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Kawamata H, Ochiai H, Mantani N, Terasawa K. Enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by Juzen-taiho-to in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2001; 28:217-26. [PMID: 10999440 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x0000026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of Juzen-taiho-to (TJ-48) on inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. TJ-48-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combination induced iNOS mRNA expression earlier, stronger and remained longer that paralleled but with a higher NO production compared to LPS stimulation. TJ-48 itself showed no inducible effect either on NO production or iNOS mRNA expression. This phenomenon could be considered to contribute, at least in part, to the beneficial effects of TJ-48 through the iNOS-mediated activation of biodefense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kawamata
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani
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2
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Oghiso Y, Yamada Y. Pathogenetic process of lung tumors induced by inhalation exposures of rats to plutonium dioxide aerosols. Radiat Res 2000; 154:253-60. [PMID: 10956430 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2000)154[0253:ppolti]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sequential examinations were done on the pulmonary cytokinetics and pulmonary lesions in rats after inhalation exposure to (239)PuO(2) aerosols to investigate the pathogenesis of lung tumors. Total cell yields of lavaged bronchoalveolar cells as well as the estimated numbers of pulmonary alveolar macrophages were significantly reduced from 1 to 3 months after exposure but recovered thereafter to the control levels. The proportions of multinucleated or micronucleated pulmonary alveolar macrophages increased significantly in lavaged cells from 1 month, and the increase was sustained up to 18 months after exposure. Both tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide were shown to be differentially released from stimulated cultures of pulmonary alveolar macrophages during the period from 6 to 18 months after exposure. The labeling indices of alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial cells treated with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine increased significantly in lungs from 3 months and were sustained up to 18 months after exposure. Histopathological examinations revealed that after the early inflammation, hyperplasia and metaplasia of the lining of the bronchioloalveolar epithelium were predominant from 3 to 6 months, while adenomatous or adenocarcinomatous lesions appeared and developed from 12 months after exposure. The appearance of primary lung tumors, almost all of which were adenomas and adenocarcinomas, was found in the dose range of 1 to 2 Gy from 12 months after exposures. These results indicate that the pathogenetic process initiated by early cellular damage and alterations associated with inflammation is followed by the proliferative and metaplastic lesions of pulmonary epithelium, leading to the appearance and development of pulmonary neoplasms from 1 year after the inhalation exposures in rats that received a minimum lung dose of more than 1 Gy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/etiology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenoma/etiology
- Adenoma/pathology
- Administration, Inhalation
- Aerosols
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/etiology
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Division/radiation effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Replication/radiation effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Hyperplasia
- Inflammation
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/radiation effects
- Lung Neoplasms/etiology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Metaplasia
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Plutonium/administration & dosage
- Plutonium/toxicity
- Radiation Injuries, Experimental/etiology
- Radiation Injuries, Experimental/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oghiso
- Division of Radiotoxicology and Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Eremenko IL, Golubnichaya MA, Nefedov SE, Sidorov AA, Nesterenko DA, Konovalova NP, Volkova LM, Eremenko LT. Synthesis, structure, and antimetastatic activity of thetrans-[Pt(NC5H4C(O)NHC2H4ONO2)2Cl2] complex. Russ Chem Bull 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02502947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Dong HD, Kimoto Y, Takai S, Taguchi T. Apoptosis as a mechanism of lectin-dependent monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol Invest 1996; 25:65-78. [PMID: 8675235 DOI: 10.3109/08820139609059291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the mechanisms of cytotoxicity mediated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-activated human peripheral blood monocytes. By using DNA electrophoresis and propidium iodide (PI)-DNA staining flow cytometry, we demonstrated that apoptotic cell death of target U937 cells and Raji cells was induced in lectin (PWM)-dependent monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LDMC). The LDMC-mediated DNA fragmentation in U937 cells and Raji cells was induced in lectin (PWM)-dependent monocyte mediated cytotoxicity(LDMC). The LDMC-mediated DNA fragmentation in U937 cells was completely inhibited by anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody (mAb), but not by the addition of monosaccharide (N-acetylglucosamine, GlcNAc, a sugar specifically recognized by PWM and a lectin-like receptor on monocytes). In contrast, GlcNAc inhibited the DNA fragmentation in Raji cells induced by LDMC which the anti-TNF alpha mAb had no effect. PWM was found to stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) from monocytes. The NO-production was enhanced in the presence of target Raji cells, while the enhancement was abolished by the treatment with GlcNAc. By flow cytometry, we found that PWM bound to tumour cells as well as monocytes, and inhibited the expression of HLA-DR antigen on tumour cells. These results suggest that the presence of lectin molecules on the surface of monocytes and tumour cells may bring the two cells together, thus facilitating the induction of apoptosis in target cells by triggering the production of cytolytic factors (TNF and NO) and the modification of target cell surface antigen (HLA-DR).
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Dong
- Department of Oncologic Surgery, Osaka University, Japan
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5
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Hattori Y, Szabó C, Gross S, Thiemermann C, Vane JR. Lipid A and the lipid A analogue anti-tumour compound ONO-4007 induce nitric oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 291:83-90. [PMID: 8566179 DOI: 10.1016/0922-4106(95)90128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability of lipid A and the antitumour compound, ONO-4007 (sodium2-deoxy-2-[3S-(9-phenylnonanoyloxy)tetradecanoyl] amino-3-O-(9phenylnonanoyl)-D-glucopyranose 4-sulphate) to induce nitric oxide (NO) synthase was investigated in vitro and in vivo, in comparison to the effects of lipopolysaccharide and di- and monophosphoryl lipid A. In J744.2 macrophages, lipopolysaccharide, di-and monophosphoryl lipid A and ONO-4007 (10(-9) - 10(-5) g/ml) alone, or in combination with interferon-gamma, induced NO synthase (order of potency: lipopolysaccharide > diphosphoryl lipid A > monophosphoryl lipid A > ONO-4007). ONO-4007 increased the activity of the inducible NO synthase in the lung of anesthetised rats (20% of the increased caused by bacterial lipopolysaccharide). Thus, ONO-4007 is a weak inducer of the inducible isoform of NO synthase in vitro and in vivo. The finding that di- and monophosphoryl lipid A also induce NO synthase indicates that the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide contributes to the induction of NO synthase by lipopolysaccharide. The induction of NO synthase by ONO-4007, resulting in the formation of cytotoxic NO may contribute to the antitumour activity of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hattori
- William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, UK
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Baer HP, Schmidt K, Mayer B, Kukovetz WR. Pentamidine does not interfere with nitrite formation in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages but inhibits constitutive brain nitric oxide synthase. Life Sci 1995; 57:1973-80. [PMID: 7475946 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02183-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pentamidine effects on the interferon-gamma- or interferon-gamma plus bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induction of nitric oxide synthase in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, determined by measuring nitrite release into culture supernatants, were investigated. At concentrations above 10 microM, pentamidine caused visible toxic effects including cell lysis which also was assessed by measuring lactic dehydrogenase release. A progressive inhibitory effect of pentamidine could not be clearly dissociated from these toxic and lytic effects which were extensive at 100 microM. At 1 microM pentamidine, the dose response dependence of nitrite formation on interferon-gamma was not affected. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha caused some enhancement of interferon-gamma-induced nitrite release only at high doses of 100 and 10,000 unit/ml. Pentamidine had no effect on isolated inducible nitric oxide synthase from RAW 264.7 cells but inhibited the constitutive enzyme from pork cerebellum non-competitively. The lack of any stimulatory effect of pentamidine on nitrite production in RAW 264.7 cells suggests that NOS induction and NO production by macrophages is not the mechanism of the antimicrobial effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Baer
- Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria
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Veszelovsky E, Holford NH, Thomsen LL, Knowles RG, Baguley BC. Plasma nitrate clearance in mice: modeling of the systemic production of nitrate following the induction of nitric oxide synthesis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 36:155-9. [PMID: 7539338 DOI: 10.1007/bf00689201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in mammals by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) in response to a number of agents, including the experimental antitumour agent flavone acetic acid (FAA) and the cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). NO is converted rapidly in the presence of oxygen, water and haemoglobin to oxidation products, largely nitrate. To quantitate the production of nitric oxide it is necessary to know the clearance of nitrate. The concentration of nitrite and nitrate ion in the plasma of C3H and BDF1 (C57BL6 x DBA2) mice was assessed before and after injection of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite. Nitrite was covered rapidly to nitrate and the kinetics of elimination of nitrate were determined. There was no significant difference between results obtained with different mouse strains, between levels of nitrite and nitrate, or between i.p. and i.v. administration, and the observations were therefore combined. The volume of distribution of nitrate was 0.71 +/- 0.04 l/kg and the clearance was 0.32 +/- 0.02 l/h-1/kg-1 (plasma half-life, 1.54 h). Using previously published data, we developed a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model that relates the production of TNF in response to administration of FAA, the enhancement of NOS activity in response to TNF, and the elevation of plasma nitrate in response to NO production. This information permits the prediction from observed plasma nitrate values of the amount of NOS induced in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Veszelovsky
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland School of Medicine, New Zealand
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Wang YX, Cheng X, Pang CC. Vascular pharmacology of methylene blue in vitro and in vivo: a comparison with NG-nitro-L-arginine and diphenyleneiodonium. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114:194-202. [PMID: 7712018 PMCID: PMC1510150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The vascular effects of the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue as well as the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) were studied in rat isolated aortic rings and conscious, unrestrained rats. 2. Acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) caused concentration-dependent relaxation of preconstricted aortic rings. Both methylene blue (1 x 10(-5) M) and L-NOARG (3 x 10(-5) M) abolished ACh-induced relaxation; however, methylene blue but not L-NOARG shifted the concentration-response curve of SNP to the right. 3. In conscious rats, i.v. infusion of methylene blue (1.1 x 10(-5) mol kg-1 min-1), at a concentration which reduced the aortic tissue level of cyclic GMP by 50%, did not significantly alter mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). In contrast, i.v. bolus injection of L-NOARG (1.5 x 10(-4) mol kg-1) markedly increased MAP and decreased HR. 4. Both ACh and SNP dose-dependently decreased MAP in conscious rats. Methylene blue did not alter the magnitude or duration of ACh- or SNP-induced depressor responses. L-NOARG, on the other hand, significantly though incompletely, reduced the magnitude and duration of the depressor response to ACh but not SNP. The depressor response to ACh or SNP was not altered by pretreatment with indomethacin (1.4 x 10(-5) mol kg-1) or capsaicin (3.3 x 10(-4) mol kg-1). 5. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) also caused dose-dependent increases in MAP in conscious rats. Both methylene blue and DPI (1 x 10-5 mol kg-1) selectively shifted the dose-pressor response curve of L-NAME to the right.6. These results suggest that: (1) the inhibition of endogenous NO biosynthesis does not necessarily lead to pressor response in vivo, (2) L-NOARG may not produce pressor response solely via the inhibition of endogenous endothelial NO biosynthesis, and (3) the depressor responses to ACh and SNP may not involve the release of NO or prostanoids or afferent nerve transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Yang D, Satoh M, Ueda H, Tsukagoshi S, Yamazaki M. Activation of tumor-infiltrating macrophages by a synthetic lipid A analog (ONO-4007) and its implication in antitumor effects. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38:287-93. [PMID: 8162610 PMCID: PMC11038506 DOI: 10.1007/bf01525505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/1993] [Accepted: 12/23/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
ONO-4007 is a novel synthetic analog of lipid A subunit and has been shown to exert antitumor activities on various experimental tumors with less toxicity than lipopolysaccharide. It remains unclear, however, what biological activities of this compound are relevant to its antitumor effects. We therefore investigated the activation of macrophages by ONO-4007 in vitro and in vivo and its implication in antitumor effects, using mouse MM46 mammary tumor as an experimental model. Intravenous injection of ONO-4007 produced significant therapeutic effects on this solid tumor. ONO-4007 could stimulate glycogen-elicited peritoneal macrophages in vitro, not only to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but also to exert cytocidal activities against MM46 cells in vitro. Substantial TNF production was induced in tumor tissue by i. v. injection of ONO-4007, and its successive administration to tumor-bearing mice gave tumor-infiltrating macrophages a prominent in vitro tumoricidal activity and primed them for in vitro TNF secretion. These results suggest that activation of tumor-infiltrating macrophages to a direct tumoricidal state as well as to TNF secretion in tumor tissues may be at least some of the antitumor effects of this novel lipid A analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Kerwin
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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Wang YX, Poon CI, Poon KS, Pang CC. Inhibitory actions of diphenyleneiodonium on endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110:1232-8. [PMID: 7507779 PMCID: PMC2175784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
1. This study examined the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a novel inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, on endothelium-dependent vasodilatations. 2. DPI (3 x 10(-8)-3 x 10(-6) M) concentration-dependently inhibited acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation in preconstricted rat thoracic aortic rings, with an IC50 of 1.8 x 10(-7) M and a maximal inhibition of nearly 100%. DPI (3 x 10(-6) M) also completely inhibited the relaxation induced by the calcium ionophore, A23187 but not by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The inhibitory effect of DPI (3 x 10(-7) M) on ACh-induced relaxation was prevented by pretreatment with NADPH (5 x 10(-3) M) and FAD (5 x 10(-4) M) but not L-arginine (L-Arg, 2 x 10(-3) M). Pretreatment with NADPH did not alter the inhibitory effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine on ACh-induced relaxation. 3. The inhibitory effect of DPI on ACh-induced relaxation in the aortae lasted > 4 h after washout. In contrast to pretreatment, post-treatment (1 h later) with NADPH (5 x 10(-3) M) reversed only slightly the inhibitory effect of DPI. 4. In conscious rats, DPI (10(-5) mol kg-1) inhibited the depressor response to i.v. infused ACh, but not SNP. However, it caused only a transient pressor response which was previously shown to be due completely to sympathetic activation. 5. Thus, DPI is an efficacious and 'irreversible' inhibitor of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of the inhibition may involve antagonism of the effects of FAD and NADPH, co-factors of NO synthase. However, unlike the N0-substituted arginine analogues (another class of NO synthase inhibitors), DPI-induced suppression of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vivo does not lead to a sustained rise in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Keller R. The macrophage response to infectious agents: mechanisms of macrophage activation and tumour cell killing. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 144:271-3; discussion 294-8. [PMID: 8378594 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(93)80105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Keller
- Department Pathologie, Universität, Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Zurich, Switzerland
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Keller R, Fischer W, Keist R, Bassetti S. Macrophage response to bacteria: induction of marked secretory and cellular activities by lipoteichoic acids. Infect Immun 1992; 60:3664-72. [PMID: 1500175 PMCID: PMC257375 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.9.3664-3672.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) from various bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria monocytogenes, were examined for the ability to induce secretory and cellular responses in a pure population of bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes. Some of the highly purified LTAs, in particular LTAs from Bacillus subtilis, S. pyogenes, E. faecalis, and Enterococcus hirae, were able to affect each of the macrophage parameters measured, i.e., reductive capacity, secretion of tumor necrosis factor and nitrite, and tumoricidal activity. As after stimulation with whole organisms or other bacterial products, secretion of tumor necrosis factor induced by these LTAs reached its maximum within the first few hours of the interaction, while secretion of nitrite and tumoricidal activity required 24 to 36 h for full expression. Other purified LTAs, i.e., LTAs from Streptococcus sanguis, S. pneumoniae, and L. monocytogenes, as well as lipomannan from Micrococcus luteus affected only some of these parameters, while native LTA from S. aureus was inactive. There was no obvious correlation between biological activity and chain length, kind of glycosyl substituents, glycolipid structures, or fatty acid composition of LTAs. Deacylation of LTAs resulted in a complete loss of activity, and deacylated LTAs did not impair the activity of their acylated counterparts, suggesting that acyl chains may be essential for binding of LTA to the cell surface. The results demonstrate that some LTA species are potent inducers of macrophage secretory and cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Keller
- Immunobiology Research Group, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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