose:tetrahydrobiopterin alpha-glucosyltransferase (BGluT) was cloned from the genomic DNA of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. The encoded protein consisting of 359 amino acid residues was verified in vitro and in vivo to be responsible for the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-glucoside produced in the organism. The BGluT gene is the first cloned in pteridine glycosyltransferases and also a novel one cloned so far in UDP-glycosyltransferases. The mutant cells disrupted in the BGluT gene produced only aglycosidic BH4 at a level of 8.3% of the BH4-glucoside in wild type cells and exhibited half of the wild type growth in normal photoautotrophic conditions. These results suggest that the glucosylation of BH4 is required for the maintenance of the high cellular concentration of the compound, thereby supporting the normal growth of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea
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31
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Chung HJ, Kim YA, Kim YJ, Choi YK, Hwang YK, Park YS. Purification and characterization of UDP-glucose:tetrahydrobiopterin glucosyltransferase from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1524:183-8. [PMID: 11113566 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-glucoside was identified from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 by HPLC analysis and the enzymatic activity of a glycosyltransferase producing the compound from UDP-glucose and BH4. The novel enzyme, named UDP-glucose:BH4 glucosyltransferase, has been purified 846-fold from the cytosolic fraction of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 to apparent homogeneity on SDS-PAGE. The native enzyme exists as a monomer having a molecular mass of 39.2 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was active over a broad range of pH from 6.5 to 10.5 but most active at pH 10.0. The enzyme required Mn(2+) for maximal activity. Optimum temperature was 42 degrees C. Apparent K(m) values for BH4 and UDP-glucose were determined as 4.3 microM and 188 microM, respectively, and V(max) values were 16.1 and 15.1 pmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was Thr-Ala-His-Arg-Phe-Lys-Phe-Val-Ser-Thr-Pro-Val-Gly-, sharing high homology with the predicted N-terminal sequence of an unidentified open reading frame slr1166 determined in the genome of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which is known to produce a pteridine glycoside cyanopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chung
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, 621-749, Kimhae, South Korea
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32
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Lee SW, Lee HW, Chung HJ, Kim YA, Kim YJ, Hahn Y, Chung JH, Park YS. Identification of the genes encoding enzymes involved in the early biosynthetic pathway of pteridines in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 176:169-76. [PMID: 10418143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway for the pteridine moiety of cyanopterine, as well as tetrahydrobiopterine, has been investigated in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Open reading frames slr0426, slr1626, slr0078 and sll0330 of the organism putatively encoding GTP cyclohydrolase I, dihydroneopterine aldolase, 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterine synthase and sepiapterine reductase, respectively, have been cloned into T7-based vectors for expression in Escherichia coli. The recombinant proteins have been purified to homogeneity and demonstrated to possess expected genuine activities except that of sll0330. Our result is the first direct evidence for the functional assignment of the open reading frames in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Furthermore, the 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterine synthase gene is demonstrated for the first time in prokaryotes. Based on the result, biosynthesis of cyanopterine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea
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