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Fagundes TR, Bortoleti B, Camargo P, Concato V, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Carloto A, Panis C, Bispo M, Junior FM, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli W. Patterns of Cell Death Induced by Thiohydantoins in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1592-1600. [PMID: 34382528 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210811102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional therapies for breast cancer is still a challenge due to use of cytotoxic drugs not highly effective with major adverse effects. Thiohydantoins, are biologically active heterocyclic compounds reported by several biological activities, including anticarcinogenic properties, i.e., this work aimed to assess the use of thiohydantoin as a potential antitumor agent against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. METHODS MTT and neutral red assays were used to assess the possible cytotoxic activity of compounds against MCF-7 cells. Cell volume measurement and analysis were performed by flow cytometry, fluorescence analysis was carried out to determine patterns of cell death induced by thiohydantoins. RESULTS The treatment with micromolar doses of thiohydantoins promoted a decrease in the viability of MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Also were observed the increase in ROS and NO production, reduction in cell volume, loss of membrane integrity, mitochondrial depolarization, and increased fluorescence for annexin V and caspase-3. These findings indicate cell death by apoptosis and increased formation of autophagic vacuoles and stopping the cell cycle in the G1/ G0 phase. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that thiohydantoins are cytotoxic to breast tumor cells, and this effect is linked to the increase in ROS production. This phenomenon changes tumorigenic pathways, that lead to a halt of the cell cycle in G1/G0, an important checkpoint for DNA errors, which may have altered the process by which cells produce energy, causing a decrease in mitochondrial viability and thus leading to the apoptotic process. Furthermore, the results indicate increased autophagy, a vital process linked to a decrease in lysosomal viability and considered as a cell death and tumor suppression mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Renata Fagundes
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, State University of Londrina, PR. Brazil
| | - Bruna Bortoleti
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - Priscila Camargo
- Laboratory of Properties and Synthesis of Organic Substances, Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact Sciences, Londrina State University, PR. Brazil
| | - Vírgínia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, State University of Londrina, PR. Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, State University of Londrina, PR. Brazil
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, State University of Western Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. Brazil
| | - Marcelle Bispo
- Laboratory of Properties and Synthesis of Organic Substances, Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact Sciences, Londrina State University, PR. Brazil
| | - Fernando Macedo Junior
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, State University of Londrina, PR. Brazil
| | - Wander Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, State University of Londrina, PR. Brazil
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2
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Cinelli MA. Topoisomerase 1B poisons: Over a half-century of drug leads, clinical candidates, and serendipitous discoveries. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1294-1337. [PMID: 30456874 DOI: 10.1002/med.21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are DNA processing enzymes that relieve supercoiling (torsional strain) in DNA, are necessary for normal cellular division, and act by nicking (and then religating) DNA strands. Type 1B topoisomerase (Top1) is overexpressed in certain tumors, and the enzyme has been extensively investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy. Various chemical agents can act as "poisons" of the enzyme's religation step, leading to Top1-DNA lesions, DNA breakage, and eventual cellular death. In this review, agents that poison Top1 (and have thus been investigated for their anticancer properties) are surveyed, including natural products (such as camptothecins and indolocarbazoles), semisynthetic camptothecin and luotonin derivatives, and synthetic compounds (such as benzonaphthyridines, aromathecins, and indenoisoquinolines), as well as targeted therapies and conjugates. Top1 has also been investigated as a therapeutic target in certain viral and parasitic infections, as well as autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurological disorders, and a summary of literature describing alternative indications is also provided. This review should provide both a reference for the medicinal chemist and potentially offer clues to aid in the development of new Top1 poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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3
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Garcia FP, Henrique da Silva Rodrigues J, Din ZU, Rodrigues-Filho E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Auzély-Velty R, Nakamura CV. A3K2A3-induced apoptotic cell death of Leishmania amazonensis occurs through caspase- and ATP-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction. Apoptosis 2018; 22:57-71. [PMID: 27761752 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Current therapies mainly rely on antimonial drugs that are inadequate because of their high toxicity and increased drug resistance. An urgent need exists to discover new, more effective, more affordable, and more target-specific drugs. Pathways that are associated with apoptosis-like cell death have been identified in unicellular eukaryotes, including protozoan parasites. In the present study, we studied the mechanism of cell death that is induced by A3K2A3 against L. amazonensis. A3K2A3 is a dibenzylideneacetone that has an acyclic dienone that is attached to aryl groups in both β-positions, which is similar to curcuminoids and chalcone structures. This compound was previously shown to be safe with regard to cytotoxicity and active against the parasite. Biochemical and morphological approaches were used in the present study. The results suggested that A3K2A3 caused mitochondrial dysfunction in L. amazonensis promastigotes, leading to mechanisms of cell death that share some common phenotypic features with metazoan apoptosis, such as an increase in reactive oxygen species production, a decrease in the adenosine triphosphate ratio, phosphatidylserine exposure, a decrease in cell volume, caspase production, and DNA fragmentation. Altogether, these findings indicate that apoptosis can indeed be triggered by chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Pelegrin Garcia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Jean Henrique da Silva Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Zia Ud Din
- LaBioMMi, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, SP, 13.565-905, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues-Filho
- LaBioMMi, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, SP, 13.565-905, Brazil
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Bloco B-08, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
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4
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Zhang L, Li C, Lu X, Yang Y. A Facile Synthesis of Indolo[2,3-b]carbazoles from the Reaction of Di(2-indolyl)methane and Aromatic Aldehydes Catalyzed by Oxalic Acid. HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Topoisomerase I Inhibitors Derived from Natural Products: Structure–Activity Relationships and Antitumor Potency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63603-4.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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6
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Nandi N, Sen A, Banerjee R, Kumar S, Kumar V, Ghosh AN, Das P. Hydrogen peroxide induces apoptosis-like death in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:1926-1941. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.034066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential process in the growth and development of multicellular organisms. However, accumulating evidence indicates that unicellular eukaryotes can also undergo PCD with apoptosis-like features. This study demonstrates that after exposure to 0.8 mM H2O2 for 9 h Entamoeba histolytica presents morphological and biochemical evidence of apoptosis-like death. Morphological characteristics of apoptosis-like death including DNA fragmentation, increased vacuolization, nuclear condensation and cell rounding were observed for H2O2-exposed trophozoites with preservation of membrane integrity. Biochemical alteration in ion fluxes is also a key feature in PCD, and H2O2-exposed trophozoites showed overproduction of reactive oxygen species, increased cytosolic Ca2+ and decreased intracellular pH. Phosphatidylserine was also found to be expressed in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of the H2O2-treated trophozoites. Pretreatment with the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64d, the extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ chelators EGTA and BAPTA/AM, and the Ca2+ influx inhibitor verapamil prior to H2O2 exposure abolished DNA fragmentation. The oxidatively stressed trophozoites also showed an increased calpain activity, indicating involvement of Ca2+-dependent calpain-like cysteine proteases in PCD of E. histolytica. A homogeneous caspase assay showed no significant caspase activity, and administration of caspase 1 inhibitor also did not prevent the death phenotype for the oxidatively stressed trophozoites, indicating a caspase-independent apoptosis-like death. Our observations clearly demonstrate that there is a distinct calpain-dependent but caspase-independent pathway for apoptosis-like death in oxidatively stressed E. histolytica trophozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Nandi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna-800007, Bihar, India
| | - Abhik Sen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna-800007, Bihar, India
| | - Rajdeep Banerjee
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna-800007, Bihar, India
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna-800007, Bihar, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna-800007, Bihar, India
| | - Amar Nath Ghosh
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata-700010, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna-800007, Bihar, India
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7
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Villalba JD, Gómez C, Medel O, Sánchez V, Carrero JC, Shibayama M, Ishiwara DGP. Programmed cell death in Entamoeba histolytica induced by the aminoglycoside G418. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 153:3852-3863. [PMID: 17975094 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/008599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study presents morphological and biochemical evidence of programmed cell death (PCD) in Entamoeba histolytica induced by exposure of trophozoites to the aminoglycoside antibiotic G418. Morphological characteristics of PCD, including cell shrinkage, reduced cellular volume, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation and vacuolization were observed, with preservation of trophozoite membrane integrity. PCD is orchestrated biochemically by alterations in intracellular ion fluxes. In G418-treated trophozoites, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased intracellular K+, increased cytosolic calcium, and decreased intracellular pH levels were observed. However, externalization of phosphatidylserine was not detected. These results suggest that amoebae can undergo PCD under stress conditions, and that this PCD shares several properties with PCD reported in mammals and in a variety of unicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D'Artagnan Villalba
- Programa de Biomedicina Molecular ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07320, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Gómez
- Programa de Biomedicina Molecular ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07320, Mexico
| | - Olivia Medel
- Programa de Biomedicina Molecular ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07320, Mexico
| | - Virginia Sánchez
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, UDEFA CP 11620, Mexico.,Programa de Biomedicina Molecular ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07320, Mexico
| | | | - Mineko Shibayama
- Departamento de Patología Experimental CINVESTAV-IPN, CP 07300, Mexico
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8
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Chen J, Song X, Zhang H, Qu YB, Miao JY. Sophorolipid produced from the new yeast strain Wickerhamiella domercqiae induces apoptosis in H7402 human liver cancer cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:52-59. [PMID: 16528516 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sophorolipid on the growth and apoptosis of H7402 human liver cancer cells were investigated. By treatment with sophorolipid, a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation was observed. The cells developed many features of apoptosis, including condensation of chromatin, nuclear fragmentation, and appearance of apoptotic bodies, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling positive cells were stained dark brown. Sophorolipid treatment induced apoptosis in H7402 cells by blocking cell cycle at G1 phase and partly at S phase, activating caspase-3, and increasing Ca2+ concentration in cytoplasm. These findings may suggest a potential use of sophorolipid for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yin-Bo Qu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ying Miao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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9
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Vanhuyse M, Kluza J, Tardy C, Otero G, Cuevas C, Bailly C, Lansiaux A. Lamellarin D: a novel pro-apoptotic agent from marine origin insensitive to P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux. Cancer Lett 2005; 221:165-75. [PMID: 15808402 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lamellarin D (LAM-D) is a marine alkaloid endowed with potent cytotoxic activities against various tumor cells, in particular human prostate cancer cells and leukemia cells. Its cytotoxic action is dependent, at least in part, to its capacity to inhibit topoisomerase I. P388CPT5 murine leukemia cells resistant to the reference topoisomerase I poison camptothecin (CPT) are cross-resistant to LAM-D but the relative resistance index (RRI) is significantly reduced with LAM-D (RRI=21) compared to CPT (RRI=103). To comprehend further the mechanism of action of this novel marine antitumor agent, we have investigated the influence of the P glycoprotein (Pgp) on the cytotoxicity of LAM-D and the proapoptotic effects induced by the alkaloid. P388CPT5 cells, expressing a mutated top1 gene, display a functional Pgp, as judged from cytometry experiments performed with cells treated with rhodamine 123 or calcein-ester whereas no Pgp activity was detected with the parental P388 cells. P388CPT5 cells are also cross-resistant to the topoisomerase II poisons doxorubicin and etoposide but the resistance is abolished in the presence of verapamil or quinine (at non toxic concentrations) which reverse the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. In contrast, the RRI measured with LAM-D and CPT remain unchanged in the presence of the two MDR reversal agents. The effects of LAM-D on the cell cycle progression were different in the parental P388 cells compared with the CPT-resistant which were blocked in the S and subsequently G2-M phases of the cell cycle. Cytometry experiments with the JC-1 fluorescent marker revealed that LAM-D and CPT promoted apoptosis in parental P388 cells via an activation of the mitochondrial pathway. In contrast, a massive depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and a nuclear fragmentation were detected only with LAM-D on P388CPT5 cells. This in vitro work identifies LAM-D as a potent pro-apoptotic agent and its cytotoxic action is fully maintained in multidrug-resistant cells compared to the sensitive parental cell line.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Coumarins/pharmacology
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Fluoresceins/metabolism
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Leukemia P388/drug therapy
- Leukemia P388/enzymology
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mice
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Rhodamine 123/metabolism
- Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vanhuyse
- Centre Oscar Lambret and INSERM U-524, IRCL, Institute for Cancer Research, Place de Verdun, Lille cedex F-59045, France
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10
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Saulnier MG, Langley DR, Frennesson DB, Long BH, Huang S, Gao Q, Wu D, Fairchild CR, Ruediger E, Zimmermann K, St Laurent DR, Balasubramanian BN, Vyas DM. Novel 3‘,6‘-Anhydro and N12,N13-Bridged Glycosylated Fluoroindolo[2,3-a]carbazoles as Topoisomerase I Inhibitors. Fluorine as a Leaving Group from sp3 Carbon. Org Lett 2005; 7:1271-4. [PMID: 15787484 DOI: 10.1021/ol050013n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Both 6'- and 4'-fluoro-glycosylated indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles are substrates for base-induced loss of fluorine as a leaving group from sp3 carbon. In the case of alpha-N-glycosylated substrate 3, loss of fluorine from the 6'-position leads to 3,6-anhydroglucose analogue 1. A novel N12,N13-bridged sugar analogue 2 results from loss of 4'-fluorine from beta-N-glycosylated analogue 4. Both analogues 1 and 2 display topo I inhibitory potencies similar to camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Saulnier
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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11
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Sen N, Das BB, Ganguly A, Mukherjee T, Bandyopadhyay S, Majumder HK. Camptothecin-induced imbalance in intracellular cation homeostasis regulates programmed cell death in unicellular hemoflagellate Leishmania donovani. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52366-75. [PMID: 15355995 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406705200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, a unicellular trypanosomatid protozoan parasite, causes a wide range of human diseases ranging from the localized self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. However, it undergoes a process of programmed cell death during treatment with the topoisomerase I poison camptothecin (CPT). The present study shows that CPT-induced formation of reactive oxygen species increases the level of cytosolic calcium through the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores as well as by influx of extracellular calcium. Elevation of cytosolic calcium is responsible for depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), which is followed by a significant decrease in intracellular pH levels. CPT-induced oxidative stress also causes impairment of the Na+ - K+ -ATPase pump and subsequently decreases the intracellular K+ level in leishmanial cells. A decrease in both intracellular pH and K+ levels propagates the apoptotic process through activation of caspase 3-like proteases by rapid formation of cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic complex. In addition to caspase-like protease activation, a lower level of intracellular K+ also enhances the activation of apoptotic nucleases at the late stage of apoptosis. This suggests that the physiological level of pH and K+ are inhibitory for apoptotic DNA fragmentation and caspase-like protease activation in leishmanial cells. Moreover, unlike mammalian cells, the intracellular ATP level gradually decreases with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells after the loss of DeltaPsim. Taken together, the elucidation of biochemical events, which tightly regulate the process of growth arrest and death of Leishmania donovani promastigotes, allows us to define a more comprehensive view of cell death during treatment with CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilkantha Sen
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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12
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Sen N, Das BB, Ganguly A, Mukherjee T, Tripathi G, Bandyopadhyay S, Rakshit S, Sen T, Majumder HK. Camptothecin induced mitochondrial dysfunction leading to programmed cell death in unicellular hemoflagellate Leishmania donovani. Cell Death Differ 2004; 11:924-36. [PMID: 15118764 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasites of the order kinetoplastidae including Leishmania spp. emerge from most ancient phylogenic branches of unicellular eukaryotic lineages. In their life cycle, topoisomerase I plays a significant role in carrying out vital cellular processes. Camptothecin (CPT), an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I, induces programmed cell death (PCD) both in the amastigotes and promastigotes form of L. donovani parasites. CPT-induced cellular dysfunction in L. donovani promastigotes is characterized by several cytoplasmic and nuclear features of apoptosis. CPT inhibits cellular respiration that results in mitochondrial hyperpolarization taking place by oligomycin-sensitive F0-F1 ATPase-like protein in leishmanial cells. During the early phase of activation, there is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside cells, which causes subsequent elevation in the level of lipid peroxidation and decrease in reducing equivalents like GSH. Endogenous ROS formation and lipid peroxidation cause eventual loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, cytochrome c is released into the cytosol in a manner independent of involvement of CED3/CPP32 group of proteases and unlike mammalian cells it is insensitive to cyclosporin A. These events are followed by activation of both CED3/CPP32 and ICE group of proteases in PCD of Leishmania. Taken together, our study indicates that different biochemical events leading to apoptosis in leishmanial cells provide information that could be exploited to develop newer potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology. 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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13
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Kim JY, Kim KM, Nan JX, Zhao YZ, Park PH, Lee SJ, Sohn DH. Induction of apoptosis by tanshinone I via cytochrome c release in activated hepatic stellate cells. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2003; 92:195-200. [PMID: 12753423 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.920410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells play central roles in hepatic fibrosis. The therapeutic goal in hepatic fibrosis is to halt or reverse fibrosis. Apoptosis is suggested to eliminate activated hepatic stellate cells in fibrosis. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional medicine used to improve blood circulation and treat chronic hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. We investigated the effect of tanshinone I, an ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, on the apoptotic death of rat hepatic stellate cells transformed by simian virus 40 (T-HSC/Cl-6), which retains the features of activated stellate cells. Treatment of T-HSC/Cl-6 cells with tanshinone I resulted in the induction of typical DNA fragmentation and DNA ladder formation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. Treatment of T-HSC/Cl-6 cells with tanshinone I caused activation of caspase-3 and subsequent proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Tanshinone I induced mitochondrial membrane dipolarization and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that tanshinone I induces apoptosis of T-HSC/Cl-6 cells and that tanshinone I-induced apoptosis involves caspase activation through cytochrome c release and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea
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Mi Y, Thomas SD, Xu X, Casson LK, Miller DM, Bates PJ. Apoptosis in leukemia cells is accompanied by alterations in the levels and localization of nucleolin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:8572-9. [PMID: 12506112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207637200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular defects in apoptotic pathways are thought to often contribute to the abnormal expansion of malignant cells and their resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms controlling induction of apoptosis and subsequent cellular disintegration could result in improved methods for prognosis and treatment of cancer. In this study, we have examined apoptosis-induced alterations in two proteins, nucleolin and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), in U937 leukemia cells. Nucleolin is expressed at high levels in malignant cells, and it is a multifunctional and mobile protein that can shuttle among the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Here, we report our findings that UV irradiation or camptothecin treatment of U937 cells induced apoptosis and caused a significant change in the levels and localization of nucleolin within the nucleus. Additionally, nucleolin levels were dramatically decreased in extracts containing the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. These alterations could be abrogated by pre-incubation with an inhibitor of PARP-1 (3-aminobenzamide), and our data support a potential role for nucleolin in removing cleaved PARP-1 from dying cells. Furthermore, both nucleolin and cleaved PARP-1 were detected in the culture medium of cells undergoing apoptosis, associated with particles of a size consistent with apoptotic bodies. These results indicate that nucleolin plays an important role in apoptosis, and could be a useful marker for assessing apoptosis or detecting apoptotic bodies. In addition, the data provide a possible explanation for the appearance of nucleolin and PARP-1 autoantibodies in some autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchang Mi
- Molecular Targets Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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