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van de Vorst M, Martier J, Linkels H, Matroos GE, Hoek HW, Vinkers DJ. The validity of the BDHI translated into Papiamento in pre-trial defendants in Curaçao. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2023; 88:101890. [PMID: 37119565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) is an important assessment scale of hostility in forensic psychiatry. We analyzed the validity and reliability of a Papiamento translation of the BDHI in 134 pre-trial defendants in Curaçao using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM). The reliability of the Direct and Indirect Hostility BHDI-P subscales were good and the reliability of the Social Desirability poor. There was a negative correlation between Direct Hostility and Agreeableness and a positive correlation between Indirect Hostility and Anxiety. We conclude that the BDHI-P has an acceptable measurement quality when used in defendants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - H Wijbrand Hoek
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Columbia University, School of Public Health, New York, USA
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2
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Orchowski LM, Kirk KT, Schick MR, Spillane NS. Correlates of Bystander Intervention Among Heavy Drinking College Men. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3588-3607. [PMID: 35946125 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221099983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study utilized survey assessments to examine correlates of bystander intervention intentions among heavy drinking college men (N = 210). Intentions to engage in bystander intervention were associated with fewer heavy drinking days, lower alcohol-related consequences, greater use of strategies to limit drinking, and lower endorsement of alcohol expectancies. A range of constructs commonly associated with perpetration of sexual aggression demonstrated a negative association with intentions to engage in bystander intervention. Multivariate analyses revealed that greater use of strategies to limit drinking and lower pornography use emerged as predictors of intentions to engage in bystander intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Katelyn T Kirk
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, North Kingstown, RI, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, North Kingstown, RI, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, North Kingstown, RI, USA
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Megías-Robles A, Gómez-Leal R, Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Cabello R, Fernández-Berrocal P. The Role of Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment in Aggression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP12014-NP12039. [PMID: 33459131 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520986275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of the risk and protective factors in aggression is of fundamental importance for our society. The aim of this research was to clarify the role of sensitivity to reward/punishment in aggression and provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this relationship, particularly given that previous studies in the literature have yielded mixed results. To this end, two studies were conducted. In Study 1 (484 participants; Mage = 39.09; 48.6s women), we explored the relationship between sensitivity to reward and punishment and four components of aggression: physical, verbal, anger, and hostility. In Study 2 (229 participants; Mage = 21.52; 56.77% women), we investigated the moderating role of emotion regulation ability in this relationship. The findings of Studies 1 and 2 supported the existence of a positive relationship between sensitivity to reward and aggression, that is, a high reactivity to reward acted as a risk factor. With respect to sensitivity to punishment, mediation analysis revealed that this variable may act both as a protective factor as well as a risk factor for behavioral aggression. A higher reactivity to punishment had a direct negative effect on physical and verbal aggression, inhibiting aggressive behavior. However, a higher reactivity to punishment also implied a positive indirect effect on physical and verbal aggression through an increase in anger and hostility. Interestingly, Study 2 revealed that these indirect effects were moderated by emotion regulation ability. Our results could help to inform the design of aggression prevention and intervention programs for reducing the impact of this behavior on our society.
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Hardin KM, Contreras IM, Kosiak K, Novaco RW. Anger rumination and imagined violence as related to violent behavior before and after psychiatric hospitalization. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1878-1895. [PMID: 35246981 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anger rumination and imagined violence, in the context of anger/aggression proclivity, are examined for their direct and conjoint associations with violent behavior by psychiatric patients. METHOD A secondary analysis of data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Study was conducted with 1136 acute civil commitment patients, assessed during hospitalization and after hospital discharge. Anger/aggression proclivity was assessed with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale hostility subscale, anger rumination was indexed using items from the Novaco Anger Scale, and imagined violence was measured with Grisso's Schedule of Imagined Violence. Violence, prehospitalization and posthospitalization, was indexed by the MacArthur project measure. RESULTS Correlational analyses, mediation analyses, and moderated mediation analyses were conducted. Anger rumination significantly predicted pre- and posthospitalization violence, when controlling for age, sex, race, childhood physical abuse, and anger/aggression proclivity; and it partially mediated the relation between anger/aggression proclivity and violence. Imagined violence and anger rumination were highly inter-related. When imagined violence was added to the regression model, it was a significant predictor of prehospitalization violence; however, it did not moderate the association of anger rumination with pre- or posthospitalization violence. CONCLUSION Anger rumination may be a mechanism through which anger activates violent behavior, which has important implications for psychotherapeutic intervention targeting. Future research should investigate the association between anger rumination and imagined violence, with attention given to revenge planning as a link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Hardin
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Isaias M Contreras
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Klaudia Kosiak
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Raymond W Novaco
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Simonetti A, Kurian S, Saxena J, Verrico CD, Restaino A, Di Nicola M, Soares JC, Sani G, Saxena K. Cortical Correlates of Impulsive Aggressive Behavior in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:674707. [PMID: 34366914 PMCID: PMC8333699 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Impulsive aggression represents a frequent characteristic of pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). Cortical alterations associated with impulsive aggression and its multiple facets have not been investigated yet in youth with bipolar disorder. Aim: To investigate the relationship between cortical thickness and facets of impulsive aggression in youth with PBD. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three youth with PBD and 23 healthy controls (HC) were administered the aggression questionnaire (AQ) and underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging scan. Cortical thickness was assessed with FreeSurfer. Canonical correlation analyses were used to investigate the relationship between AQ total and subscale scores and cortical thickness in youth with PBD. Results: Youth with PBD had increased scores in the subscales of AQ-anger and AQ-hostility and cortical thinning in in areas belonging to the affective network (AN), frontoparietal network (FPN) and cingulo-opercular network (CON), i.e., right rostral anterior cingulate, right caudal anterior cingulate, right lateral orbitofrontal, right medial orbitofrontal, left and right inferior parietal, left posterior cingulate, left and right supramarginal left lingual cortices. Greater thickness in these networks positively correlated with the AQ-hostility subscale and negatively correlated with AQ-anger subscale. Conclusions: The opposite patterns observed between areas belonging to AN, FPN, CON, and the two facets of IA, namely anger and hostility, corroborate clinical findings supporting the different nature of these two constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Simonetti
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Sherin Kurian
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Johanna Saxena
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christopher D. Verrico
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Antonio Restaino
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientific (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Kirti Saxena
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Kang C, Chang H, Zhang Y, Han J, Meng H, Peng C, Rong F, Wang M, Yu Y. Specific effects of neglect and physical abuse on adolescent aggressive behaviors by gender: A multicenter study in rural China. J Affect Disord 2021; 281:271-278. [PMID: 33341009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglect and physical abuse may be typical risk factors for aggressive behavior in adolescents. However, findings on their specific effects and sex differences are still unclear. This study aimed to examine the specific effects of neglect and physical abuse on adolescent aggressive behaviors and to further explore the potential sex-specific effect. METHODS A multicenter school-based survey was conducted in rural China. A total of 15,957 students aged 11-20 years completed self-report questionnaires to record aggressive behaviors, neglect and physical abuse, and other related information. Participants were grouped into those who experienced none, one of, or both neglect and physical abuse for statistical analyses. RESULTS Of the participants, 37.0% experienced both neglect and physical abuse, 30.0% experienced neglect only, and 9.8% experienced physical abuse only. Higher risk for physical aggression (OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.06-1.45), and lower risk for verbal aggression (OR=0.83, 95% CI=0.72-0.94) and hostility (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.69-0.94) were found in the physical abuse only group as compared to the neglect only group. No sex difference was found between neglect or physical abuse and general aggressive behaviors (P>0.05), except that females were more likely to exert physical aggression than males when exposed to neglect and physical abuse (P<0.05). LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional design, retrospective self-report data, and not including other maltreatment subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Neglect and physical abuse may each have distinct sensitivity for different subtypes of aggression. Targeted treatment for diverse aggressive symptoms is suggested, and strategies to prevent both neglect and physical abuse across gender would yield comprehensive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongjuan Chang
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Han
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heng Meng
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chang Peng
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fajuan Rong
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengni Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yizhen Yu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Flowers J, Marr D, McCleary D. Bullying Prevalence: An Online Survey of Adolescents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15377903.2020.1848957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Flowers
- School Psychology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
| | - Dallin Marr
- School Psychology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel McCleary
- School Psychology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
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Zhang Y, Wu C, Yuan S, Xiang J, Hao W, Yu Y. Association of aggression and suicide behaviors: A school-based sample of rural Chinese adolescents. J Affect Disord 2018; 239:295-302. [PMID: 30031249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the prevalence of suicide behaviors and the associations between aggression and suicide behaviors among a nationwide school-based sample of adolescents in rural China. METHODS A total of 16,271 students from 24 junior and 23 senior high schools in five provinces of China participated in a self-administered anonymous survey to report suicide ideation, plans, attempts, aggression and other related information. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the associations between aggression and the risks of suicide behaviors while controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS The prevalence of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts during the past one year was 15.1%, 7.2%, and 3.5% respectively. In the fully adjusted model, participants with high level of total aggression had 4.31 times (95% CI, 3.69-5.05), 4.10 times (95% CI, 3.26-5.11), and 3.29 times (95% CI, 2.62-4.93), higher risk of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts, respectively, compared with subjects who had low level of total aggression. Moreover, high levels of all the five dimensions of total aggression also had positive associations with suicide behaviors. LIMITATIONS This study was cross-sectional. Hence, the causal link between aggression and suicide behaviors should be verified in the future studies. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that aggression may be a risk factor for suicide behaviors among rural Chinese adolescents. Our findings highlight the importance of aggression treatment in suicide prevention programs. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chunxia Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shanshan Yuan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jingjing Xiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wen Hao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yizhen Yu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Wagner JA, Tennen H, Feinn R, Osborn CY. Self-reported discrimination, diabetes distress, and continuous blood glucose in women with type 2 diabetes. J Immigr Minor Health 2016; 17:566-73. [PMID: 24469589 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether self-reported racial discrimination was associated with continuous glucose levels and variability in individuals with diabetes, and whether diabetes distress mediated these associations. Seventy-four Black and White women with type 2 diabetes completed the Experience of Discrimination scale, a measure of lifetime racial discrimination, and the Problem Areas in Diabetes, a measure of diabetes distress. Participants wore a continuous glucose monitor for 24 h after 8 h of fasting, a standard meal, and a 4-h run in period. Higher discrimination predicted higher continuous mean glucose and higher standard deviation of glucose. For both mean and standard deviation of glucose, a race × discrimination interaction indicated a stronger relationship between discrimination and glucose for Whites than for Blacks. Diabetes distress mediated the discrimination-mean glucose relationship. Whites who report discrimination may be uniquely sensitive to distress. These preliminary findings suggest that racial discrimination adversely affects glucose control in women with diabetes, and does so indirectly through diabetes distress. Diabetes distress may be an important therapeutic target to reduce the ill effects of racial discrimination in persons with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Wagner
- Division of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, MC3910, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, USA,
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10
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Tsorbatzoudis H. Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Version of the Aggression Questionnaire. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 102:703-18. [PMID: 16916149 DOI: 10.2466/pms.102.3.703-718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study assesses the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Aggression Questionnaire by Buss and Perry in a sample of 760 Greek high school students. This questionnaire has been widely used to study Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility. A confirmatory factor analysis of responses showed adequate fit for the original 4-factor model (total variance explained: 68.2%). The analysis also showed satisfactory internal consistency and temporal stability over 6 to 8 weeks. Also, the construct validity, extreme groups' validity, and predictive validity indices were adequate. Greek female students adopted more indirect forms of aggression (Hostility) than males, who applied more direct forms such as Physical Aggression. Findings supported the use of the Greek version of the questionnaire for assessment in high school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haralambos Tsorbatzoudis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Sport Psychology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Abstract
Although childhood aggression and conduct problems receive much clinical and research attention, important variations in function underlying the common syndromes are less often analysed. In this article, we describe a particular pattern of behaviour in young children, which we have occasionally observed in various clinical contexts. The critical feature of this pattern is that the children are described by those who know them well as interpersonally negative, often revealing spiteful, hostile behaviours, particularly towards parents or siblings. The general temperamental pattern is one of irritability, so that the children have a disgruntled, irascible disposition. Although their behaviour can escalate to apparently unprovoked, and sometimes severe, aggressive acts that suggest a lack of feeling towards others, the children have no deficit in empathy. Instead, either their own need for anger reduction is greater than any concern for others, or, being vengeful, they are aware that their actions will be hurtful to others. We make comparisons with the critical features of established clinical syndromes, and speculate as to how the proposed pattern might be a functional explanation for some individual children whose behaviour otherwise fits standard diagnostic classifications. Possible temperamental and family relationships factors are proposed that might contribute to this pattern of hostile mood, particularly parenting practices that could be perceived as unfair by the child.
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Marshall MA, Brown JD. Trait Aggressiveness and Situational Provocation: A Test of the Traits as Situational Sensitivities (TASS) Model. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 32:1100-13. [PMID: 16861313 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206288488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the authors propose and test an interactionist model of personality functioning. The model maintains that many traits function in a threshold-like manner, such that less situational strength is needed to evoke a trait-relevant response in people who are high on the trait than in those who are low on the trait. Because of these different sensitivities, people who are high on a trait are more reactive to moderate provocation than are those who are low on a trait, but the opposite is true when strong provocation is compared to moderate provocation. Three studies are reported showing how the model can be used to understand the nature of aggression.
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Kalmoe NP. Trait aggression in two representative U.S. surveys: Testing the generalizability of college samples. Aggress Behav 2015; 41:171-88. [PMID: 24990688 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aggression research often relies upon convenient samples with unknown generalizability to populations of interest, potentially threatening external validity. This article details the measurement properties of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Short Form (BPAQ-SF) and its subscales in two nationally representative U.S. samples (N = 924) and a concurrent study with U.S. college students (N = 384). The results provide useful benchmarks for generalizing BPAQ-SF results from convenient samples to U.S. adults, including distributions, reliability, and factor structure. The results also confirm basic relationships between trait aggression and key social and demographic variables such as sex, age, and socioeconomic status while establishing convergent validity with violent political attitudes. Results from the national studies closely align with those from the student sample, providing reasonable support for generalizing trait aggression elements to U.S. adults. Aggr. Behav. Aggr. Behav. 42:171-188, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Tang J, Ma Y, Guo Y, Ahmed NI, Yu Y, Wang J. Association of aggression and non-suicidal self injury: a school-based sample of adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78149. [PMID: 24205132 PMCID: PMC3813494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescent has drawn increasing attention because it is associated with subsequent depression, drug abuse, anxiety disorders, and suicide. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a school-based sample of Chinese adolescents and to explore the association between aggression and NSSI. METHODS This study was part of a nationwide study on aggression among adolescents in urban areas of China. A sample of 2907 school students including 1436 boys and 1471 girls were randomly selected in Guangdong Province, with their age ranging from 10 to 18 years old. NSSI, aggression, emotional management and other factors were measured by self-administrated questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between aggression and NSSI, after adjustment for participants' emotional management, and other potential confounding variables. RESULTS The one year self-reported prevalence of NSSI was 33.6%. Of them, 21.7% engaged in 'minor NSSI', 11.9% in 'moderate/severe NSSI'. 96.9% of self-injuries engaged in one to five different types of NSSI in the past year. Hostility, verbal and indirect aggression was significantly associated with self-reported NSSI after adjusting for other potential factors both in 'minor NSSI' and 'moderate/severe NSSI'. Hostility, verbal and indirect aggression was significantly associated with greater risk of 'minor NSSI' and 'moderate/severe NSSI' in those who had poor emotional management ability. CONCLUSION These findings highlight a high prevalence of NSSI and indicate the importance of hostility, verbal and indirect aggression as potentially risk factor for NSSI among Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Child, Adolescence & Woman Health Care, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Niman Isse Ahmed
- Department of Child, Adolescence & Woman Health Care, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yizhen Yu
- Department of Child, Adolescence & Woman Health Care, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (JW)
| | - Jiaji Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (JW)
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Duke AA, Bègue L, Bell R, Eisenlohr-Moul T. Revisiting the serotonin-aggression relation in humans: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2013; 139:1148-72. [PMID: 23379963 PMCID: PMC3718863 DOI: 10.1037/a0031544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The inverse relation between serotonin and human aggression is often portrayed as "reliable," "strong," and "well established" despite decades of conflicting reports and widely recognized methodological limitations. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluate the evidence for and against the serotonin deficiency hypothesis of human aggression across 4 methods of assessing serotonin: (a) cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (CSF 5-HIAA), (b) acute tryptophan depletion, (c) pharmacological challenge, and (d) endocrine challenge. Results across 175 independent samples and over 6,500 total participants were heterogeneous, but, in aggregate, revealed a small, inverse correlation between serotonin functioning and aggression, anger, and hostility (r = -.12). Pharmacological challenge studies had the largest mean weighted effect size (r = -.21), and CSF 5-HIAA studies had the smallest (r = -.06). Potential methodological and demographic moderators largely failed to account for variability in study outcomes. Notable exceptions included year of publication (effect sizes tended to diminish with time) and self- versus other-reported aggression (other-reported aggression was positively correlated to serotonin functioning). We discuss 4 possible explanations for the pattern of findings: unreliable measures, ambient correlational noise, an unidentified higher order interaction, and a selective serotonergic effect. Finally, we provide 4 recommendations for bringing much needed clarity to this important area of research: acknowledge contradictory findings and avoid selective reporting practices; focus on improving the reliability and validity of serotonin and aggression measures; test for interactions involving personality and/or environmental moderators; and revise the serotonin deficiency hypothesis to account for serotonin's functional complexity.
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Abstract
O estudo da adaptação à prisão e a classificação dos reclusos pode ajudar a prevenir situações de risco e promover um tratamento penitenciário mais efetivo. Este estudo correlacional explora a relação entre a agressividade, o estilo de vida criminal e a adaptação à prisão, incluindo variáveis sociodemográficas e jurídico-penais. A agressividade é medida pelo Aggression Questionnaire e o estilo de vida criminal pelo Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form. A adaptação à prisão inclui dois indicadores: processos disciplinares e acessos aos serviços clínicos. A amostra é constituída por trinta e um participantes do sexo masculino e nacionalidade portuguesa, detidos num Estabelecimento Prisional Regional. O período de observação teve a duração de cinco meses. Os resultados indicam que a agressividade, a história de consumo de drogas e as penas de menor duração predizem pior adaptação à prisão. Conclui-se que o Aggression Questionnaire se associa aos processos disciplinares e aos acessos aos serviços clínicos.
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Hostility, physical aggression and trait anger as predictors for suicidal behavior in Chinese adolescents: a school-based study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31044. [PMID: 22359563 PMCID: PMC3281042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study explored the extent to which trait aggression is associated with suicidal behavior in a nationwide school-based sample of adolescents. Methods A nationwide sample of 14,537 high school students in urban areas of China was recruited. Information concerning suicide ideation, plans, attempts, trait aggression and other risk factors was collected by a self-reported questionnaire. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to predict suicidal behavior. Results Approximately 18.5% of students reported suicide ideation, 8.7% reported suicide plans, and 4.1% reported attempts during the past one year. Hostility and trait anger had a significant positive association with suicidal ideation. Hostility and physical aggression were positively related to suicide plans. Hostility had a positive correlation with suicide attempts, while trait anger was inversely associated with suicide attempts. Conclusions This study suggests that hostility, physical aggression and trait anger may be able to be used to predict suicidal behavior among adolescents. Suicide prevention programs should target at attenuating the severity of hostility, anger and physical aggression. But teachers and parents should also give close attention to students with low trait anger.
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Webb JR, Dula CS, Brewer K. Forgiveness and Aggression Among College Students. JOURNAL OF SPIRITUALITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19349637.2012.642669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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A Social-Cognitive Model of Driver Aggression: Taking Situations and Individual Differences into Account. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-011-9120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Smith P, Waterman M, Ward N. Driving aggression in forensic and non-forensic populations: Relationships to self-reported levels of aggression, anger and impulsivity. Br J Psychol 2010; 97:387-403. [PMID: 16848950 DOI: 10.1348/000712605x79111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of four questionnaires - the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11), the Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and a Driving Violence Inventory (DVI) - were administered to a sample of 473 British drivers consisting of undergraduates (N=185), members of the public (N=106) and offenders (N=182) serving sentences in closed prisons in England (violent=82, non-violent=100). Offenders consistently rated acts of driving aggression as less severe compared with other drivers. Offender attributions of driving violence differed to other drivers in that they were equally likely to perceive obscene gesturing as high or low intensity responses; they also viewed assault as a high intensity response whereas members of the public rated it more severely. Trait levels of anger and aggression were the predictors of driving violence in all groups but previous aggressive behaviour was only a predictor for the offenders. Gender and age were found to be predictors of aggressive driving in non-offenders. Even with the effects of age controlled, offenders (and violent offenders in particular) scored higher on measures of driving anger and aggression. These data suggest that offenders differ in their perceptions of aggressive behaviours experienced in everyday driving and as a consequence are more likely to commit acts that other drivers perceive as violent. As offenders are known to display similar perceptual biases in other domains, identified as precursors to their aggressive behaviour, it seems likely that experience effects (as reflected in the trait measures) underpin differences in driving aggression between offenders and non-offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smith
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK.
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Sanz J, García-Vera MP, Magán I. Anger and hostility from the perspective of the Big Five personality model. Scand J Psychol 2010; 51:262-70. [PMID: 20132457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at examining the relationships of the personality dimensions of the five-factor model or Big Five with trait anger and with two specific traits of hostility (mistrust and confrontational attitude), and identifying the similarities and differences between trait anger and hostility in the framework of the Big Five. In a sample of 353 male and female adults, the Big Five explained a significant percentage of individual differences in trait anger and hostility after controlling the effects due to the relationship between both constructs and content overlapping across scales. In addition, trait anger was primarily associated with neuroticism, whereas mistrust and confrontational attitude were principally related to low agreeableness. These findings are discussed in the context of the anger-hostility-aggression syndrome and the capability of the Big Five for organizing and clarifying related personality constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sanz
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
This article explores commonly discussed theories of violent video game effects: the social learning, mood management, and catharsis hypotheses. An experimental study was carried out to examine violent video game effects. In this study, 103 young adults were given a frustration task and then randomized to play no game, a nonviolent game, a violent game with good versus evil theme (i.e., playing as a good character taking on evil), or a violent game in which they played as a “bad guy.” Results indicated that randomized video game play had no effect on aggressive behavior; real-life violent video game-playing history, however, was predictive of decreased hostile feelings and decreased depression following the frustration task. Results do not support a link between violent video games and aggressive behavior, but do suggest that violent games reduce depression and hostile feelings in players through mood management.
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Kahler CW, Leventhal AM, Colby SM, Gwaltney CJ, Kamarck TW, Monti PM. Hostility, cigarette smoking, and responses to a lab-based social stressor. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 17:413-24. [PMID: 19968406 PMCID: PMC3698599 DOI: 10.1037/a0017690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-trait hostility is associated with persistent cigarette smoking. To better understand mechanisms that may account for this association, we examined the effects of acute smoking abstinence and delayed versus immediate smoking reinstatement on responses to a social stressor among 48 low hostile (LH) and 48 high hostile (HH) smokers. Participants completed two laboratory sessions, one before which they had smoked ad lib and one before which they had abstained for the prior 12 hr. During each session, participants completed a stressful speaking task and then smoked immediately after the stressor or after a 15-min delay. The effect of immediate versus delayed smoking reinstatement on recovery in negative mood was significantly moderated by hostility. When reinstatement was delayed, HH participants showed significant increases in negative mood over time, whereas LH participants showed little change. When reinstatement was immediate, HH and LH smokers showed similar significant decreases in negative mood. Smoking abstinence did not moderate hostility effects. Cigarette smoking may prevent continuing increases in negative mood after social stress in HH smokers, which may partially explain their low rates of quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter M. Monti
- Providence VA Medical Center and the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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26
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Klabbers G, Bosma H, Van Lenthe FJ, Kempen GI, Van Eijk JT, Mackenbach JP. The relative contributions of hostility and depressive symptoms to the income gradient in hospital-based incidence of ischaemic heart disease: 12-Year follow-up findings from the GLOBE study. Soc Sci Med 2009; 69:1272-80. [PMID: 19713020 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence to support the view that both hostility and depressive symptoms are psychological risk factors for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), additional to the effects of lifestyle and biomedical risk factors. Both are also more common in lower socioeconomic groups. Studies to find out how socioeconomic status (SES) gets under the skin have not yet determined the relative contributions of hostility and depression to the income gradient in IHD. This has been examined in a Dutch prospective population-based cohort study (GLOBE study), with participants aged 15-74 years (n=2374). Self-reported data at baseline (1991) and in 1997 provided detailed information on income and on psychological, lifestyle and biomedical factors, which were linked to hospital admissions due to incident IHD over a period of 12 years since baseline. Cox proportional hazard models were used to study the contributions of hostility and depressive symptoms to the association between income and time to incident IHD. The relative risk of incident IHD was highest in the lowest income group, with a hazard ratio of 2.71. Men on the lowest incomes reported more adverse lifestyles and biomedical factors, which contributed to their higher risk of incident IHD. An unhealthy psychological profile, particularly hostility, contributed to the income differences in incident IHD among women. The low number of IHD incidents in the women however, warrants additional research in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonnie Klabbers
- School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Miotto P, Pollini B, Restaneo A, Favaretto G, Preti A. Aggressiveness, anger, and hostility in eating disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2008; 49:364-73. [PMID: 18555057 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite evidence of a link between the behavioral and cognitive dimensions of aggressiveness and eating disorders, only few studies have tested this relation empirically. METHODS A total of 112 female patients with anorexia nervosa (n = 61) or bulimia nervosa (n = 51) and 631 young girls attending 7 high schools in the same health district as the patients (northeast Italy) were invited to fill in a set of self-report instruments including the Eating Attitudes Test, the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh, the Body Attitudes Test, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). RESULTS In both healthy controls and patients, scores on the measures of eating disorder symptoms were positively related to the scores on the AQ: the strength of the association did not differ between healthy controls and patients. However, patients diagnosed with eating disorders were not more likely to disclose a propensity to aggression than the healthy controls drawn from the community: patients with anorexia nervosa scored lower than controls on the physical aggression and on the verbal aggression subscales of the AQ (P < .05). On the other hand, patients with bulimia nervosa scored higher than controls on the anger subscale of the AQ (P < .05) but did not differ from them on the other subscales of the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm the higher propensity to anger in patients with bulimia nervosa; in patients with anorexia nervosa, difficulties in expressing anger and outward-directed aggressiveness can be a prevailing feature. The younger age of controls and exclusive reliance on self-report measures might have concealed some differences between patients and community subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Miotto
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Mental Health, ULSS 7, Conegliano, TV, Italy
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Maxwell JP. Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Buss–Warren Aggression Questionnaire. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maxwell JP. Development and preliminary validation of a Chinese version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire in a population of Hong Kong Chinese. J Pers Assess 2007; 88:284-94. [PMID: 17518550 DOI: 10.1080/00223890701317004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
I developed a Chinese version of the Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) by translating scale items into Chinese and subjecting them to standard validation procedures. I used confirmatory factor analysis via structural equation modeling to compare several measurement models. Models based on Buss and Perry's (1992) original four-factor (29-item) scale failed to replicate in the Chinese sample; however, the construct validity of Bryant and Smith's (2001) abridged version of the Aggression Questionnaire received strong overall support. The new 12-item scale demonstrated good fit to the data and adequate internal reliability. Evidence for criterion validity was provided by the scale's sensitivity to differing levels of aggression in males and females. Convergent and discriminant validity received partial support from the pattern of correlations with a measure of anger rumination. Linguistic and metric equivalence were supported by high correlation coefficients between scores on Chinese and English versions of the scale completed by bilingual Chinese on separate occasions. Consistent replications of these preliminary results across three independent samples suggest that the Chinese version of the Aggression Questionnaire may be useful for clinical assessment and cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Maxwell
- Institute of Human Perfomance, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Woodcock KA, Rose J. The Relationship Between the Recognition of Facial Expressions and Self-Reported Anger in People with Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gerevich J, Bácskai E, Czobor P. The generalizability of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2007; 16:124-36. [PMID: 17849418 PMCID: PMC6878225 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive and hostile behaviours and anger constitute an important problem across cultures. The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), a self-rating scale was published in 1992, and has quickly become the gold-standard for the measurement of aggression. The AQ scale has been validated extensively, but the validation focused on various narrowly selected populations, typically, on samples of college students. Individuals, however, who are at risk of displaying aggressive and hostile behaviours may come from a more general population. Therefore, it is important to investigate the scale's properties in such a population. The objective of this study was to examine the factorial structure and the psychometric properties of the AQ scale in a nationally representative sample of the Hungarian adult population.A representative sample of 1200 subjects was selected by a two-step procedure. The dimensionality and factorial composition of the AQ scale was investigated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Since spurious associations and increased factorial complexity can occur when the analysis fails to consider the inherently categorical nature of the item level data, this study, in contrast to most previous studies, estimated the correlation matrices subjected to factor analysis using the polychoric correlations. The resulting factors were validated via sociodemographic characteristics and psychopathological scales obtained from the respondents. The results showed that based on the distribution of factor loadings and factor correlations, in the entire nationally representative sample of 1200 adult subjects, from the original factor structure three of the four factors (Physical and Verbal Aggression and Hostility) showed a good replication whereas the fourth factor (Anger) replicated moderately well. Replication further improved when the sample was restricted in age, i.e. the analysis focused on a sample representing the younger age group, comparable to that used in the original Buss-Perry study. Similar to the Buss-Perry study, and other investigations of the AQ scale, younger age and male gender were robustly related to physical aggression. In addition, level of verbal aggression was different between the two genders (with higher severity in males) whereas hostility and anger were essentially the same in both genders.In conclusion, the current study based on a representative sample of adult population lends support to the use of the AQ scale in the general population. The authors suggest to exclude from the AQ the two inverse items because of the low reliability of these items with regard to their hypothesized constructs.
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Weiss JW, Mouttapa M, Chou CP, Nezami E, Anderson Johnson C, Palmer PH, Cen S, Gallaher P, Ritt-Olson A, Azen S, Unger JB. Hostility, depressive symptoms, and smoking in early adolescence. J Adolesc 2005; 28:49-62. [PMID: 15683634 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using logistic and multiple regression, we examined the association between hostility, level of depressive symptoms, and smoking in a sample of 1699 ethnically diverse students in California. Self-reports were collected twice from each student, at the beginning of the 6th and 7th grade years. Among 6th graders who had not smoked, depressive symptoms and hostility were associated with smoking initiation by the 7th grade. Among those students who had already tried smoking, increases in depressive symptoms and hostility were associated with more frequent smoking. The association between hostility and smoking was stronger for students reporting higher levels of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu Weiss
- Keck School of Medicine, Institute of Prevention Research, Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Southern California, 1000 S. Fremont Ave., Unit 8, Building A, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA
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Archer J. Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1150] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analytic reviews of sex differences in aggression from real-world settings are described. They cover self-reports, observations, peer reports, and teacher reports of overall direct, physical, verbal, and indirect forms of aggression, as well as (for self-reports) trait anger. Findings are related to sexual selection theory and social role theory. Direct, especially physical, aggression was more common in males and females at all ages sampled, was consistent across cultures, and occurred from early childhood on, showing a peak between 20 and 30 years. Anger showed no sex differences. Higher female indirect aggression was limited to later childhood and adolescence and varied with method of measurement. The overall pattern indicated males’ greater use of costly methods of aggression rather than a threshold difference in anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire,
Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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34
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Smith P, Waterman M. Role of experience in processing bias for aggressive words in forensic and non-forensic populations. Aggress Behav 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ab.20001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Greater male than female variability is found in behavioral and morphological traits in animals. A theory that greater male variability is associated with variability in parental investment is described and contrasted with sexual strategies theory, which posits no sex differences in variability. Predictions from the theories were tested through meta-analyses of variance ratios for data sets involving sexually selected characteristics (physical aggression and 5 aspects of mate choice) and 2 unlikely to have resulted from sexual selection (anger and self-esteem). Variation was significantly greater among men than women in 5 of the 6 former data sets and was similar for men and women in the latter 2 data sets, broadly supporting the predictions. A further analysis extends the theory to intellectual abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Archer
- University of Central Lancashire, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Mani Mehdikhani
- University of Central Lancashire, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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37
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Miotto P, De Coppi M, Frezza M, Petretto DR, Masala C, Preti A. Eating disorders and aggressiveness among adolescents. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003; 108:183-9. [PMID: 12890272 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the links between propensity to aggression and eating disorders in a sample of school-aged adolescents in a northeastern area of Italy. METHOD In a mixed male-female sample of 1000 adolescents (10% of the district's population aged 15-19 years) we administered the Eating Attitudes Test, the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh and the Body Attitudes Test, as measures of abnormal eating attitudes and behaviours, and the Aggression Questionnaire, as a measure of the propensity to aggression. RESULTS Females scored significantly higher than males at all eating disorders inventories (P < 0.0001). Males scored higher than females at the Aggression Questionnaire. In both genders, there was a positive correlation between scores at any of the eating disorders inventories and those at the Aggression Questionnaire (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Overtly expressed aggression might have a negative impact on the course of eating disorders and on the compliance with treatment, also enhancing the risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Miotto
- Department of Drugs and Alcohol Dependence, ULS 7, Conegliano, TV, Italy
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Abstract
Research on endocrinological correlates of aggression in laboratory animals is implicitly motivated by an expectation that the results of such studies may be applicable to human aggression as well. Research with a focus on the stimulus antecedents of aggression, its response characteristics, and its outcomes suggests a number of detailed correspondences between offensive aggression in laboratory rodents and human angry aggression. These include resource (including status and territory) competition as motives that are particularly elicited by conspecific challenge situations and, when the aggression is successful, outcomes of reduction of challenge and enhancement of resource control and status. Although the response characteristics of human aggression have been dramatically altered by human verbal, technological, and social advancements, there is some evidence for targeting of blows, similar to a well-established pattern for offensive aggression in many nonhuman mammals. Finally, for people as well as for nonhuman mammals, fear of defeat or punishment is a major factor inhibiting the expression of offensive aggression. While defensive aggression has been very little researched in people, it may represent a different phenomenon than angry aggression, again providing a parallel to the offense-defense distinction of laboratory rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Caroline Blanchard
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center and Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Morren M, Meesters C. Validation of the Dutch version of the aggression questionnaire in adolescent male offenders. Aggress Behav 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ab.90010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Refining the Architecture of Aggression: A Measurement Model for the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jrpe.2000.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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