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Eichberg J, Oberpaul M, Hartwig C, Geißler AH, Culmsee C, Vilcinskas A, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Brückner H, Degenkolb T, Hardes K. Structural characterization and bioactivity profiling of the fungal peptaibiotic tolypin reveal protective effects against influenza viruses. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400384. [PMID: 39031917 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In a bioprospection for new antivirals, we tested nonribosomally biosynthesized polypeptide antibiotics in MDCK II cells for their actions on influenza A and B viruses (IAV/IBV). Only tolypin, a mixture of closely related 16-residue peptaibiotics from the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum IE 1897, showed promising activity. It was selected for further investigation and structural characterization by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS/MS) and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to in-source collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-isCID-HR-MS/MS), revealing 12 partially co-eluting individual peptides that were fully sequenced. Since tolypin-related efrapeptins are potent inhibitors of F1/Fo-ATPase, we screened tolypin for its toxicity against MDCK II cells and larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. We found that a nontoxic concentration of tolypin (1 µg/mL) reduced the titer of two IBV strains by 4-5 log values, and that of an H3N2 strain by 1-2 log values, but the H1N1pdm strain was not affected. The higher concentrations of tolypin were cytostatic to MDCK II cells, shifted their metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, and induced paralysis in G. mellonella, supporting the inhibition of F1/Fo-ATPase as the mode of action. Our results lay the foundations for future work to investigate the interplay between viral replication and cellular energy metabolism, as well as the development of drugs that target host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichberg
- Branch for Bioresources of the Fraunhofer IME, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research "ASCRIBE", Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Oberpaul
- Branch for Bioresources of the Fraunhofer IME, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research "ASCRIBE", Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Hartwig
- Branch for Bioresources of the Fraunhofer IME, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Helga Geißler
- Department of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources of the Fraunhofer IME, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Hans Brückner
- Department of Food Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Degenkolb
- Department of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- Branch for Bioresources of the Fraunhofer IME, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research "ASCRIBE", Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt, Germany
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Seidel T. The Plant V-ATPase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931777. [PMID: 35845650 PMCID: PMC9280200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
V-ATPase is the dominant proton pump in plant cells. It contributes to cytosolic pH homeostasis and energizes transport processes across endomembranes of the secretory pathway. Its localization in the trans Golgi network/early endosomes is essential for vesicle transport, for instance for the delivery of cell wall components. Furthermore, it is crucial for response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The V-ATPase's rather complex structure and multiple subunit isoforms enable high structural flexibility with respect to requirements for different organs, developmental stages, and organelles. This complexity further demands a sophisticated assembly machinery and transport routes in cells, a process that is still not fully understood. Regulation of V-ATPase is a target of phosphorylation and redox-modifications but also involves interactions with regulatory proteins like 14-3-3 proteins and the lipid environment. Regulation by reversible assembly, as reported for yeast and the mammalian enzyme, has not be proven in plants but seems to be absent in autotrophic cells. Addressing the regulation of V-ATPase is a promising approach to adjust its activity for improved stress resistance or higher crop yield.
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Han P, Gong Q, Fan J, Abbas M, Chen D, Zhang J. Destruxin A inhibits scavenger receptor B mediated melanization in Aphis citricola. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1915-1924. [PMID: 35080798 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Destruxin A (DA) is a mycotoxin secreted by entomogenous fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, which has broad-spectrum insecticidal activity. Insect innate immunity provides resistance against the invasion of entomopathogenic fungi. Previous studies have shown that DA could inhibit the immune response, however, the suppressive mechanism of DA on prophenoloxidase system is still unknown. RESULTS Based on the transcriptome of Aphis citricola, we screened the scavenger receptor class B(AcSR-B)and identified that it significantly responds to DA. Spatio-temporal expression analysis showed that AcSR-B is highly expressed in adult stage and is mainly distributed in the abdominal region. We further revealed that both M. anisopliae and Escherichia coli could suppress the expression of AcSR-B at 24 h, and that the expressed recombinant protein rAcSR-B possessed agglutination activity to M. anisopliae and E. coli. DA could suppress the protein expression of AcSR-B. In addition, RNA interference of AcSR-B caused death of A. citricola in a dose-dependent manner, and RNA interference of AcSR-B increased mortality in A. citricola under the same lethal concentration of DA. The inhibiting effect of AcSR-B silencing was similar with the DA treatment upon phenol oxidase (PO) activity of A. citricola hemolymph. DA could not decrease PO activity further after AcSR-B silencing. CONCLUSION Destruxin A inhibits melanization by suppressing AcSR-B in A. citricola. Our findings are helpful in understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of the DA suppressing immune system, and uncover a potential molecular target for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qitian Gong
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiqiao Fan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mureed Abbas
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Duo Chen
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
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Wang H, Guo Y, Luo Z, Gao L, Li R, Zhang Y, Kalaji HM, Qiang S, Chen S. Recent Advances in Alternaria Phytotoxins: A Review of Their Occurrence, Structure, Bioactivity and Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020168. [PMID: 35205922 PMCID: PMC8878860 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus in many ecosystems, consisting of species and strains that can be saprophytic, endophytic, or pathogenic to plants or animals, including humans. Alternaria species can produce a variety of secondary metabolites (SMs), especially low molecular weight toxins. Based on the characteristics of host plant susceptibility or resistance to the toxin, Alternaria phytotoxins are classified into host-selective toxins (HSTs) and non-host-selective toxins (NHSTs). These Alternaria toxins exhibit a variety of biological activities such as phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties. Generally, HSTs are toxic to host plants and can cause severe economic losses. Some NHSTs such as alternariol, altenariol methyl-ether, and altertoxins also show high cytotoxic and mutagenic activities in the exposed human or other vertebrate species. Thus, Alternaria toxins are meaningful for drug and pesticide development. For example, AAL-toxin, maculosin, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid have potential to be developed as bioherbicides due to their excellent herbicidal activity. Like altersolanol A, bostrycin, and brefeldin A, they exhibit anticancer activity, and ATX V shows high activity to inhibit the HIV-1 virus. This review focuses on the classification, chemical structure, occurrence, bioactivity, and biosynthesis of the major Alternaria phytotoxins, including 30 HSTs and 50 NHSTs discovered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Yanjing Guo
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Zhi Luo
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Liwen Gao
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Rui Li
- Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Ecology and Resource Protection Center, Ordos Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Ordos 017010, China;
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (L.G.); (Y.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84395117
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Brückner H, Degenkolb T. Sequences of Tolypins, Insecticidal Efrapeptin-Type Peptaibiotics from Species of the Fungal Genus Tolypocladium. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000276. [PMID: 32573986 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A peptide mixture named tolypin, originally isolated from species of the fungal genus Tolypocladium, was structurally characterised and sequences compared to those reported for efrapeptins isolated from strains of Tolypocladium inflatum. Chiral amino acid analysis, direct infusion, and online HPLC electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry provided composition, molecular weights of peptides, and series of diagnostic fragment ions. Sequences deduced from ESI-MS revealed that tolypins C-G are identical to efrapeptins C-G. The results were corroborated by ESI-MS and HPLC of an authentic efrapeptin sample from Eli Lilly Research Laboratories (USA). Comparison of the HPLC elution profiles of efrapeptin and tolypin indicated a pronounced microheterogeneity of the former. A high-resolution HPLC of authentic efrapeptin has not been published before. Close relationship and partial identity of sequences of tolypins and efrapeptins, which had previously been postulated, were definitely proven. The geographical origin of the two most important T. inflatum strains used for sequencing of efrapeptins/tolypins could unambiguously be clarified. A new minor compound, designated tolypin H1, was sequenced. High proportions of helicogenic Aib (α-aminoisobutyric acid) and l-isovaline, N-terminal acetyl-l-pipecolic acid and the unusual, amide-bound C-terminal residue, named (S)-2-amino-1-(1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene-5-ylium)-4-methylpentane corresponding to 1-[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentyl]-2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium, define these peptides as linear, cationic peptaibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Brückner
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, DE, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Degenkolb
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, DE, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Present address: Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Department of Applied Entomology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, DE, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Niu X, Thaochan N, Hu Q. Diversity of Linear Non-Ribosomal Peptide in Biocontrol Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E61. [PMID: 32408496 PMCID: PMC7345191 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol fungi (BFs) play a key role in regulation of pest populations. BFs produce multiple non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) and other secondary metabolites that interact with pests, plants and microorganisms. NRPs-including linear and cyclic peptides (L-NRPs and C-NRPs)-are small peptides frequently containing special amino acids and other organic acids. They are biosynthesized in fungi through non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs). Compared with C-NRPs, L-NRPs have simpler structures, with only a linear chain and biosynthesis without cyclization. BFs mainly include entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, that are used to control insect pests and phytopathogens in fields, respectively. NRPs play an important role of in the interactions of BFs with insects or phytopathogens. On the other hand, the residues of NRPs may contaminate food through BFs activities in the environment. In recent decades, C-NRPs in BFs have been thoroughly reviewed. However, L-NRPs are rarely investigated. In order to better understand the species and potential problems of L-NRPs in BFs, this review lists the L-NRPs from entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, summarizes their sources, structures, activities and biosynthesis, and details risks and utilization prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Narit Thaochan
- Pest Management Biotechnology and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Karbusová N, Gautam UK, Kodrík D. Effect of natural toxins and adipokinetic hormones on the activity of digestive enzymes in the midgut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21586. [PMID: 31180597 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of two natural toxins (a venom from the parasitic wasp Habrobracon hebetor and destruxin A from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae), and one pathogen (the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea) on the activity of basic digestive enzymes in the midgut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Simultaneously, the role of adipokinetic hormones (AKH) in the digestive processes was evaluated. The results showed that all tested toxins/pathogens elicited stress responses when applied into the cockroach body, as documented by an increase of AKH level in the central nervous system. The venom from H. hebetor showed no effect on digestive enzyme activities in the ceca and midgut in vitro. In addition, infection by I. fumosorosea caused a decrease in activity of all enzymes in the midgut and a variable decrease in activity in the ceca; application of AKHs did not reverse the inhibition. Destruxin A inhibited the activity of all enzymes in the midgut but none in the ceca in vitro; application of AKHs did reverse this inhibition, and no differences between both cockroach AKHs were found. Overall, the results demonstrated the variable effect of the tested toxins/pathogens on the digestive processes of cockroaches as well as the variable ability of AKH to counteract these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umesh K Gautam
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Shakeel M, Xu X, Xu J, Li S, Yu J, Zhou X, Xu X, Hu Q, Yu X, Jin F. Genome-Wide Identification of Destruxin A-Responsive Immunity-Related MicroRNAs in Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella. Front Immunol 2018; 9:185. [PMID: 29472927 PMCID: PMC5809476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plutella xylostella, a global key pest, is one of the major lepidopteran pests of cruciferous vegetables owing to its strong ability of resistance development to a wide range of insecticides. Destruxin A, a mycotoxin of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, has broad-spectrum insecticidal effects and has been used as an alternative control strategy to reduce harmful effects of insecticides. However, microRNA (miRNA)-regulated reactions against destruxin A have not been elucidated yet. Therefore, here, to identify immunity-related miRNAs, we constructed four small RNA libraries from destruxin A-injected larvae of P. xylostella at three different time courses (2, 4, and 6 h) with a control, and sequenced by Illumina. Our results showed that totally 187 known and 44 novel miRNAs were identified in four libraries by bioinformatic analysis. Interestingly, among differentially expressed known miRNAs, some conserved miRNAs, such as miR-263, miR-279, miR-306, miR-2a, and miR-308, predicted to be involved in regulating immunity-related genes, were also identified. Worthy to mention, miR-306 and miR-279 were also listed as common abundantly expressed miRNA in all treatments. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis also indicated that differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in several immunity-related signaling pathways, including toll signaling pathway, IMD signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and cell adhesion molecules signaling pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report of destruxin A-responsive immunity-related miRNAs in P. xylostella. Our findings will improve in understanding the role of destruxin A-responsive miRNAs in the host immune system and would be useful to develop biological control strategies for controlling P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- Beijing Genomic Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Pietsch C. Zearalenone (ZEN) and Its Influence on Regulation of Gene Expression in Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Liver Tissue. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090283. [PMID: 28914814 PMCID: PMC5618216 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a frequently-occurring mycotoxin in both animal and fish feeds. In order to characterize its effects on carp, three groups of fish were fed for 28 days with feeds contaminated with three different levels of ZEN (low: 332 µg kg−1, medium: 621 µg kg−1, and high: 797 µg kg−1 feed). The reversibility of the effects of ZEN was assessed by feeding all of the groups with uncontaminated feed for a further 14 days. Gene expression of immune genes in the liver tissue of the fish was analysed, revealing reduced expressions of immune, antioxidative, and estrogen-related genes after the fish had been exposed to ZEN. However, the expression of vacuole-type H+ ATPase increased substantially with ZEN exposure, thus supporting the previously-reported sensitivity of lysosomal functions to ZEN. Feeding the fish with a ZEN-free diet for a further two weeks changed the effects of ZEN on the expression of some genes, including the expressions of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, and arginase 2, which were not influenced after four weeks of treatment, but showed lower values after the recovery phase in fish previously treated with ZEN compared with the control group. In summary, this study confirmed the broad effects of ZEN on different essential functions in carp and suggests that the current maximum allowable levels in compound feed are too high to prevent damage to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, P.O. Box, CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland.
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Shakeel M, Xu X, Xu J, Zhu X, Li S, Zhou X, Yu J, Xu X, Hu Q, Yu X, Jin F. Identification of immunity-related genes in Plutella xylostella in response to fungal peptide destruxin A: RNA-Seq and DGE analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10966. [PMID: 28887550 PMCID: PMC5591186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plutella xylostella has become the major lepidopteran pest of Brassica owing to its strong ability of resistance development to a wide range of insecticides. Destruxin A, a mycotoxin of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, has broad-spectrum insecticidal effects. However, the interaction mechanism of destruxin A with the immune system of P. xylostella at genomic level is still not well understood. Here, we identified 129 immunity-related genes, including pattern recognition receptors, signal modulators, few members of main immune pathways (Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT), and immune effectors in P. xylostella in response to destruxin A at three different time courses (2 h, 4 h, and 6 h). It is worthy to mention that the immunity-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis exhibited 30, 78, and 72 up-regulated and 17, 13, and 6 down-regulated genes in P. xylostella after destruxin A injection at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h, respectively, compared to control. Interestingly, our results revealed that the expression of antimicrobial peptides that play a vital role in insect immune system was up-regulated after the injection of destruxin A. Our findings provide a detailed information on immunity-related DEGs and reveal the potential of P. xylostella to limit the infection of fungal peptide destruxin A by increasing the activity of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Fengliang Jin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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Subala SP, Shivakumar MS. Circadian variation affects the biology and digestive profiles of a nocturnal insectSpodoptera litura(Insecta: Lepidoptera). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1251928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Singh D, Son SY, Lee CH. Perplexing Metabolomes in Fungal-Insect Trophic Interactions: A Terra Incognita of Mycobiocontrol Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1678. [PMID: 27807434 PMCID: PMC5069422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The trophic interactions of entomopathogenic fungi in different ecological niches viz., soil, plants, or insect themselves are effectively regulated by their maneuvered metabolomes and the plethora of metabotypes. In this article, we discuss a holistic framework of co-evolutionary metabolomes and metabotypes to model the interactions of biocontrol fungi especially with mycosed insects. Conventionally, the studies involving fungal biocontrol mechanisms are reported in the context of much aggrandized fungal entomotoxins while the adaptive response mechanisms of host insects are relatively overlooked. The present review asserts that the selective pressure exerted among the competing or interacting species drives alterations in their overall metabolomes which ultimately implicates in corresponding metabotypes. Quintessentially, metabolomics offers a most generic and tractable model to assess the fungal-insect antagonism in terms of interaction biomarkers, biosynthetic pathway plasticity, and their co-evolutionary defense. The fungi chiefly rely on a battery of entomotoxins viz., secondary metabolites falling in the categories of NRP's (non-ribosomal peptides), PK's (polyketides), lysine derive alkaloids, and terpenoids. On the contrary, insects overcome mycosis through employing different layers of immunity manifested as altered metabotypes (phenoloxidase activity) and overall metabolomes viz., carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, and eicosanoids. Here, we discuss the recent findings within conventional premise of fungal entomotoxicity and the evolution of truculent immune response among host insect. The metabolomic frameworks for fungal-insect interaction can potentially transmogrify our current comprehensions of biocontrol mechanisms to develop the hypervirulent biocontrol strains with least environmental concerns. Moreover, the interaction metabolomics (interactome) in complementation with other -omics cascades could further be applied to address the fundamental bottlenecks of adaptive co-evolution among biological species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Y Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong H Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
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Capillary Electrophoresis as a Promising Technique to Evaluate Metabolites Secreted by Fungal Biocontrol Agents. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Carpio A, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Ríos-Moreno A, Garrido-Jurado I, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña A, Quesada-Moraga E, Arce L. Development of a QuEChERS-based extraction method for the determination of destruxins in potato plants by UHPLC–MS/MS. Talanta 2016; 146:815-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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A cyclohexadepsipeptide from entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae inhibits the Helicobacter pylori induced pathogenesis through attenuation of vacuolating cytotoxin-A activity. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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RNAi-mediated knockdown of serine protease inhibitor genes increases the mortality of Plutella xylostella challenged by destruxin A. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97863. [PMID: 24837592 PMCID: PMC4023956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Destruxin A is a mycotoxin that is secreted by entomopathogenic fungi which has a broad-spectrum insecticidal effect. Previous transcript and protein profiling analysis showed that destruxin A has significant effects on the expression of serine protease inhibitor genes (serpin-2, 4, 5) in the larvae of Plutella xylostella. In the current study, we aimed to understand the role of serpins under application of destruxin A. We obtained two full-length cDNA sequences of P. xylostella serpins, named serpin-4 and serpin-5, and cloned the serpin-2 gene whose full-length has already been published. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these two serpin genes were highly clustered with other serpins associated with the immune response in other insects. The temporal and spatial expression of serpin-2, serpin-4 and serpin-5 were determined to be the highest in the fat body and hemolymph of 4th larval stage using qRT-PCR and western blot detection techniques. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated knockdown of P. xylostella serpin genes was carried out by microinjection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The expression levels of serpins decreased significantly after RNAi. Results showed that the depletion of serpins induced cecropins expression, increased phenoloxidase (PO) activity, body melanization and mortality in the larvae of P. xylostella under the same lethal concentration of destruxin A. The superimposed effects of serpins RNAi were similar with the destruxin A treatment upon mortality of P. xylostella larvae. We discovered for the first time that serpins play indispensable role in P. xylostella when challenged by destruxin A and deduced the possible function mechanism of destruxin A. Our findings are conducive to fully understanding the potential insecticidal mechanism of destruxin A and constitute a well-defined potential molecular target for novel insecticides.
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Fan J, Han P, Chen X, Hu Q, Ye M. Comparative proteomic analysis of Bombyx mori hemocytes treated with destruxin A. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 86:33-45. [PMID: 24719308 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Destruxin A (DA), a cyclodepsipeptidic secondary metabolite of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, is an important anti-immunity agent against insect hemocytes. To understand the mechanism of the molecular responses to DA, fifth-instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were injected with 2 μg of DA. The proteomics of hemocytes were then investigated using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, and validated qPCR. As a result, a total of 47 differently expressed protein spots were detected and 22 proteins in 26 spots were identified. There are eight immunity-related proteins, including three downregulated proteins (antitrypsin isoform 3, p50 protein, and calreticulin precursor) and five upregulated proteins (C-type lectin 10 precursor, serine proteinase-like protein, paralytic peptide, PPO-1, and PPO-2). Four resistance- and/or stress-related proteins (arginine kinase, carboxylesterase clade H, member 1, aminoacylase, and thiol peroxiredoxin) were upregulated. Ten proteins with other or unknown functions were also recorded. Five selected proteins were verified with qPCR. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of host immune response to DA challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiao Fan
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Natural Resource and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen XR, Hu QB, Yu XQ, Ren SX. Effects of destruxins on free calcium and hydrogen ions in insect hemocytes. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:31-38. [PMID: 23956215 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Destruxins, cyclohexadepsipeptidic mycotoxins isolated from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, inhibit innate insect immunity. However, their mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, the effects of destruxins on changes in free calcium and hydrogen ions in the hemocytes of Exolontha serrulata, Bombyx mori and the Spodoptera litura SL-1 cell line were detected using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). An instant Ca(2+) influx of hemocytes induced by destruxins A and B (DA and DB) was recorded. The DA/DB-dependent Ca(2+) influx was not influenced by the Ca(2+) channel inhibitors 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane (2-APB) and U73122. It also had an apparently different LSCM profile from that of the ionomycin-dependent Ca(2+) influx. However, the instant Ca(2+) influx was not seen in the SL-1 cells; on the contrary, a slow, moderate enhancement of intracellular Ca(2+) was observed. Meanwhile, an instant intracellular free H(+) decrease aroused by DA and DB was found. DB at 20 μmol/L and DA at 690 μmol/L significantly reduced intracellular free H(+) levels. Furthermore, the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitor bafilomycin A1 had obvious effects on the decreases of intracellular free H(+) in hemocytes. These results suggest that the mechanism of DA/DB-dependent Ca(2+) influx is perhaps not related to Ca(2+) channels and ionophores; rather, the intracellular free H(+) decrease might be due to V-ATPase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Run Chen
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Dutt Konar A, Vass E, Hollósi M, Majer Z, Grüber G, Frese K, Sewald N. Conformational properties of secondary amino acids: replacement of pipecolic acid by N-methyl-l-alanine in efrapeptin C. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:942-51. [PMID: 23681735 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efrapeptins, a family of naturally occurring peptides with inhibitory activities against ATPases, contain several α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids such as α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) or isovaline (Iva) besides pipecolic acid (Pip), β-Ala, Leu, Gly, and a C-terminal heterocyclic residue. Secondary α-amino acids such as proline are known to stabilize discrete conformations in peptides. A similar influence is ascribed to N-alkyl α-amino acids. We synthesized two efrapeptin C analogs with replacement of Pip by N-methyl-L-alanine (MeAla) using a combination of solid- and solution-phase techniques in a fragment-condensation strategy to compare the conformational bias of both secondary amino acids. The solution conformation was investigated by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) to probe whether the analogs adopt a 310 -helical conformation. The MeAla-containing analogs [MeAla(1,3) ]efrapeptin C and [MeAla(1,3,11) ]efrapeptin C inhibit ATP hydrolysis by the A3 B3 complex of A1 A0 -ATP synthase from Methanosarcina mazei Gö1.
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20
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Chao PZ, Chin YP, Hsu IU, Liu CM, Yu YC, Leung TK, Lee YJ, Chen CH, Lin YF. Apoptotic toxicity of destruxin B in human non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1870-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Han P, Jin F, Dong X, Fan J, Qiu B, Ren S. Transcript and protein profiling analysis of the Destruxin A-induced response in larvae of Plutella xylostella. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60771. [PMID: 23585848 PMCID: PMC3621956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Destruxins (dtxs) are the mycotoxin produced by certain entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, Aschersonia sp, Alternaria brassicae and Ophiosphaerella herpotrichae. It can affect a wide variety of biological processes in insects, including innate immune, Ca(2+) channel in cells, and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Dtxs have been used as biological control agent for a long time, however, their molecular mechanism of action is still unknown. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, both digital gene expression (DGE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) approaches were adopted to examine the effects of dtx A on Plutella xyllostella (L.) larvae. By using DGE and 2-DE analyses, 1584 genes and 42 protein points were identified as being up- or down regulated at least 2-fold in response to dtx A. Firstly, injection of dtx A to larvae accelerated the increase of peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), which could activate the Toll signal pathway inducing production of antibacterial substances such as cecropin and gloverin. Dtx A also stimulated prophenoloxidase (proPO) system which plays an important role in innate immunity and leads to melanization of external organisms. Secondly, dtx A suppressed the expression of genes related to the Toll pathway, and induced expression of serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), especially the serpin 2 that blocked process of the proPO system. Finally, other physiological process like xenobiotics detoxification, apoptosis, calcium signaling pathway and insect hormone biosynthesis, were also mediated in response to dtx A toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Transcript and protein profiling analyses will provide an insight into the potential molecular mechanism of action in P. xylostella larvae in response to dtx A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiqiao Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoli Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunxiang Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
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Meng X, Hu J, Xu X, Wang Z, Hu Q, Jin F, Ren S. Toxic effect of destruxin A on abnormal wing disc-like (SLAWD) in Spodoptera litura fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e57213. [PMID: 23468937 PMCID: PMC3585292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Destruxin A (DA) is a microbial insecticide with potent bioactivity against Spodoptera litura larvae. A previous proteomic analysis of S. litura (SL-1) cells exposed to DA showed the abnormal expression of wing disc-like protein of S. litura (SLAWD). To further understand the effect of DA on SLAWD expression, a functional study was carried out. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The SLAWD gene (SLAWD) was cloned and an open reading frame of 537 bp encoding a polypeptide of 178 amino acids was detected. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) suggested that SLAWD is expressed in all developmental stages of S. litura, but expression was highest during the pupal and adult stages. RNAi knockdown of SLAWD expression in 6th-stage larvae was achieved by the microinjection of a specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The results showed a significant decrease in SLAWD mRNA expression levels between the prepupal and adult stages. Interestingly, SLAWD expression was similarly down-regulated by treating 6th-stage larvae with DA. Growth- and development-related statistics confirmed the observed abnormalities in S. litura development after either RNAi or DA treatment. CONCLUSIONS SLAWD appears to have a biosynthetic function in the pupal and adult stages of S. litura. The toxic effect of DA on S. litura development is due the negative effect of DA on SLAWD gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Wang
- Guangdong New Scene Biological Engineering Co.,LTD, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongbu Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FJ); (SR)
| | - Shunxiang Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FJ); (SR)
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23
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Ruiz-Sanchez E, O'Donnell MJ. Effects of the microbial metabolite destruxin A on ion transport by the gut and renal epithelia of Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 80:109-122. [PMID: 22522660 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Destruxins have been implicated in the infection process by entomopathogenic fungi and have been also found to be highly toxic when applied topically or ingested by different insect species. To gain insight into the mechanism of action of this toxin on insect internal organs, we have evaluated the effects of destruxin A on Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian tubules and gut tissues. Destruxin A was toxic when injected into adults; the calculated EC(50) was 0.11 mM. Destruxin A significantly inhibited fluid secretion rate by Malpighian tubules as well; the calculated IC(50) was 0.25 μM. The Na(+) concentration in the secreted fluid increased significantly when tubules were exposed to 0.25 μM destruxin A, whereas pH and the concentrations of Ca(2+) and K(+) did not change. In gut, there was no effect of destruxin on H(+) flux, but there was a significant decrease in K(+) and Ca(2+) absorption. The concentration of Ca(2+) and K(+) in the hemolymph of destruxin A-injected flies was not significantly different from those of control flies after 3 h. Taken together, these results show that destruxin A produces differential effects on ion transport by renal and gut tissues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esau Ruiz-Sanchez
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 3359 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Weigelt S, Huber T, Hofmann F, Jost M, Ritzefeld M, Luy B, Freudenberger C, Majer Z, Vass E, Greie JC, Panella L, Kaptein B, Broxterman QB, Kessler H, Altendorf K, Hollósi M, Sewald N. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Efrapeptins. Chemistry 2011; 18:478-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liu BL, Tzeng YM. Development and applications of destruxins: a review. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:1242-54. [PMID: 22079799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal and phytotoxic activities of destruxins (dtxs) have been well studied. The cyclodepsipeptides, which are dtxs mainly isolated from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and other fungi, have been well characterized in vitro and in vivo. A succession of important function, such as antitumoral, antiviral, insecticidal, cytotoxic, immunosuppressant, phytotoxic, and antiproliferative effects have been observed. To date, 39 dtxs derivatives have been identified. Dtxs possess a variety of biological activities, including acting as virulence factors for specific insects, a V-ATPase inhibitor that provides a basis for the development of new drug to against osteoporosis, cancer, or biological control agents, etc. Here, we focus on some of the research progress made on understanding dtxs during the last decade, introduce some of the newly identified dtx members, especially from M. anisopliae, and give an overview of the applications of dtxs. Using the dtxs to learn about and moderate biological events has advanced significantly during the past year. We believe that several ongoing dtx application fields may benefit from the reviewed information herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
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Meng X, Xu X, Hu J, Jin F, Hu Q, Sun Q, Yu X, Ren S. Toxicity and differential protein analysis following destruxin A treatment of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SL-1 cells. Toxicon 2011; 58:327-35. [PMID: 21718714 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of a destruxin A (DA) treatment of Spodoptera litura SL-1 cells was investigated. An MTT assay showed that DA was highly toxic to SL-1 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The IC(50) values of DA, after 24 h and 48 h of treatment, were 17.86 μg/mL and 7.80 μg/mL, respectively. Under inverted phase contrast microscopy (IPCM), it was found that prolonged treatment with DA could induce cell rounding, cellular membrane shrinking, formation of apoptotic bodies, vacuole appearance and cytoplasm leak out. Apoptosis induced by DA was further confirmed by fluorescence microscopy (FM) and flow cytometry (FCM) studies. SL-1 cells entered early apoptosis following a treatment with 2.5 μg/mL DA and entered late apoptosis following a treatment with increasing concentrations of DA. Furthermore, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis was used to identify 22 proteins which were differentially expressed (≥2-fold difference) between control cells and DA-treated cells, and the expression level of these proteins was significantly different between the treated and untreated cells. Our results suggest that these differentially expressed proteins may help explain the diverse biological effects caused by the destruxin A treatment of cells; additionally, some of the identified proteins may have roles in SL-1 cellular proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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27
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Bulushova NV, Zhuzhikov DP, Lyutikova LI, Kirillova NE, Zalunin IA, Chestukhina GG. Toxin-binding proteins isolated from yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor and wax moth Galleria mellonella. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:202-8. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ruiz-Sanchez E, Lange AB, Orchard I. Effects of the mycotoxin destruxin A on Locusta migratoria visceral muscles. Toxicon 2010; 56:1043-51. [PMID: 20670642 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Destruxins, a family of cyclic peptides, are produced by various species of entomopathogenic fungi. These peptides have been shown to influence calcium-dependent processes in insect cell lines and tissues, such as skeletal muscles. To better understand the mechanism of action of these peptide toxins on insect muscular tissues, we have evaluated the effects of destruxin A on the contractions of oviducts and hindgut of Locusta migratoria. In oviducts, destruxin A increased the frequency of spontaneous contractions and induced a dose-dependent tonic contraction; the EC(50) for lower lateral and upper lateral oviducts was 0.7 microM and 8.7 microM, respectively. In hindgut, destruxin A also caused an increase in the frequency of spontaneous contractions; the EC(50) was 3.2 microM. The action of destruxin A was abolished in Ca(2+)-free saline or when the Ca(2+) channel blocker CoCl(2) was added to the incubation saline. Likewise, the presence of 50 microM nifedipine or 100 microM verapamil in the medium reduced the magnitude of destruxin A's effect, particularly in hindgut. The depolarization of muscle membranes by 100 mM K(+) saline prevented the action of destruxin A. Preincubation of lower lateral oviducts in the intracellular Ca(2+) antagonist TMB-8 did not have any effect on destruxin A action; however, preincubation in the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine greatly reduced the effect of destruxin A. Taken together, these results show that destruxin A has an excitatory effect on contractions of insect visceral muscles of L. migratoria. Destruxin A-induced contractions appear to be dependent on extracellular, but not on intracellularly-released Ca(2+), which suggest that this peptide toxin might be acting on insect visceral muscle by facilitating an influx of extracellular Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esau Ruiz-Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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Yezdani E, Sendi JJ, Zibaee A, Ghadamyari M. Enzymatic properties of alpha-amylase in the midgut and the salivary glands of mulberry moth, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). C R Biol 2010; 333:17-22. [PMID: 20176331 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The pyralid moth, Glyphode pyloalis Walker, is an important pest of the mulberry. Amylases are the hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the alpha-D-(1,4)-glucan linkage in glycogen and other related carbohydrates. Laboratory-reared fifth stadium larvae were randomly selected; the midgut (MG) and the salivary glands (SG) were removed by dissection under a dissecting microscope and alpha-amylase activity was assayed using the dinitrosalicylic acid procedure. The activity of alpha-amylase in the MG and the SG were 0.011 and 0.0018 micromol/min, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature for alpha-amylase were 9 for MG at 37-40 degrees C and 10 for SG at 37 degrees C respectively. Various concentrations of compounds (NaCl, KCl, MgCl(2), Urea, EDTA, SDS and CaCl(2)) had differential effects on the enzyme activity. Plant amylase inhibitors may play an important role against insect pests. Hence, the characterization of digestive enzymes and the examination of their inhibitors may be a useful tool in future management of this important mulberry pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Yezdani
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Guilan, Rast Ghazvin Road, PO Box. 41635, 41635, Rasht, Iran
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Ruiz-Sanchez E, Orchard I, Lange AB. Effects of the cyclopeptide mycotoxin destruxin A on the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus (Stål). Toxicon 2010; 55:1162-70. [PMID: 20060849 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of peptide toxins by entomopathogenic fungi during the infection process plays critical roles in pathogenesis. To gain insight into the mechanism of action of these mycotoxins on insect internal organs, we have evaluated the effects of destruxin A, a cyclic peptide produced by Metarhizium anispliae, on Rhodnius prolixus Malpighian tubules measuring fluid secretion rate, transepithelial electrical potential (TEP), pH and ion composition of secreted fluid, and ATP content. Destruxin A dramatically inhibited fluid secretion rate on tubules stimulated by 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or cAMP. The calculated IC(50) for destruxin A on 5-HT-stimulated tubules was 3 x 10(-7) M. Fluid secretion rate by Malpighian tubules exposed for 20 min to 10(-6) M destruxin A recovered completely when tubules were washed with saline; however, when tubules were exposed to 5 x 10(-6) M destruxin A the fluid secretion rate only partially recovered upon wash off. The use of Ca(2+)-free saline or addition of the calcium channel blocker CoCl(2) to the bathing saline did not interfere with the effects of destruxin A, and neither did the modification of intracellular calcium by TMB-8. Measurement of TEP of tubules challenged with 5-HT after preincubation for 10 min in saline containing 10(-6) M destruxin A showed that the second and third phases of the typical triphasic response to 5-HT were disrupted. Likewise, the positive shift in TEP in response to 5-HT in chloride-free bathing saline was significantly reduced when tubules were preincubated for 10 min in 10(-6) M destruxin A. The pH of the secreted fluid, but not the Na(+) or K(+) concentration, increased significantly when 5-HT-stimulated tubules were exposed to 10(-6) M destruxin A. The ATP content was not significantly different when tubules stimulated with 5-HT were exposed to destruxin A. Taken together, these results show that destruxin A, without interfering with the intracellular ATP production, strongly inhibits fluid secretion rate by the Malpighian tubules of R. prolixus. Changes in properties of the TEP suggest that one of the target sites for this peptide toxin might be associated with inhibition of the apical V-type H(+) ATPase of tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esau Ruiz-Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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Enzymatic properties of α- and β-glocusidases extracted from midgut and salivary glands of rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). C R Biol 2009; 332:633-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Butt TM, Ben El Hadj N, Skrobek A, Ravensberg WJ, Wang C, Lange CM, Vey A, Shah UK, Dudley E. Mass spectrometry as a tool for the selective profiling of destruxins; their first identification in Lecanicillium longisporum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1426-1434. [PMID: 19350525 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry was applied to the identification of the destruxins (dtxs), cyclic peptides that are commonly produced by the fungal insect-pathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae. The aim of the study was to optimise a methodology in order to firstly determine whether these compounds were present in other species and to determine the effect of differing growth conditions upon the dtx content detected. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) was initially used to analyse the dtxs, but limitations were indicated. Nano-scale high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) and automated 'data-dependent' tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis were also applied, utilising characteristic neutral losses during fragmentation to confirm the presence of the dtxs. This latter approach distinguished the dtx E and B isoforms by retention time and diagnostic neutral losses during fragmentation allowing extraction of the destruxin data from a complex dataset. This process revealed the presence of a number of dtxs in the fungal species Lecanicillium longisporum, a species previously not known to produce dtxs, and dtx production in this species was shown to be significantly higher in aerated cultures compared with still cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq M Butt
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Biosciences, SOTEAS, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Sowjanya Sree K, Padmaja V. Oxidative stress induced by destruxin from Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) involves changes in glutathione and ascorbate metabolism and instigates ultrastructural changes in the salivary glands of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae. Toxicon 2008; 51:1140-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Boot CM, Amagata T, Tenney K, Compton JE, Pietraszkiewicz H, Valeriote FA, Crews P. Four Classes of Structurally Unusual Peptides from Two Marine-Derived Fungi: Structures and Bioactivities. Tetrahedron 2007; 63:9903-9914. [PMID: 18820723 PMCID: PMC2390835 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The structures and biological properties of peptides produced by two genera of marine-derived fungi, an atypical Acremonium sp., and a Metarrhizium sp. were explored. The Acremonium strain was isolated from a marine sponge and has previously been shown by our group to produce peptides from the efrapeptin and RHM families. The isolation and structure elucidation of the new linear pentadecapeptides efrapeptins Eα (1), H (2) and N-methylated octapeptides RHM3 (3) and RHM4 (4) were carried out through a combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques and tandem MS. Additional known efrapeptins E, F, G and the known syctalidamides A and B were also isolated. The absolute configurations of 1 - 4 are proposed to be the same as the original compound families. The marine-sponge derived Metarrhizium sp. was shown to produce destruxin cyclic depsipeptides including A, B, B2, desmethyl B, E chlorohydrin and E2 chlorohydrin. Efrapeptins Eα (1), F and G each displayed IC(50)s of 1.3 nM against H125 cells, and destruxin E2 chlorohydrin displayed an IC(50) of 160 nM against HCT-116 cells. An initial therapeutic assessment suggested a continuous (168 h) exposure of at least 2 ng/ml, or a daily (24 h) exposure of at least 300 ng/ml for H125 cells treated with efrapeptin G, and a continuous (168 h) exposure of at least 190 ng/ml for HCT-116 cells treated with destruxin E2 chlorohydrin, will cause 90% tumor cell death in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Boot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Taro Amagata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Karen Tenney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Jennifer E. Compton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Halina Pietraszkiewicz
- Henry Ford Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Frederick A. Valeriote
- Henry Ford Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
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Krishnamoorthy M, Jurat-Fuentes JL, McNall RJ, Andacht T, Adang MJ. Identification of novel Cry1Ac binding proteins in midgut membranes from Heliothis virescens using proteomic analyses. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 37:189-201. [PMID: 17296494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteins such as aminopeptidases and alkaline phosphatases, both glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored proteins, were previously identified as Cry1Ac binding proteins in the Heliothis virescens midgut. To identify additional toxin binding proteins, brush border membrane vesicles from H. virescens larvae were treated with phosphatidyl inositol phospholipase C, and released proteins were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Protein spots selected by their ability to bind Cry1Ac were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry coupled to peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and database searching. As in previous studies, H. virescens alkaline phosphatase was identified as a Cry1Ac binding protein. V-ATP synthase subunit A and actin were identified as novel Cry1Ac binding proteins in H. virescens. Additional toxin-binding proteins were predicted based on MS/MS fragmentation and de novo sequencing, providing amino acid sequences that were used in database searches to identify a phosphatase and a putative protein of the cadherin superfamily as additional Cry1Ac binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krishnamoorthy
- Departments of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2603, USA
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Krause C, Kirschbaum J, Brückner H. Peptaibiomics: an advanced, rapid and selective analysis of peptaibiotics/peptaibols by SPE/LC-ES-MS. Amino Acids 2006; 30:435-43. [PMID: 16622603 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
"Proteomics" and "peptidomics" are used as technical terms to define the analysis and study of all proteins and peptides expressed in an organism or tissue. In analogy we propose the name peptaibiomics for the analysis of a group of fungal peptide antibiotics (peptaibiotics) containing the characteristic amino acid Aib (alpha-aminoisobutyric acid). In analogy to the peptidome the complete expression of peptaibiotics by fungal multienzyme complexes should be named the peptaibiome. Peptaibiotics are defined as peptides containing Aib and exerting a variety of bioactivities. They comprise the sub-groups of N-acetylated peptaibols, characterized also by a C-terminal amide-linked 2-amino alcohol, and lipopeptaibols having in place of an acetyl group a lipophilic fatty acid acyl group. Furthermore, lipoaminopeptides are also known with long-chain fatty acid on the N-termini, a lipoamino acid in position three and a strongly basic secondary or tertiary amine form a subgroup of mixed forms which could not be integrated in one of these three previously mentioned groups. Here we present a specific and rapid screening method on the peptaibiome applicable directly onto filamentous fungi cultured in a single Petri dish. The method comprises solid-phase extraction (SPE) of peptaibiotics followed by on-line reversed-phase HPLC coupled to an ion trap electrospray tandem mass spectrometer (ES-MS). The presence of these peptides is indicated by characteristic mass differences of Deltam = 85.1 Da representing Aib-residues which can be observed in the b-series of acylium fragment ions resulting from ES-MS. Partial sequences can be deduced from the data and compared with structures compiled in electronic peptaibol data bases. The judgement is possible whether or not structures are novel, already known or related to known structures. Suitability of the method is demonstrated with the analysis of strains of Trichoderma and its teleomorph Hypocrea. New sequences of peptaibiotics are presented and those being related to established 10- to 18-residue peptaibols trichovirin, trichogin and trichotoxin, which have been described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krause
- Department of Food Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Seger C, Sturm S, Stuppner H, Butt TM, Strasser H. Combination of a new sample preparation strategy with an accelerated high-performance liquid chromatography assay with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection for the determination of destruxins from Metarhizium anisopliae culture broth. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1061:35-43. [PMID: 15633742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented allowing the qualitative and quantitative analysis of destruxins (dtxs) in fungal culture broth. Sample preparation was carried out by ultrafiltration over a commercially available acetylated cellulose (CTA) membrane with a Mr 10000 cut-off. The developed high-performance liquid chromatography assay with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) cuts down the analysis time by 50% compared to most of the currently applied methods (retention times: dtx A = 8.3 min, dtx B = 8.9 min, dtx E= 7.5 min) and enables dtx detection down to sub-ppm range (limits of detection: dtx A = 0.19 mg/l, dtx B = 0.41 mg/l, dtx E = 0.10 mg/l). Stability of dtx E in filtrated culture broth was found to be much lower than anticipated (half-life time = 64.5 +/- 1.7 h). Thus, the detoxification of this metabolite is an abiotic process. Coupling of the HPLC-DAD system to an ion trap mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source operating in the positive mode allowed identification of most dtxs encountered by utilizing multiple stage MS-MS experiments and retention time rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Acidification of some organelles, including the Golgi complex, lysosomes, secretory granules, and synaptic vesicles, is important for many of their biochemical functions. In addition, acidic pH in some compartments is also required for the efficient sorting and trafficking of proteins and lipids along the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways. Despite considerable study, however, our understanding of how pH modulates membrane traffic remains limited. In large part, this is due to the diversity of methods to perturb and monitor pH, as well as to the difficulties in isolating individual transport steps within the complex pathways of membrane traffic. This review summarizes old and recent evidence for the role of acidification at various steps of biosynthetic and endocytic transport in mammalian cells. We describe the mechanisms by which organelle pH is regulated and maintained, as well as how organelle pH is monitored and quantitated. General principles that emerge from these studies as well as future directions of interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora A Weisz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Nakagawa H, Takami M, Udagawa N, Sawae Y, Suda K, Sasaki T, Takahashi N, Wachi M, Nagai K, Woo JT. Destruxins, cyclodepsipeptides, block the formation of actin rings and prominent clear zones and ruffled borders in osteoclasts. Bone 2003; 33:443-55. [PMID: 13678787 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone-resorbing osteoclasts exhibit polarized morphological structures such as actin rings, clear zones, and ruffled borders. To gain insight into the mechanism of bone-resorbing activity of osteoclast and to discover new types of anti-resorptive agents, we have screened for natural compounds that inhibit the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclast-like multinucleated cells (OCLs). Destruxin B (DestB) and E (DestE), cyclodepsipeptides, were found to inhibit pit formation without affecting osteoclast differentiation and survival. Destruxins reversibly induced morphological changes in OCLs in a dose-dependent manner (DestB, 0.2-1 microM; DestE, 0.01-0.05 microM) and inhibited pit formation. Destruxin-induced morphological changes were accompanied by disruption of the actin rings in OCLs. The formation of actin rings in OCLs after adhesion was also inhibited by destruxins. Electron microscopical analysis revealed that destruxin-treated OCLs on dentine slices have no prominent clear zones and ruffled borders. The effective concentrations of destruxins on the morphological changes were almost the same as those that inhibited bone resorption in organ culture system. These results suggest that the anti-resorptive effects of destruxins result from induction of a disorder of the morphological structures in polarized OCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakagawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Pedras MSC, Irina Zaharia L, Ward DE. The destruxins: synthesis, biosynthesis, biotransformation, and biological activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 59:579-596. [PMID: 11867090 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Destruxins, secondary metabolites first reported in 1961, are cyclic hexadepsipeptides composed of an alpha-hydroxy acid and five amino acid residues. The name "destruxin" is derived from "destructor" from the species Oospora destructor, the entomopathogenic fungus from which these metabolites were first isolated. Individual destruxins differ on the hydroxy acid, N-methylation, and R group of the amino acid residues; where established, the configurations of the amino acid residues are S, and those of the hydroxy acids are R. Destruxins exhibit a wide variety of biological activities, but are best known for their insecticidal and phytotoxic activities. The great interest in destruxins derives from their potential role as virulence factors in fungi, whether such microorganisms are useful insect biocontrol agents or detrimental, causing great plant disease epidemics. Reports on isolation, chemical structure determination, total synthesis, transformation by diverse organisms, and biological activity of destruxins and related metabolites are reviewed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledade C Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5C9.
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