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Huang Z, Braunstein Z, Chen J, Wei Y, Rao X, Dong L, Zhong J. Precision Medicine in Rheumatic Diseases: Unlocking the Potential of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:579-598. [PMID: 38622001 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a cutting-edge therapeutic strategy. These innovative compounds combine the precision of monoclonal antibodies with the potent cell-killing or immune-modulating abilities of attached drug payloads. This unique strategy not only reduces off-target toxicity but also enhances the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. Beyond their well established role in oncology, ADCs are now showing promising potential in addressing the unmet needs in the therapeutics of rheumatic diseases. Rheumatic diseases, a diverse group of chronic autoimmune diseases with varying etiologies, clinical presentations, and prognoses, often demand prolonged pharmacological interventions, creating a pressing need for novel, efficient, and low-risk treatment options. ADCs, with their ability to precisely target the immune components, have emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy in this context. This review will provide an overview of the core components and mechanisms behind ADCs, a summary of the latest clinical trials of ADCs for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, and a discussion of the challenges and future prospects faced by the development of next-generation ADCs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is a lack of efficient and low-risk targeted therapeutics for rheumatic diseases. Antibody-drug conjugates, a class of cutting-edge therapeutic drugs, have emerged as a promising targeted therapeutic strategy for rheumatic disease. Although there is limited literature summarizing the progress of antibody-drug conjugates in the field of rheumatic disease, updating the advancements in this area provides novel insights into the development of novel antirheumatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Huang
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Jun Chen
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Yingying Wei
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Lingli Dong
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
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Coyne CP, Narayanan L. Carnosic Acid, Tangeretin, and Ginkgolide-B Anti-neoplastic Cytotoxicity in Dual Combination with Dexamethasone-[anti-EGFR] in Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (A549). Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:802-819. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666181204100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:Traditional chemotherapeutics of low-molecular weight diffuse passively across intact membrane structures of normal healthy cells found in tissues and organ systems in a non-specific unrestricted manner which largely accounts for the induction of most sequelae which restrict dosage, administration frequency, and duration of therapeutic intervention. Molecular strategies that offer enhanced levels of potency, greater efficacy and broader margins-of-safety include the discovery of alternative candidate therapeutics and development of methodologies capable of mediating properties of selective “targeted” delivery.Materials and Methods:The covalent immunopharmaceutical, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti- EGFR] was synthesized utilizing organic chemistry reactions that comprised a multi-stage synthesis regimen. Multiple forms of analysis were implemented to vadliate the successful synthesis (UV spectrophotometric absorbance), purity and molar-incorporation-index (UV spectrophotometric absorbance, chemical-based protein determination), absence of fragmentation/polymerization (SDS-PAGE/chemiluminescent autoradiography), retained selective binding-avidity of IgG-immunoglobulin (cell-ELISA); and selectively “targeted” antineoplastic cytotoxicity (biochemistry-based cell vitality/viability assay).Results:The botanicals carnosic acid, ginkgolide-B and tangeretin, each individually exerted maximum antineoplastic cytotoxicity levels of 58.1%, 5.3%, and 41.1% respectively against pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) populations. Dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR] formulated at corticosteroid/ glucocorticoid equivalent concentrations produced anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity at levels of 7.7% (10-9 M), 26.9% (10-8 M), 64.9% (10-7 M), 69.9% (10-6 M) and 73.0% (10-5 M). Ccarnosic acid, ginkgolide-B and tangeretin in simultaneous dual-combination with dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR] exerted maximum anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity levels of 70.5%, 58.6%, and 69.7% respectively.Discussion:Carnosic acid, ginkgolide-B and tangeretin botanicals exerted anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity against pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) which additively contributed to the anti-neoplastic cytotoxic potency of the covalent immunopharmaceutical, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR]. Carnosic acid and tangeretin were most potent in this regard both individually and in dual-combination with dexamethasone-(C21- phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR]. Advantages and attributes of carnosic acid and tangeretin as potential monotherapeutics are a wider margin-of-safety of conventional chemotherapeutics which would readily complement the selective “targeted” delivery properties of dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR] and possibly other covalent immunopharmaceuticals in addition to providing opportunities for the discovery of combination therapies that provide heightened levels of anti-neoplastic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody P. Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine at Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine at Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762, United States
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PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for targeted delivery of the mTOR/PI3kinase inhibitor dactolisib to inflamed endothelium. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:747-758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Analysis of Drug Effects on Primary Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells Activated by Serum Amyloid A. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8237209. [PMID: 29670468 PMCID: PMC5833471 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8237209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RA patients have a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases compared to the general population. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein, upregulated in sera of RA patients. Aim To determine the effects of medications on SAA-stimulated human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). Methods HCAEC were preincubated for 2 h with medications from sterile ampules (dexamethasone, methotrexate, certolizumab pegol, and etanercept), dissolved in medium (captopril) or DMSO (etoricoxib, rosiglitazone, meloxicam, fluvastatin, and diclofenac). Human recombinant apo-SAA was used to stimulate HCAEC at a final 1000 nM concentration for 24 hours. IL-6, IL-8, sVCAM-1, and PAI-1 were measured by ELISA. The number of viable cells was determined colorimetrically. Results SAA-stimulated levels of released IL-6, IL-8, and sVCAM-1 from HCAEC were significantly attenuated by methotrexate, fluvastatin, and etoricoxib. Both certolizumab pegol and etanercept significantly decreased PAI-1 by an average of 43%. Rosiglitazone significantly inhibited sVCAM-1 by 58%. Conclusion We observed marked influence of fluvastatin on lowering cytokine production in SAA-activated HCAEC. Methotrexate showed strong beneficial effects for lowering released Il-6, IL-8, and sVCAM-1. Interesting duality was observed for NSAIDs, with meloxicam exhibiting opposite-trend effects from diclofenac and etoricoxib. This represents unique insight into specific responsiveness of inflammatory-driven HCAEC relevant to atherosclerosis.
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Donker RB, Asgeirsdóttir SA, Gerbens F, van Pampus MG, Kallenberg CGM, te Meerman GJ, Aarnoudse JG, Molema G. Plasma Factors in Severe Early-Onset Preeclampsia Do Not Substantially Alter Endothelial Gene Expression In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:98-106. [PMID: 15695104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic endothelial dysfunction is a central feature in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Its cell biologic and molecular basis is poorly understood. One leading hypothesis argues that endothelial dysfunction is caused by (at present largely unknown) circulating factors released from the ischemic placenta. This study investigated the effects of plasma factors of severe, early-onset preeclamptic women versus healthy pregnant women on endothelial gene expression in vitro. METHODS Plasma samples were taken from eight severe early-onset preeclamptic women and eight matched pregnant control women. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and human glomerular microvascular endothelial cell (hGMEC) cultures were incubated with 20% (vol/vol) plasma for 4, 12, and 24 hours. Identical amounts of RNA isolated from HUVEC from three preeclamptic and three control samples were pooled for each time point, and subsequently hybridized on human 60-mer oligonucleotide microarrays containing 17,000 genes. Gene expression levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in HUVEC and hGMEC were quantified using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Microarray analyses of individual genes identified no genes that were up- or down-regulated more than 2.7-fold, and analyses of gene ontologies showed no gene ontology significantly up- or down-regulated in HUVEC by preeclamptic plasma. IL-8 gene expression was modestly induced by preeclamptic plasma after 4, 12, and 24 hours of HUVEC and hGMEC incubation, as identified by real-time RT-PCR. The other genes analyzed did not show altered regulation by preeclamptic plasma factors. CONCLUSIONS In vitro, plasma from preeclamptic patients does not substantially alter endothelial gene expression profile. Only modest induction of IL-8 gene expression was observed. These results indicate that mechanisms other than soluble plasma constituents are likely involved in systemic endothelial cell activation in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier B Donker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE) and Academic Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Coyne CP, Narayanan L. Dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]: molecular design, synthetic organic chemistry reactions, and antineoplastic cytotoxic potency against pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549). Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:2575-97. [PMID: 27574398 PMCID: PMC4990379 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corticosteroids are effective in the management of a variety of disease states, such as several forms of neoplasia (leukemia and lymphoma), autoimmune conditions, and severe inflammatory responses. Molecular strategies that selectively "target" delivery of corticosteroids minimize or prevents large amounts of the pharmaceutical moiety from passively diffusing into normal healthy cell populations residing within tissues and organ systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The covalent immunopharmaceutical, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was synthesized by reacting dexamethasone-21-monophosphate with a carbodiimide reagent to form a dexamethasone phosphate carbodiimide ester that was subsequently reacted with imidazole to create an amine-reactive dexamethasone-(C21-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate. Monoclonal anti-EGFR immunoglobulin was combined with the amine-reactive dexamethasone-(C21-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate, resulting in the synthesis of the covalent immunopharmaceutical, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]. Following spectrophotometric analysis and validation of retained epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 (EGFR)-binding avidity by cell-ELISA, the selective anti-neoplasic cytotoxic potency of dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was established by MTT-based vitality stain methodology using adherent monolayer populations of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) known to overexpress the tropic membrane receptors EGFR and insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1. RESULTS The dexamethasone:IgG molar-incorporation-index for dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was 6.95:1 following exhaustive serial microfiltration. Cytotoxicity analysis: covalent bonding of dexamethasone to monoclonal anti-EGFR immunoglobulin did not significantly modify the ex vivo antineoplastic cytotoxicity of dexamethasone against pulmonary adenocarcinoma at and between the standardized dexamethasone equivalent concentrations of 10(-9) M and 10(-5) M. Rapid increases in antineoplastic cytotoxicity were observed at and between the dexamethasone equivalent concentrations of 10(-9) M and 10(-7) M where cancer cell death increased from 7.7% to a maximum of 64.9% (92.3%-35.1% residual survival), respectively, which closely paralleled values for "free" noncovalently bound dexamethasone. DISCUSSION Organic chemistry reaction regimens were optimized to develop a multiphase synthesis regimen for dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]. Attributes of dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] include a high dexamethasone molar incorporation-index, lack of extraneous chemical group introduction, retained EGFR-binding avidity ("targeted" delivery properties), and potential to enhance long-term pharmaceutical moiety effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
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Kern JC, Cancilla M, Dooney D, Kwasnjuk K, Zhang R, Beaumont M, Figueroa I, Hsieh S, Liang L, Tomazela D, Zhang J, Brandish PE, Palmieri A, Stivers P, Cheng M, Feng G, Geda P, Shah S, Beck A, Bresson D, Firdos J, Gately D, Knudsen N, Manibusan A, Schultz PG, Sun Y, Garbaccio RM. Discovery of Pyrophosphate Diesters as Tunable, Soluble, and Bioorthogonal Linkers for Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1430-45. [PMID: 26745435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As part of an effort to examine the utility of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) beyond oncology indications, a novel pyrophosphate ester linker was discovered to enable the targeted delivery of glucocorticoids. As small molecules, these highly soluble phosphate ester drug linkers were found to have ideal orthogonal properties: robust plasma stability coupled with rapid release of payload in a lysosomal environment. Building upon these findings, site-specific ADCs were made between this drug linker combination and an antibody against human CD70, a receptor specifically expressed in immune cells but also found aberrantly expressed in multiple human carcinomas. Full characterization of these ADCs enabled procession to in vitro proof of concept, wherein ADCs 1-22 and 1-37 were demonstrated to afford potent, targeted delivery of glucocorticoids to a representative cell line, as measured by changes in glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene mRNA levels. These activities were found to be antibody-, linker-, and payload-dependent. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the notion that lysosomal trafficking and enzymatic linker cleavage are required for activity and that the utility for the pyrophosphate linker may be general for internalizing ADCs as well as other targeted delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maribel Beaumont
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Isabel Figueroa
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - SuChun Hsieh
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Linda Liang
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Daniela Tomazela
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Jeffrey Zhang
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Beck
- Ambrx , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Juhi Firdos
- Ambrx , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Nick Knudsen
- Ambrx , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | | | - Ying Sun
- Ambrx , San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Coyne CP, Narayanan L. Fludarabine- (C 2- methylhydroxyphosphoramide)- [anti-IGF-1R]: Synthesis and Selectively "Targeted"Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity against Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (A549). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4. [PMID: 26613088 DOI: 10.4172/2325-9604.1000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many if not most conventional small molecular weight chemotherapeutics are highly potent against many forms of neoplastic disease. Unfortunately, majority of an administered dose unintentionally diffuses passively into normal tissues and healthy organ systems following intravenous administration. One strategy for both increasing potency and reducing dose-limited sequela is the selective "targeted" delivery of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fludarabine-(C2- methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R] was synthesized by initially reacting fludarabine with a carbodiimide to form a fludarabine carbodiimide phosphate ester intermediate that was subsequently reacted with imidazole to create an amine-reactive fludarabine- (C2-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate. Monoclonal anti-IGF-1R immunoglobulin was combined with the amine-reactive fludarabine- (C2-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate resulting in the synthesis of covalent fludarabine-(C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)- [anti-IGF-1R] immunochemotherapeutic. Residual fludarabine and un-reacted reagents were removed by serial microfiltration (MWCO 10,000) and monitored by analytical-scale HP-TLC. Retained IGF-1R binding-avidity of fludarabine-(C2- methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R] was established by cell-ELISA using pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell (A549) which over-expresses IGF-1R and EGFR. Anti-neoplastic cytotoxic potency of fludarabine-(C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti- IGF-1R] was determined against pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) using an MTT-based vitality stain methodology. RESULTS The fludarabine molar-incorporation-index for fludarabine- (C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-R1] was 3.67:1 while non-covalently bound fludarabine was not detected by analytical scale HP-TLC following serial micro-filtration. Size-separation fludarabine-(C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti- IGF-1R] by SDS-PAGE with chemo luminescent autoradiography detected only a single 150-kDa band. Cell-ELISA of fludarabine- (C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R] measuring total immunoglobulin bound to exterior surface membranes of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) increased with elevations in immunoglobulin-equivalent concentrations of the covalent fludarabine immunochemotherapeutic. Between the fludarabine-equivalent concentrations of 10-10 M and 10-5 M both fludarabine-(C2- methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R] and fludarabine had ex-vivo anti-neoplastic cytotoxic potency levels that increased rapidly between the fludarabine-equivalent concentrations of 10-6 M and 10-5 M where cancer cell death percentages increased from 24.4% to a maximum of 94.7% respectively. CONCLUSION The molecular design and organic chemistry reaction schemes were developed for synthesizing fludarabine-(C2- methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R] which possessed both properties of selective "targeted" delivery and anti-neoplastic cytotoxic potency equivalent to fludarabine chemotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Hua S. Targeting sites of inflammation: intercellular adhesion molecule-1 as a target for novel inflammatory therapies. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:127. [PMID: 24109453 PMCID: PMC3790104 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to sites of inflammation will provide effective, precise, and safe therapeutic interventions for treatment of diverse disease conditions, by limiting toxic side effects and/or increasing drug action. Disease-site targeting is believed to play a major role in the enhanced efficacy observed for a variety of drugs when formulated inside lipid vesicles. This article will focus on the factors and mechanisms involved in drug targeting to sites of inflammation and the importance of cell adhesion molecules, in particular intercellular adhesion molecule-1, in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan New South Wales, Australia
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Kułdo J, Ásgeirsdóttir S, Zwiers P, Bellu A, Rots M, Schalk J, Ogawara K, Trautwein C, Banas B, Haisma H, Molema G, Kamps J. Targeted adenovirus mediated inhibition of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2013; 166:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bachtarzi H, Stevenson M, Subr V, Seymour LW, Fisher KD. E-selectin is a viable route of infection for polymer-coated adenovirus retargeting in TNF-α-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Drug Target 2011; 19:690-700. [PMID: 21309681 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2010.547585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-selectin is an attractive endothelial cell surface marker in inflammation and cancer. PURPOSE We sought to investigate retargeting of adenovirus via E-selectin as a viable pathway of infection in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS E1, E3-deleted Ad5 expressing cytomegalovirus immediate-early (CMV IE) promoter-driven luciferase (Adluc) was coated with an amino-reactive multivalent hydrophilic polymer based on poly [N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] to generate pHPMA-adenovirus (pcAdluc). This was then retargeted by covalent attachment of a mouse antihuman E-selectin monoclonal antibody (MHES mAb), purified from the H18/7 hybridoma cell line (MHESpcAdluc). RESULTS MHESpcAdluc was efficiently taken up into HUVECs, generating a high level of transduction in TNF-α-treated E-selectin positive cells but not in untreated receptor-negative cells. Specific retargeting of MHESpcAdluc was demonstrated through reduced transduction of stimulated HUVEC when incubated in the presence of free E-selectin antibodies. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results suggest that E-selectin could be a valuable target for gene transfer strategies internalizing polymer-coated modified adenovirus particles through a viable receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway, generating adequate levels of transgene expression per virus genome copy without compromising the specific activity of the parental virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Bachtarzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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Ásgeirsdóttir SA, Talman EG, de Graaf IA, Kamps JA, Satchell SC, Mathieson PW, Ruiters MH, Molema G. Targeted transfection increases siRNA uptake and gene silencing of primary endothelial cells in vitro — A quantitative study. J Control Release 2010; 141:241-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Simone E, Ding BS, Muzykantov V. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to endothelium. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:283-300. [PMID: 18815813 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is a target for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in a plethora of human disease conditions including ischemia, inflammation, edema, oxidative stress, thrombosis and hemorrhage, and metabolic and oncological diseases. Unfortunately, drugs have no affinity to the endothelium, thereby limiting the localization, timing, specificity, safety, and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Molecular determinants on the surface of resting and pathologically altered endothelial cells, including cell adhesion molecules, peptidases, and receptors involved in endocytosis, can be used for drug delivery to the endothelial surface and into intracellular compartments. Drug delivery platforms such as protein conjugates, recombinant fusion constructs, targeted liposomes, and stealth polymer carriers have been designed to target drugs and imaging agents to these determinants. We review endothelial target determinants and drug delivery systems, describe parameters that control the binding of drug carriers to the endothelium, and provide examples of the endothelial targeting of therapeutic enzymes designed for the treatment of acute vascular disorders including ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Simone
- Department of Bioengineering, Program in Targeted Therapeutics of Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ji JY, Jing H, Diamond SL. Hemodynamic regulation of inflammation at the endothelial-neutrophil interface. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:586-95. [PMID: 18299991 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arterial shear stress can regulate endothelial phenotype. The potential for anti-inflammatory effects of shear stress on TNFalpha-activated endothelium was tested in assays of cytokine expression and neutrophil adhesion. In cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), arterial shear stress of 10 dyne/cm(2) blocked by >80% the induction by 5 ng/mL TNFalpha of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 secretion (50 and 90% reduction, respectively, in the presence of nitric oxide synthase antagonism with 200 microM nitro-L-arginine methylester, L-NAME). Exposure of TNFalpha-stimulated HAEC to arterial shear stress for 5 h also reduced by 60% (p < 0.001) the conversion of neutrophil rolling to firm arrest in a venous flow assay conducted at 1 dyne/cm(2). Also, neutrophil rolling lengths at 1 dyne/cm(2) were longer when TNFalpha-stimulated HAEC were presheared for 5 h at arterial stresses. In experiments with a synthetic promoter that provides luciferase induction to detect cis interactions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and NFkappaB, shear stress caused a marked 40-fold induction of luciferase in TNFalpha-treated cells, suggesting a role for GR pathways in the anti-inflammatory actions of fluid shear stress. Hemodynamic force exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cytokine-activated endothelium by attenuation of cytokine expression and neutrophil firm arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Ji
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratory, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Upregulation of ICAM-1 expression in bronchial epithelial cells by airway secretions in bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2007; 102:287-98. [PMID: 17931847 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium participates in chronic airway inflammation by expressing adhesion molecules that mediate the transmigration of neutrophils into the inflamed airways. We hypothesize that, in patients with bronchiectasis, cytokines in their bronchial secretions enhance the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) in the bronchial epithelium and thus contribute to sustained recruitment of neutrophils into the inflamed airways. In the present study, we investigated the effect of bronchial secretions on the regulation of ICAM-1 in bronchial epithelial cells, and its modulation by pharmacologic agents. The expression of ICAM-1 mRNA and protein in human bronchial epithelial cells upon exposure to sputum sol from subjects with bronchiectasis were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and ELISA, respectively. Modulating effects of dexamethasone, ibuprofen, MK-663 or triptolide on ICAM-1 regulation were investigated in vitro. We demonstrated that changes in ICAM-1 expression correlated with levels of TNF-alpha in the sputum sol, and treatment of sol samples with TNF-alpha antibodies attenuated both the increase in ICAM-1 mRNA and protein. The role of TNF-alpha was further demonstrated when TNF-alpha elicited dose dependent increase in ICAM-1 expression. The sputum effect could also be suppressed dose-dependently by pre-incubation of bronchial epithelial cells with dexamethasone, ibuprofen, MK-663 or triptolide. Evidence is thus provided for the upregulation of bronchial epithelial ICAM-1 expression by airway secretions in bronchiectasis and a specific role for TNF-alpha in the secretions. The success of drug attenuation of this upregulation provides insight into possible therapeutic paradigms in the management of the disease.
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Asgeirsdóttir SA, Kamps JAAM, Bakker HI, Zwiers PJ, Heeringa P, van der Weide K, van Goor H, Petersen AH, Morselt H, Moorlag HE, Steenbergen E, Kallenberg CG, Molema G. Site-specific inhibition of glomerulonephritis progression by targeted delivery of dexamethasone to glomerular endothelium. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:121-31. [PMID: 17452496 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.034140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis represents a group of renal diseases with glomerular inflammation as a common pathologic finding. Because of the underlying immunologic character of these disorders, they are frequently treated with glucocorticoids and cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents. Although effective, use of these compounds has limitations as a result of toxicity and systemic side effects. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that targeted delivery of dexamethasone (dexa) by immunoliposomes to activated glomerular endothelium decreases renal injury but prevents its systemic side effects. E-selectin was chosen as a target molecule based on its disease-specific expression on activated glomerular endothelium in a mouse anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Site-selective delivery of Ab(Esel) liposome-encapsulated dexamethasone strongly reduced glomerular proinflammatory gene expression without affecting blood glucose levels, a severe side effect of administration of free dexamethasone. Dexa-Ab(Esel) liposomes reduced renal injury as shown by a reduction of blood urea nitrogen levels, decreased glomerular crescent formation, and down-regulation of disease-associated genes. Immunoliposomal drug delivery to glomerular endothelium presents a powerful new strategy for treatment of glomerulonephritis to sustain efficacy and prevent side effects of potent anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur A Asgeirsdóttir
- Medical Biology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Koning GA, Schiffelers RM, Wauben MHM, Kok RJ, Mastrobattista E, Molema G, ten Hagen TLM, Storm G. Targeting of angiogenic endothelial cells at sites of inflammation by dexamethasone phosphate-containing RGD peptide liposomes inhibits experimental arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:1198-208. [PMID: 16575845 DOI: 10.1002/art.21719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether RGD peptide-exposing long circulating polyethylene glycol (PEG) liposomes (RGD-PEG-L) targeted to alphavbeta3 integrins expressed on angiogenic vascular endothelial cells (VECs) are able to bind VECs at sites of inflammation and whether such liposomes containing dexamethasone phosphate (DEXP) can be used as carriers to interfere with the development of experimental arthritis. METHODS Binding and internalization of RGD-PEG-L were studied by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and confocal microscopy using fluorescently labeled liposomes. Radiolabeled liposomes were used to test in vivo pharmacokinetics and inflammation site targeting in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats. In vivo inflammation targeting was visualized by intravital microscopy using fluorescently labeled RGD-PEG-L. Therapeutic efficacy of DEXP-encapsulating RGD-PEG-L compared with nontargeted liposomes was evaluated in rats with AIA. RESULTS RGD-PEG-L bound to and were taken up by proliferating human VECs in vitro. In vivo, increased targeting of radiolabeled RGD-PEG-L to areas of LPS-induced inflammation in rats was observed. Specific association with the blood vessel wall at the site of inflammation was confirmed by intravital microscopy. One single intravenous injection of DEXP encapsulated in RGD-PEG-L resulted in a strong and long-lasting antiarthritic effect in rat AIA. CONCLUSION RGD-targeted PEG liposomes represent an endothelial cell-specific drug delivery system that targets VECs at sites of inflammation. Use of these liposomes to deliver DEXP to VECs at arthritis-affected sites proved efficacious in rat adjuvant arthritis. These data indicate that VECs have an essential role in the inflammation process and suggest the possibility of using VEC targeting for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory processes such as arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben A Koning
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sakhalkar HS, Hanes J, Fu J, Benavides U, Malgor R, Borruso CL, Kohn LD, Kurjiaka DT, Goetz DJ. Enhanced adhesion of ligand‐conjugated biodegradable particles to colitic venules. FASEB J 2005; 19:792-4. [PMID: 15764649 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2668fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of certain endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ECAMs) is increased in the vasculature of the inflamed bowel (e.g., colitis), thereby providing an opportunity for targeted drug delivery. We recently demonstrated that biodegradable particles conjugated with ligands to ECAMs exhibit significant selective adhesion to ECAM expressing endothelium. In the present study, we used a murine model of colitis to determine whether poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) particles conjugated with a VCAM-1 ligand (alpha-V) exhibit enhanced adhesion to colitic vasculature. In post-capillary venules of the colon, significantly more alpha-V particles accumulate in colitic mice relative to (i) control mice (i.e., selectivity) and (ii) particles bearing a control ligand (i.e., ligand efficiency). The selectivity and ligand efficiency of alpha-V particles were a function of the total number of particles infused. The highest selectivity observed within our test regime was 3, while ligand efficiency increased linearly with the number of particles injected to a value of 24. This work represents a significant step towards achieving a targeted drug delivery scheme for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and indicates that the efficiency of targeting is dependent on the dose regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad S Sakhalkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Abstract
In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Ogawara KI, Rots MG, Kok RJ, Moorlag HE, Van Loenen AM, Meijer DKF, Haisma HJ, Molema G. A novel strategy to modify adenovirus tropism and enhance transgene delivery to activated vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:433-43. [PMID: 15144574 DOI: 10.1089/10430340460745766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the possibilities of retargeting adenovirus to activated endothelial cells, we conjugated bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto the adenoviral capsid to inhibit the interaction between viral knob and coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR). Subsequently, we introduced an alphav integrin-specific RGD peptide or E-selectin-specific antibody to the other functional group of the PEG molecule for the retargeting of the adenovirus to activated endothelial cells. In vitro studies showed that this approach resulted in the elimination of transgene transfer into CAR-positive cells, while at the same time specific transgene transfer to activated endothelial cells was achieved. PEGylated, retargeted adenovirus showed longer persistence in the blood circulation with area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values increasing 12-fold compared to unmodified virus. Anti-E-selectin antibody-PEG-adenovirus selectively homed to inflamed skin in mice with a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) inflammation, resulting in local expression of the reporter transgene luciferase. This is the first study showing the benefits of PEGylation on adenovirus behavior upon systemic administration. The approach described here can form the basis for further development of adenoviral gene therapy vectors with improved pharmacokinetics and increased efficiency and specificity of therapeutic gene transfer into endothelial cells in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Ogawara
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lutters BCH, Leeuwenburgh MA, Appeldoorn CCM, Molenaar TJM, Van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL. Blocking endothelial adhesion molecules: a potential therapeutic strategy to combat atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15:545-52. [PMID: 15361790 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200410000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides a concise update of the involvement of endothelial adhesion molecules in atherogenesis, an overview of current advances in the development of adhesion molecule blocking agents, as well as an insight into the potential of these molecules in cardiovascular therapy. RECENT FINDINGS As endothelial adhesion molecules are deemed to play an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions, they are interesting targets for therapeutic intervention in this process. In particular, P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 are widely considered to hold promise in this regard. Current research efforts centre on the design of agents that directly block the interaction of the receptor with its ligand (e.g. soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1, blocking antibodies, EWVD-based peptides) or that interfere with their synthesis (e.g. antisense oligonucleotides) or their regulatory control by nuclear factor kappa B or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Furthermore, adhesion molecules have been exploited as a target for the specific delivery of drug carriers (e.g. biodegradable particles with entrapped dexamethasone) or therapeutic compounds (e.g. dexamethasone) to the plaque. All approaches have been shown to be effective in blocking adhesion molecule function in in-vitro studies and in-vivo models for inflammation or atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Although the field has achieved considerable progress in recent years, leading to the development of a number of interesting leads, final proof of their efficacy in cardiovascular therapy is eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C H Lutters
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ehrhardt C, Kneuer C, Bakowsky U. Selectins-an emerging target for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:527-49. [PMID: 14969757 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Selectins are multifunctional adhesion molecules that mediate the initial interactions between circulating leukocytes and cells of the endothelium. First identified over a decade ago, selectins have provided insight into areas as diverse as normal lymphocyte homing, leukocyte recruitment during inflammatory responses, carbohydrate ligand biosynthesis and adhesion-mediated signalling. Of late, selectins were introduced as targets for drug delivery in the development of new anti-inflammatory therapeutics and in anti-cancer therapy. This review will examine the selectins and their ligands with a focus on recent findings on their role in physiology and pathophysiology as well as the emerging role of selectins as targets in controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Ehrhardt
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Building 8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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