1
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Barbotin A, Billaudeau C, Sezgin E, Carballido-López R. Quantification of membrane fluidity in bacteria using TIR-FCS. Biophys J 2024; 123:2484-2495. [PMID: 38877702 PMCID: PMC11365102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane fluidity is an important phenotypic feature that regulates the diffusion, function, and folding of transmembrane and membrane-associated proteins. In bacterial cells, variations in membrane fluidity are known to affect respiration, transport, and antibiotic resistance. Membrane fluidity must therefore be tightly regulated to adapt to environmental variations and stresses such as temperature fluctuations or osmotic shocks. Quantitative investigation of bacterial membrane fluidity has been, however, limited due to the lack of available tools, primarily due to the small size and membrane curvature of bacteria that preclude most conventional analysis methods used in eukaryotes. Here, we develop an assay based on total internal reflection-fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (TIR-FCS) to directly measure membrane fluidity in live bacteria via the diffusivity of fluorescent membrane markers. With simulations validated by experiments, we could determine how the small size, high curvature, and geometry of bacteria affect diffusion measurements and correct subsequent measurements for unbiased diffusion coefficient estimation. We used this assay to quantify the fluidity of the cytoplasmic membranes of the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (rod-shaped) and Staphylococcus aureus (coccus) at high (37°C) and low (20°C) temperatures in a steady state and in response to a cold shock, caused by a shift from high to low temperature. The steady-state fluidity was lower at 20°C than at 37°C, yet differed between B. subtilis and S. aureus at 37°C. Upon cold shock, the membrane fluidity decreased further below the steady-state fluidity at 20°C and recovered within 30 min in both bacterial species. Our minimally invasive assay opens up exciting perspectives for the study of a wide range of phenomena affecting the bacterial membrane, from disruption by chemicals or antibiotics to viral infection or change in nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Barbotin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Cyrille Billaudeau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rut Carballido-López
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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2
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Dubey AK, Sardana D, Verma T, Alam P, Chattopadhyay A, Nandini SS, Khamari B, Bulagonda EP, Sen S, Nandi D. Quantifying Membrane Alterations with Tailored Fluorescent Dyes: A Rapid Antibiotic Resistance Profiling Methodology. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2836-2859. [PMID: 39024306 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Accurate detection of bacterial antibiotic sensitivity is crucial for theranostics and the containment of antibiotic-resistant infections. However, the intricate task of detecting and quantifying the antibiotic-induced changes in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, and their correlation with other metabolic pathways leading to antibiotic resistance, poses significant challenges. Using a novel class of 4-aminophthalimide (4AP)-based fluorescent dyes with precisely tailored alkyl chains, namely 4AP-C9 and 4AP-C13, we quantify stress-mediated alterations in E. coli membranes. Leveraging the unique depth-dependent positioning and environment-sensitive fluorescence properties of these dyes, we detect antibiotic-induced membrane damage through single-cell imaging and monitoring the fluorescence peak maxima difference ratio (PMDR) of the dyes within the bacterial membrane, complemented by other methods. The correlation between the ROS-induced cytoplasmic membrane damage and the PMDR of dyes quantifies sensitivity against bactericidal antibiotics, which correlates to antibiotic-induced lipid peroxidation. Significantly, our findings largely extend to clinical isolates of E. coli and other ESKAPE pathogens like K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter subspecies. Our data reveal that 4AP-Cn probes can potentially act as precise scales to detect antibiotic-induced membrane damage ("thinning") occurring at a subnanometer scale through the quantification of dyes' PMDR, making them promising membrane dyes for rapid detection of bacterial antibiotic resistance, distinguishing sensitive and resistant infections with high specificity in a clinical setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Kumar Dubey
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepika Sardana
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Taru Verma
- Centre for BioSystems, Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Parvez Alam
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Avik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhi Sanil Nandini
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram Khamari
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Eswarappa Pradeep Bulagonda
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sobhan Sen
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
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3
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Kado T, Akbary Z, Motooka D, Sparks IL, Melzer ES, Nakamura S, Rojas ER, Morita YS, Siegrist MS. A cell wall synthase accelerates plasma membrane partitioning in mycobacteria. eLife 2023; 12:e81924. [PMID: 37665120 PMCID: PMC10547480 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lateral partitioning of proteins and lipids shapes membrane function. In model membranes, partitioning can be influenced both by bilayer-intrinsic factors like molecular composition and by bilayer-extrinsic factors such as interactions with other membranes and solid supports. While cellular membranes can departition in response to bilayer-intrinsic or -extrinsic disruptions, the mechanisms by which they partition de novo are largely unknown. The plasma membrane of Mycobacterium smegmatis spatially and biochemically departitions in response to the fluidizing agent benzyl alcohol, then repartitions upon fluidizer washout. By screening for mutants that are sensitive to benzyl alcohol, we show that the bifunctional cell wall synthase PonA2 promotes membrane partitioning and cell growth during recovery from benzyl alcohol exposure. PonA2's role in membrane repartitioning and regrowth depends solely on its conserved transglycosylase domain. Active cell wall polymerization promotes de novo membrane partitioning and the completed cell wall polymer helps to maintain membrane partitioning. Our work highlights the complexity of membrane-cell wall interactions and establishes a facile model system for departitioning and repartitioning cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Kado
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Zarina Akbary
- Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Emily S Melzer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Enrique R Rojas
- Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
- Molecular and Cellular Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
- Molecular and Cellular Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
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4
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Willdigg JR, Patel Y, Helmann JD. A Decrease in Fatty Acid Synthesis Rescues Cells with Limited Peptidoglycan Synthesis Capacity. mBio 2023; 14:e0047523. [PMID: 37017514 PMCID: PMC10128001 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00475-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper synthesis and maintenance of a multilayered cell envelope are critical for bacterial fitness. However, whether mechanisms exist to coordinate synthesis of the membrane and peptidoglycan layers is unclear. In Bacillus subtilis, synthesis of peptidoglycan (PG) during cell elongation is mediated by an elongasome complex acting in concert with class A penicillin-binding proteins (aPBPs). We previously described mutant strains limited in their capacity for PG synthesis due to a loss of aPBPs and an inability to compensate by upregulation of elongasome function. Growth of these PG-limited cells can be restored by suppressor mutations predicted to decrease membrane synthesis. One suppressor mutation leads to an altered function repressor, FapR*, that functions as a super-repressor and leads to decreased transcription of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) genes. Consistent with fatty acid limitation mitigating cell wall synthesis defects, inhibition of FAS by cerulenin also restored growth of PG-limited cells. Moreover, cerulenin can counteract the inhibitory effect of β-lactams in some strains. These results imply that limiting PG synthesis results in impaired growth, in part, due to an imbalance of PG and cell membrane synthesis and that B. subtilis lacks a robust physiological mechanism to reduce membrane synthesis when PG synthesis is impaired. IMPORTANCE Understanding how a bacterium coordinates cell envelope synthesis is essential to fully appreciate how bacteria grow, divide, and resist cell envelope stresses, such as β-lactam antibiotics. Balanced synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall and the cell membrane is critical for cells to maintain shape and turgor pressure and to resist external cell envelope threats. Using Bacillus subtilis, we show that cells deficient in peptidoglycan synthesis can be rescued by compensatory mutations that decrease the synthesis of fatty acids. Further, we show that inhibiting fatty acid synthesis with cerulenin is sufficient to restore growth of cells deficient in peptidoglycan synthesis. Understanding the coordination of cell wall and membrane synthesis may provide insights relevant to antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - John D. Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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5
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Cahoon LA, Alejandro‐Navarreto X, Gururaja AN, Light SH, Alonzo F, Anderson WF, Freitag NE. Listeria monocytogenes two component system PieRS regulates secretion chaperones PrsA1 and PrsA2 and enhances bacterial translocation across the intestine. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:278-293. [PMID: 35943959 PMCID: PMC9545042 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a widespread environmental Gram-positive bacterium that can transition into a pathogen following ingestion by a susceptible host. To cross host barriers and establish infection, Lm is dependent upon the regulated secretion and activity of many proteins including PrsA2, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase with foldase activity. PrsA2 contributes to the stability and activity of a number of secreted virulence factors that are required for Lm invasion, replication, and cell-to-cell spread within the infected host. In contrast, a second related secretion chaperone, PrsA1, has thus far no identified contributions to Lm pathogenesis. Here we describe the characterization of a two-component signal transduction system PieRS that regulates the expression of a regulon that includes the secretion chaperones PrsA1 and PrsA2. PieRS regulated gene products are required for bacterial resistance to ethanol exposure and are important for bacterial survival during transit through the gastrointestinal tract. PrsA1 was also found to make a unique contribution to Lm survival in the GI tract, revealing for the first time a non-overlapping requirement for both secretion chaperones PrsA1 and PrsA2 during the process of intra-gastric infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laty A. Cahoon
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Avinash N. Gururaja
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Sam H. Light
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Wayne F. Anderson
- Center for Genomics and Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nancy E. Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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6
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Nguyen PP, Kado T, Prithviraj M, Siegrist MS, Morita YS. Inositol acylation of phosphatidylinositol mannosides: a rapid mass response to membrane fluidization in mycobacteria. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100262. [PMID: 35952902 PMCID: PMC9490103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria share an unusually complex, multilayered cell envelope, which contributes to adaptation to changing environments. The plasma membrane is the deepest layer of the cell envelope and acts as the final permeability barrier against outside molecules. There is an obvious need to maintain the plasma membrane integrity, but the adaptive responses of the plasma membrane to stress exposure remain poorly understood. Using chemical treatment and heat stress to fluidize the membrane, we show here that phosphatidylinositol (PI)-anchored plasma membrane glycolipids known as PI mannosides (PIMs) are rapidly remodeled upon membrane fluidization in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Without membrane stress, PIMs are predominantly in a triacylated form: two acyl chains of the PI moiety plus one acyl chain modified at one of the mannose residues. Upon membrane fluidization, we determined the fourth fatty acid is added to the inositol moiety of PIMs, making them tetra-acylated variants. Additionally, we show that PIM inositol acylation is a rapid response independent of de novo protein synthesis, representing one of the fastest mass conversions of lipid molecules found in nature. Strikingly, we found that M. smegmatis is more resistant to the bactericidal effect of a cationic detergent after benzyl alcohol pre-exposure. We further demonstrate that fluidization-induced PIM inositol acylation is conserved in pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Our results demonstrate that mycobacteria possess a mechanism to sense plasma membrane fluidity change. We suggest that inositol acylation of PIMs is a novel membrane stress response that enables mycobacterial cells to resist membrane fluidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Takehiro Kado
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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7
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Rodrigues CJC, de Carvalho CCCR. Process Development for Benzyl Alcohol Production by Whole-Cell Biocatalysis in Stirred and Packed Bed Reactors. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050966. [PMID: 35630410 PMCID: PMC9147996 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocean is an excellent source for new biocatalysts due to the tremendous genetic diversity of marine microorganisms, and it may contribute to the development of sustainable industrial processes. A marine bacterium was isolated and selected for the conversion of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol, which is an important chemical employed as a precursor for producing esters for cosmetics and other industries. Enzymatic production routes are of interest for sustainable processes. To overcome benzaldehyde low water solubility, DMSO was used as a biocompatible cosolvent up to a concentration of 10% (v/v). A two-phase system with n-hexane, n-heptane, or n-hexadecane as organic phase allowed at least a 44% higher relative conversion of benzaldehyde than the aqueous system, and allowed higher initial substrate concentrations. Cell performance decreased with increasing product concentration but immobilization of cells in alginate improved four-fold the robustness of the biocatalyst: free and immobilized cells were inhibited at concentrations of benzyl alcohol of 5 and 20 mM, respectively. Scaling up to a 100 mL stirred reactor, using a fed-batch approach, enabled a 1.5-fold increase in benzyl alcohol productivity when compared with batch mode. However, product accumulation in the reactor hindered the conversion. The use of a continuous flow reactor packed with immobilized cells enabled a 9.5-fold increase in productivity when compared with the fed-batch stirred reactor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. C. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-841-9594
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8
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Cotton and Flax Textiles Leachables Impact Differently Cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Formation and Cytotoxicity. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040535. [PMID: 35455029 PMCID: PMC9032481 DOI: 10.3390/life12040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can bind on clothes, but the impacts of textiles leachables on cutaneous bacteria remain unknown. Here, we studied for the first time the effects of cotton and flax obtained through classical and soft ecological agriculture on the representatives S. aureus and S. epidermidis bacteria of the cutaneous microbiota. Crude flax showed an inhibitory potential on S. epidermidis bacterial lawns whereas cotton had no effect. Textile fiber leachables were produced in bacterial culture media, and these extracts were tested on S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Bacterial growth was not impacted, but investigation by the crystal violet technique and confocal microscopy showed that all extracts affected biofilm formation by the two staphylococci species. An influence of cotton and flax culture conditions was clearly observed. Flax extracts had strong inhibitory impacts and induced the formation of mushroom-like defense structures by S. aureus. Conversely, production of biosurfactant by bacteria and their surface properties were not modified. Resistance to antibiotics also remained unchanged. All textile extracts, and particularly soft organic flax, showed strong inhibitory effects on S. aureus and S. epidermidis cytotoxicity on HaCaT keratinocytes. Analysis of flax leachables showed the presence of benzyl alcohol that could partly explain the effects of flax extracts.
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9
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Paulucci NS, Cesari AB, Biasutti MA, Dardanelli MS, Perillo MA. Membrane Homeoviscous Adaptation in Sinorhizobium Submitted to a Stressful Thermal Cycle Contributes to the Maintenance of the Symbiotic Plant–Bacteria Interaction. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652477. [PMID: 34975776 PMCID: PMC8718912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we estimate fast changes in the fluidity of Sinorhizobium meliloti membranes submitted to cyclic temperature changes (10°C–40°C–10°C) by monitoring the fluorescence polarization (P) of DPH and TMA-DPH of the whole cell (WC) as well as in its outer (OM) and inner (IM) membranes. Additionally, the long-term response to thermal changes is demonstrated through the dynamics of the phospholipid and fatty acid composition in each membrane. This allowed membrane homeoviscous adaptation by the return to optimal fluidity levels as measured by the PDPH/TMA-DPH in WC, OM, IM, and multilamellar vesicles of lipids extracted from OM and IM. Due to probe-partitioning preferences and membranes’ compositional characteristics, DPH and TMA-DPH exhibit different behaviors in IM and OM. The rapid effect of cyclic temperature changes on the P was the opposite in both membranes with the IM being the one that exhibited the thermal behavior expected for lipid bilayers. Interestingly, only after the incubation at 40°C, cells were unable to recover the membrane preheating P levels when cooled up to 10°C. Solely in this condition, the formation of threads and nodular structures in Medicago sativa infected with S. meliloti were delayed, indicating that the symbiotic interaction was partially altered but not halted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soledad Paulucci
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Natalia Soledad Paulucci,
| | - Adriana Belén Cesari
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - María Alicia Biasutti
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Marta Susana Dardanelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Marta Susana Dardanelli,
| | - María Angélica Perillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA), Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- María Angélica Perillo,
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10
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García-Heredia A, Kado T, Sein CE, Puffal J, Osman SH, Judd J, Gray TA, Morita YS, Siegrist MS. Membrane-partitioned cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. eLife 2021; 10:e60263. [PMID: 33544079 PMCID: PMC7864634 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many antibiotics target the assembly of cell wall peptidoglycan, an essential, heteropolymeric mesh that encases most bacteria. In rod-shaped bacteria, cell wall elongation is spatially precise yet relies on limited pools of lipid-linked precursors that generate and are attracted to membrane disorder. By tracking enzymes, substrates, and products of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis, we show that precursors are made in plasma membrane domains that are laterally and biochemically distinct from sites of cell wall assembly. Membrane partitioning likely contributes to robust, orderly peptidoglycan synthesis, suggesting that these domains help template peptidoglycan synthesis. The cell wall-organizing protein DivIVA and the cell wall itself promote domain homeostasis. These data support a model in which the peptidoglycan polymer feeds back on its membrane template to maintain an environment conducive to directional synthesis. Our findings are applicable to rod-shaped bacteria that are phylogenetically distant from M. smegmatis, indicating that horizontal compartmentalization of precursors may be a general feature of bacillary cell wall biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alam García-Heredia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Takehiro Kado
- Department of Microbiology, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Caralyn E Sein
- Department of Microbiology, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Julia Puffal
- Department of Microbiology, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Sarah H Osman
- Department of Microbiology, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - Julius Judd
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of HealthAlbanyUnited States
| | - Todd A Gray
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of HealthAlbanyUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at AlbanyAlbanyUnited States
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, University of MassachusettsAmherstUnited States
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11
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Mironov KS, Kupriyanova EV, Shumskaya M, Los DA. Alcohol stress on cyanobacterial membranes: New insights revealed by transcriptomics. Gene 2020; 764:145055. [PMID: 32882332 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are model photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms often used in biotechnology to produce biofuels including alcohols. The effect of alcohols on cyanobacterial cell physiology and specifically on membrane fluidity is poorly understood. Previous research on various primary aliphatic alcohols found that alcohols with a short hydrocarbon chain (C1-C3) do not affect expression of genes related to membrane physical state. In addition, less water-soluble alcohols with a hydrocarbon chain longer than C8 are found to have a reduced ability to reach cellular membranes hence do not drastically change membrane physical state or induce expression of stress-responsive genes. Therefore, hexan-1-ol (C6) is suggested to have the most profound effect on cyanobacterial membrane physical state. Here, we studied the effects of hexan-1-ol on the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 transcriptome. The transcriptome data obtained is compared to the previously reported analysis of gene expression induced by benzyl alcohol and butan-1-ol. The set of genes whose expression is induced after exposure to all three studied alcohols is identified. The expression under alcohol stress for several general stress response operons is analyzed, and examples of antisense interactions of RNA are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill S Mironov
- Department of Molecular Biosystems, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow 127276, Russian Federation.
| | - Elena V Kupriyanova
- Department of Molecular Biosystems, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow 127276, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Shumskaya
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Dmitry A Los
- Department of Molecular Biosystems, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Botanicheskaya str., 35, Moscow 127276, Russian Federation
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Thoma J, Abuillan W, Furikado I, Habe T, Yamamoto A, Gierlich S, Kaufmann S, Brandenburg K, Gutsmann T, Konovalov O, Inoue S, Tanaka M. Specific localisation of ions in bacterial membranes unravels physical mechanism of effective bacteria killing by sanitiser. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12302. [PMID: 32704045 PMCID: PMC7378190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to public health. Although many commercial sanitisers contain a combination of cationic surfactants and aromatic alcohols, the physical mechanisms where these two substances bind to or how they disturb bacterial membranes are still largely unknown. In this study, we designed a well-defined model of Gram-negative bacteria surfaces based on the monolayer of lipopolysaccharides with uniform saccharide head groups. Since commonly used X-ray reflectivity is sensitive to changes in the thickness, roughness and electron density but is not sensitive to elements, we employed grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence. In the absence of Ca2+, cationic surfactants can penetrate into the membrane core with no extra support by disturbing the layer of K+ coupled to negatively charged saccharide head group at z = 17 Å from the air/chain interface. On the other hand, Ca2+ confined at z = 19 Å crosslink charged saccharides and prevent the incorporation of cationic surfactants. We found that the addition of nonlethal aromatic alcohols facilitate the incorporation of cationic surfactants by the significant roughening of the chain/saccharide interface. Combination of precise localisation of ions and molecular-level structural analysis quantitatively demonstrated the synegtestic interplay of ingredients to achieve a high antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Thoma
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wasim Abuillan
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ippei Furikado
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Taichi Habe
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Akihisa Yamamoto
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Simone Gierlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaufmann
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Brandenburg
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845, Borstel, Germany.,Brandenburg Antiinfektiva GmbH, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Oleg Konovalov
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Shigeto Inoue
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture, 640-8580, Japan.
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Zielińska A, Savietto A, de Sousa Borges A, Martinez D, Berbon M, Roelofsen JR, Hartman AM, de Boer R, Van der Klei IJ, Hirsch AKH, Habenstein B, Bramkamp M, Scheffers DJ. Flotillin-mediated membrane fluidity controls peptidoglycan synthesis and MreB movement. eLife 2020; 9:e57179. [PMID: 32662773 PMCID: PMC7360373 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial plasma membrane is an important cellular compartment. In recent years it has become obvious that protein complexes and lipids are not uniformly distributed within membranes. Current hypotheses suggest that flotillin proteins are required for the formation of complexes of membrane proteins including cell-wall synthetic proteins. We show here that bacterial flotillins are important factors for membrane fluidity homeostasis. Loss of flotillins leads to a decrease in membrane fluidity that in turn leads to alterations in MreB dynamics and, as a consequence, in peptidoglycan synthesis. These alterations are reverted when membrane fluidity is restored by a chemical fluidizer. In vitro, the addition of a flotillin increases membrane fluidity of liposomes. Our data support a model in which flotillins are required for direct control of membrane fluidity rather than for the formation of protein complexes via direct protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zielińska
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Abigail Savietto
- Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-UniversityKielGermany
| | - Anabela de Sousa Borges
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Denis Martinez
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), IECB, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - Melanie Berbon
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), IECB, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - Joël R Roelofsen
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Alwin M Hartman
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Ida J Van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Anna KH Hirsch
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), IECB, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-UniversityKielGermany
| | - Dirk-Jan Scheffers
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
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Omardien S, Drijfhout JW, Vaz FM, Wenzel M, Hamoen LW, Zaat SA, Brul S. Bactericidal activity of amphipathic cationic antimicrobial peptides involves altering the membrane fluidity when interacting with the phospholipid bilayer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2404-2415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Global Transcriptional Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions between Phage ϕ29 and Bacillus subtilis. J Virol 2016; 90:9293-304. [PMID: 27489274 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01245-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study of phage-host relationships is essential to understanding the dynamic of microbial systems. Here, we analyze genome-wide interactions of Bacillus subtilis and its lytic phage ϕ29 during the early stage of infection. Simultaneous high-resolution analysis of virus and host transcriptomes by deep RNA sequencing allowed us to identify differentially expressed bacterial genes. Phage ϕ29 induces significant transcriptional changes in about 0.9% (38/4,242) and 1.8% (76/4,242) of the host protein-coding genes after 8 and 16 min of infection, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis clustered upregulated genes into several functional categories, such as nucleic acid metabolism (including DNA replication) and protein metabolism (including translation). Surprisingly, most of the transcriptional repressed genes were involved in the utilization of specific carbon sources such as ribose and inositol, and many contained promoter binding-sites for the catabolite control protein A (CcpA). Another interesting finding is the presence of previously uncharacterized antisense transcripts complementary to the well-known phage ϕ29 messenger RNAs that adds an additional layer to the viral transcriptome complexity. IMPORTANCE The specific virus-host interactions that allow phages to redirect cellular machineries and energy resources to support the viral progeny production are poorly understood. This study provides, for the first time, an insight into the genome-wide transcriptional response of the Gram-positive model Bacillus subtilis to phage ϕ29 infection.
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Cahoon LA, Freitag NE, Prehna G. A structural comparison of Listeria monocytogenes protein chaperones PrsA1 and PrsA2 reveals molecular features required for virulence. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:42-61. [PMID: 27007641 PMCID: PMC4925323 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive environmental bacterium that lives within soil but transitions into a pathogen upon contact with a mammalian host. The transition of L. monocytogenes from soil dweller to cytosolic pathogen is dependent upon secreted virulence factors that mediate cell invasion and intracellular growth. PrsA1 and PrsA2 are secreted bacterial lipoprotein chaperones that contribute to the folding of proteins translocated across the bacterial membrane; PrsA2 is required for L. monocytogenes virulence, whereas the function of PrsA1 remains to be determined. We have solved an X-ray crystal structure of PrsA1 and have used this model to guide comparison structure-based mutagenesis studies with PrsA2. Targeted mutagenesis of PrsA2 demonstrates that oligomerization of PrsA2 as well as molecular features of the foldase domain are required for protein secretion and virulence, whereas a functional role was uncovered for PrsA1 in bacterial resistance to alcohol. Interestingly, PrsA2 membrane localization is not required for all PrsA2-dependent activities, suggesting that the lipoprotein retains function when released from the bacterial cell. PrsA chaperones are thus multifaceted proteins with distinct domains adapted to accommodate the functional needs of a diverse array of secreted substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laty A. Cahoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Nancy E. Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Gerd Prehna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Center for Structural Biology Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago
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17
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Pentanol and Benzyl Alcohol Attack Bacterial Surface Structures Differently. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:402-8. [PMID: 26519389 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02515-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Methylobacterium tolerates hygiene agents like benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and infection with this organism is an important public health issue. Here, we found that the combination of BAC with particular alcohols at nonlethal concentrations in terms of their solitary uses significantly reduced bacterial viability after only 5 min of exposure. Among the alcohols, Raman spectroscopic analyses showed that pentanol (pentyl alcohol [PeA]) and benzyl alcohol (BzA) accelerated the cellular accumulation of BAC. Fluorescence spectroscopic assays and morphological assays with giant vesicles indicated that PeA rarely attacked membrane structures, while BzA increased the membrane fluidity and destabilized the structures. Other fluorescent spectroscopic assays indicated that PeA and BzA inactivate bacterial membrane proteins, including an efflux pump for BAC transportation. These findings suggested that the inactivation of membrane proteins by PeA and BzA led to the cellular accumulation but that only BzA also enhanced BAC penetration by membrane fluidization at nonlethal concentrations.
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18
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Heredia RM, Boeris PS, Biasutti MA, López GA, Paulucci NS, Lucchesi GI. Coordinated response of phospholipids and acyl components of membrane lipids in Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) under stress caused by cationic surfactants. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2618-2626. [PMID: 25280753 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the role of membrane components of Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) under chemical stress conditions originated by treatment with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), a cationic surfactant. We examined changes in fatty acid composition and in the fluidity of the membranes of cells exposed to TTAB at a specific point of growth as well as of cells growing with TTAB. The addition of 10-50 mg TTAB l(-1) promoted an increase in the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio. By using fluorescence polarization techniques, we found that TTAB exerted a fluidizing effect on P. putida A (ATCC 12633) membranes. However, a complete reversal of induced membrane fluidification was detected after 15 min of incubation with TTAB. Consistently, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was lower in TTAB-treated cells as compared with non-treated cells. In the presence of TTAB, the content of phosphatidylglycerol increased (120 %), whilst that of cardiolipin decreased (60 %). Analysis of the fatty acid composition of P. putida A (ATCC 12633) showed that phosphatidylglycerol carried the major proportion of saturated fatty acids (89 %), whilst cardiolipin carried an elevated proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (18 %). The increase in phosphatidylglycerol and consequently in saturated fatty acids, together with a decrease in cardiolipin content, enabled greater membrane resistance, reversing the fluidizing effect of TTAB. Therefore, results obtained in the present study point to changes in the fatty acid profile as an adaptive response of P. putida A (ATCC 12633) cells to stress caused by a cationic surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Marisa Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paola Sabrina Boeris
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Alicia Biasutti
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Alberto López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Soledad Paulucci
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gloria Inés Lucchesi
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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19
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Derman Y, Söderholm H, Lindström M, Korkeala H. Role of csp genes in NaCl, pH, and ethanol stress response and motility in Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502. Food Microbiol 2014; 46:463-470. [PMID: 25475316 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is a notable food pathogen and responsible for botulism due to production of botulinum neurotoxin. Strains of C. botulinum can adapt to and survive in stress conditions and food processing. The cold shock protein coding genes (csp) are involved in growth at low temperature, but they may also possess other functions. In this mutational analysis we show that cspB and cspC, but not cspA, are important for NaCl, pH and ethanol stress responses and for motility of C. botulinum ATCC 3502. In all NaCl concentrations tested, the cspB mutant had lower maximum growth rate and, together with the cspC mutant, a longer lag phase compared to the wild-type strain. At low pH, the cspB and cspC mutants showed either lower maximum growth rates or longer lag phases compared to the wild type. In all ethanol concentrations tested, the cspB mutant had lower maximum growth rates and the cspC mutant had a longer lag phase than the wild-type strain. Motility was reduced in cspA and cspC mutants, and flagella formation was affected. The results suggest that cspB plays a universal role in stress response and cspC aids C. botulinum in NaCl, pH and ethanol stress in C. botulinum ATCC 3502.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yağmur Derman
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
| | - Henna Söderholm
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
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20
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Strahl H, Bürmann F, Hamoen LW. The actin homologue MreB organizes the bacterial cell membrane. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3442. [PMID: 24603761 PMCID: PMC3955808 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cortical actin cytoskeleton creates specific lipid domains, including lipid rafts, which determine the distribution of many membrane proteins. Here we show that the bacterial actin homologue MreB displays a comparable activity. MreB forms membrane-associated filaments that coordinate bacterial cell wall synthesis. We noticed that the MreB cytoskeleton influences fluorescent staining of the cytoplasmic membrane. Detailed analyses combining an array of mutants, using specific lipid staining techniques and spectroscopic methods, revealed that MreB filaments create specific membrane regions with increased fluidity (RIFs). Interference with these fluid lipid domains (RIFs) perturbs overall lipid homeostasis and affects membrane protein localization. The influence of MreB on membrane organization and fluidity may explain why the active movement of MreB stimulates membrane protein diffusion. These novel MreB activities add additional complexity to bacterial cell membrane organization and have implications for many membrane-associated processes. The formation of lipid domains in eukaryotic cells is controlled by the cortical actin cytoskeleton. Here, the authors show that the bacterial actin homologue MreB has a comparable activity, influencing the formation of regions of increased fluidity that determine the distribution of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Strahl
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Frank Bürmann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Chromosome Organization and Dynamics, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried D-82152, Germany
| | - Leendert W Hamoen
- 1] Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle NE2 4AX, UK [2] Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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Seydlová G, Halada P, Fišer R, Toman O, Ulrych A, Svobodová J. DnaK and GroEL chaperones are recruited to the Bacillus subtilis membrane after short-term ethanol stress. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:765-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cyclopropanation of membrane unsaturated fatty acids is not essential to the acid stress response of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3327-34. [PMID: 21421775 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02518-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclopropane fatty acids (CFAs) are synthetized in situ by the transfer of a methylene group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a double bond of unsaturated fatty acid chains of membrane phospholipids. This conversion, catalyzed by the Cfa synthase enzyme, occurs in many bacteria and is recognized to play a key role in the adaptation of bacteria in response to a drastic perturbation of the environment. The role of CFAs in the acid tolerance response was investigated in the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis MG1363. A mutant of the cfa gene was constructed by allelic exchange. The cfa gene encoding the Cfa synthase was cloned and introduced into the mutant to obtain the complemented strain for homologous system studies. Data obtained by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) validated that the mutant could not produce CFA. The CFA levels in both the wild-type and complemented strains increased upon their entry to stationary phase, especially with acid-adapted cells or, more surprisingly, with ethanol-adapted cells. The results obtained by performing quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments showed that transcription of the cfa gene was highly induced by acidity (by 10-fold with cells grown at pH 5.0) and by ethanol (by 9-fold with cells grown with 6% ethanol) in comparison with that in stationary phase. Cell viability experiments were performed after an acidic shock on the mutant strain, the wild-type strain, and the complemented strain, as a control. The higher viability level of the acid-adapted cells of the three strains after 3 h of shock proved that the cyclopropanation of unsaturated fatty acids is not essential for L. lactis subsp. cremoris survival under acidic conditions. Moreover, fluorescence anisotropy data showed that CFA itself could not maintain the membrane fluidity level, particularly with ethanol-grown cells.
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Cao-Hoang L, Dumont F, Marechal PA, Le-Thanh M, Gervais P. Rates of chilling to 0°C: implications for the survival of microorganisms and relationship with membrane fluidity modifications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 77:1379-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beranová J, Jemioła-Rzemińska M, Elhottová D, Strzałka K, Konopásek I. Metabolic control of the membrane fluidity in Bacillus subtilis during cold adaptation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:445-53. [PMID: 18154726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fluidity adaptation to the low growth temperature in Bacillus subtilis involves two distinct mechanisms: (1) long-term adaptation accomplished by increasing the ratio of anteiso- to iso-branched fatty acids and (2) rapid desaturation of fatty acid chains in existing phospholipids by induction of fatty acid desaturase after cold shock. In this work we studied the effect of medium composition on cold adaptation of membrane fluidity. Bacillus subtilis was cultivated at optimum (40 degrees C) and low (20 degrees C) temperatures in complex medium with glucose or in mineral medium with either glucose or glycerol. Cold adaptation was characterized by fatty acid analysis and by measuring the midpoint of phospholipid phase transition T(m) (differential scanning calorimetry) and membrane fluidity (DPH fluorescence polarization). Cells cultured and measured at 40 degrees C displayed the same membrane fluidity in all three media despite a markedly different fatty acid composition. The T(m) was surprisingly the highest in the case of a culture grown in complex medium. On the contrary, cultivation at 20 degrees C in the complex medium gave rise to the highest membrane fluidity with concomitant decrease of T(m) by 10.5 degrees C. In mineral media at 20 degrees C the corresponding changes of T(m) were almost negligible. After a temperature shift from 40 to 20 degrees C, the cultures from all three media displayed the same adaptive induction of fatty acid desaturase despite their different membrane fluidity values immediately after cold shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Beranová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicná 5, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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25
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Rivals JP, Béal C, Thammavongs B, Guéguen M, Panoff JM. Cryotolerance of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CFL1 is modified by acquisition of antibiotic resistance. Cryobiology 2007; 55:19-26. [PMID: 17537423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to relate the acquisition of different antibiotic resistances and the corresponding physiological responses to cold stress of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain CFL1. Six resistant mutants were spontaneously obtained and studied depending on the target of the antibiotic: (i) bacitracin and vancomycin (Bac(R), Van(R), wall synthesis), (ii) novobiocin (Nov(R), DNA replication), and (iii) kanamycin, spiramycin, streptomycin (Kan(R), Spi(R), Str(R), RNA translation). The mutations modified the growth and the cold stress response at three different physiological levels: (i) Van(R) and Spi(R) mutants showed significant lower growth rates compared to the wild type strain. (ii) Van(R) and Bac(R) mutants displayed a slightly higher resistance to a freezing-thawing challenge whereas Str(R) and Spi(R) mutants were more sensitive compared to the wild type. (iii) The recovery of acidification activity after freezing and during frozen storage was improved by considering the Nov(R) strain, but not with the Van(R) and Spi(R) mutants. Thus, acquisition of some antibiotic resistance by spontaneous mutation led to modification of the cold stress response. The hypothesis of a unique cellular thermostat is discussed regarding the diversity of the tested antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Rivals
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Alimentaire, IBFA-ISBIO, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen cedex, France.
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Chu-Ky S, Tourdot-Marechal R, Marechal PA, Guzzo J. Combined cold, acid, ethanol shocks in Oenococcus oeni: Effects on membrane fluidity and cell viability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1717:118-24. [PMID: 16271350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of combined cold, acid and ethanol on the membrane physical state and on the survival of Oenococcus oeni were investigated. Membrane fluidity was monitored on intact whole O. oeni cells subjected to single and combined cold, acid and ethanol shocks by using fluorescence anisotropy with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as a probe. Results showed that cold shocks (14 and 8 degrees C) strongly rigidified plasma membrane but did not affect cell survival. In contrast, ethanol shocks (10-14% v/v) induced instantaneous membrane fluidisation followed by rigidification and resulted in low viability. Acid shocks (pH 4.0 and pH 3.0) exerted a rigidifying effect on membrane without affecting cell viability. Whatever the shock orders, combined cold (14 degrees C) and ethanol (14% v/v) shocks resulted in strong membrane rigidification. Interestingly, O. oeni survived combined cold and ethanol shocks more efficiently than single ethanol shock. Membrane rigidification was induced by ethanol-and-acid (10% v/v - pH 3.5) shock and correlated with total cell death. In contrast, O. oeni recovered its viability when subjected to cold (8 degrees C)-then-ethanol-and-acid shock which strongly rigidified the membrane. Our results suggested a positive short-term effect of combined cold, acid and ethanol shocks on membrane fluidity and viability of O. oeni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Chu-Ky
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie UMR UB/INRA 1232, équipe PG2MA, Ecole Nationale de Biologie Appliquée à la Nutrition et à l'Alimentation (ENSBANA), 1 esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Härtig C, Loffhagen N, Harms H. Formation of trans fatty acids is not involved in growth-linked membrane adaptation of Pseudomonas putida. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1915-22. [PMID: 15812020 PMCID: PMC1082513 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.4.1915-1922.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid compositions in growing and resting cells of several strains of Pseudomonas putida (P8, NCTC 10936, and KT 2440) were studied, with a focus on alterations of the saturation degree, cis-trans isomerization, and cyclopropane formation. The fatty acid compositions of the strains were very similar under comparable growth conditions, but surprisingly, and contrary to earlier reports, trans fatty acids were not found in either exponentially growing cells or stationary-phase cells. During the transition from growth to the starvation state, cyclopropane fatty acids were preferentially formed, an increase in the saturation degree of fatty acids was observed, and larger amounts of hydroxy fatty acids were detected. A lowered saturation degree and concomitant higher membrane fluidity seemed to be optimal for substrate uptake and growth. The incubation of cells under nongrowth conditions rapidly led to the formation of trans fatty acids. We show that harvesting and sample preparation for analysis could provoke the enzyme-catalyzed formation of trans fatty acids. Freeze-thawing of resting cells and increased temperatures accelerated the formation of trans fatty acids. We demonstrate that cis-trans isomerization only occurred in cells that were subjected to an abrupt disturbance without having the possibility of adapting to the changed conditions by the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. The cis-trans isomerization reaction was in competition with the cis-to-cyclopropane fatty acid conversion. The potential for the formation of trans fatty acids depended on the cyclopropane content that was already present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Härtig
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, P.O. Box 500136, 04301 Leipzig, Germany.
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Konopásek I, Vecer J, Strzalka K, Amler E. Short-lived fluorescence component of DPH reports on lipid--water interface of biological membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2005; 130:135-44. [PMID: 15172830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence measurements of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles were performed to characterize the influence of the membrane physical properties on the short-lived lifetime component of the fluorescence decay. We have found that the short-lived component of DPH significantly shortens when the membrane undergoes a temperature-induced phase transition as it is known for the long-lived component of DPH. We induced membrane phase transitions also by alcohols, which are reported to be distributed different way in the membrane--ethanol close to the membrane-water interface and benzyl alcohol in the membrane core. A different effect of the respective alcohol on the short and long decay component was observed. Both the time-resolved fluorescence spectra of DPH taken during lipid vesicle staining and the lifetime dependences caused by changes of temperature and/or induced by the alcohols show that the short-lived fluorescence originates from the population of dye molecules distributed at the membrane-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Konopásek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 5, CZ-128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Low water availability is the most ubiquitous cause of stress for terrestrial plants, animals and microorganisms, and has a major impact on ecosystem function and agricultural productivity. Studies of water stress have largely focused on conditions that affect cell turgor, i.e. induce osmotic stress. We show that chaotropic solutes that do not affect turgor reduce water activity, perturb macromolecule-water interactions and thereby destabilize cellular macromolecules, inhibit growth, and are powerful mediators of water stress in a typical soil bacterium, Pseudomonas putida. Chaotropic solute-induced water stress resulted mostly in the upregulation of proteins involved in stabilization of biological macromolecules and membrane structure. Many environmental pollutants and agricultural products are chaotropic chemicals and thus constitute a previously unrecognised but common form of biological stress in water bodies and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hallsworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Aguedo M, Beney L, Waché Y, Belin JM. Interaction of an odorant lactone with model phospholipid bilayers and its strong fluidizing action in yeast membrane. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 80:211-5. [PMID: 12423922 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some odorant lactones are naturally present in fruits or in fermented products; they can also be used as food additives and can be produced by microorganisms at the industrial scale by biotechnological processes. Gamma-decalactone was previously shown to have antimicrobial properties. We determined by infrared spectroscopy measurements that this compound rapidly diffused into model phospholipid bilayers (within 2 min), modifying the general physical state of a dimyristoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) film. In vivo, the lactone strongly increased membrane fluidity in the model yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, as evaluated by fluorescence anisotropy measurements. This effect was more important than that of benzyl alcohol, which is known as a fluidizing agent in living cells, and may explain the toxic action of gamma-decalactone in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Aguedo
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, ENSBANA-Université de Bourgogne, 1, Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France.
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A monolayer study of properties of isolated membrane phospholipids of ‘Bacillus subtilis’. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(01)00202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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