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Kaur M, Bedi O, Sachdeva S, Reddy BVKK, Kumar P. Rodent animal models: from mild to advanced stages of diabetic nephropathy. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:279-93. [PMID: 25149089 PMCID: PMC7101706 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a secondary complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, resulting from uncontrolled high blood sugar. 30-40% of diabetic patients develop DN associated with a poor life expectancy and end-stage renal disease, causing serious socioeconomic problems. Although an exact pathogenesis of DN is still unknown, several factors such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and proteinuria may contribute to the progression of renal damage in diabetic nephropathy. DN is confirmed by measuring blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and proteinuria. Clinical studies show that intensive control of hyperglycemia and blood pressure could successfully reduce proteinuria, which is the main sign of glomerular lesions in DN, and improve the renal prognosis in patients with DN. Diabetic rodent models have traditionally been used for doing research on pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies, but have limitations for translational research. Diabetes in animal models such as rodents are induced either spontaneously or by using chemical, surgical, genetic, or other techniques and depicts many clinical features or related phenotypes of the disease. This review discusses the merits and demerits of the models, which are used for many reasons in the research of diabetes and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
| | - Onkar Bedi
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
| | - Shilpi Sachdeva
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
| | - B. V. K. Krishna Reddy
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001 Punjab India
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Bloch K, Bloch O, Tarasenko I, Lazard D, Rapoport M, Vardi P. A strategy for the engineering of insulin producing cells with a broad spectrum of defense properties. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1816-25. [PMID: 21144579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are known to be extremely susceptible to the oxidative stress and hypoxia generated following islet transplantation in diabetic patients. We hereby present a novel in vivo selection strategy based on the isolation of insulin-producing cells with enhanced protection after repeated rounds of encapsulation and xenotransplantation. Rat insulinoma INS-1 cells were encapsulated in alginate macrobeads and transplanted in the peritoneal cavity of mice. After 2 days the beads were retrieved and cells were recovered from alginate and propagated in vitro until submitted to a second round of encapsulation and transplantation. Three days later, the surviving cells, named INS-1m2, were isolated from the alginate beads and their protection and functional activity examined. Compared to parental INS-1 cells, the selected INS-1m2 cells were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, alloxan and hypoxia. This enhanced protection of the selected cells correlated with the increased level of catalase and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase expression. Although selected cells expressed more insulin than parental cells, no change in their insulin response to glucose was observed. We conclude that the in vivo selection strategy is a powerful tool for the engineering of insulin producing cells with a broad spectrum of defense properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Bloch
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel.
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Iterative exposure of clonal BRIN-BD11 cells to ninhydrin enables selection of robust toxin-resistant cells but with decreased gene expression of insulin secretory function. Pancreas 2008; 36:294-301. [PMID: 18362844 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181530b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prevention of pancreatic beta-cell destruction combined with preservation of insulin secretory function is an important goal for cell-based diabetes therapy. This study describes the generation and characteristics of toxin-resistant beta-cells. METHODS By using iterative exposures to ninhydrin, a new class of robust ninhydrin-tolerant insulin-secreting BRIN-BD11 ninhydrin-tolerant (BRINnt) cells was generated. Low- and high-passage BRINnt cells were used to evaluate beta-cell function and tolerance against toxins in comparison with native BRIN-BD11 cells. Differences in viability, gene expression, insulin secretory function, antioxidant enzyme activity, DNA damage, and DNA repair efficiency were compared. RESULTS BRIN-BD11 ninhydrin-tolerant cells exhibited resistance toward ninhydrin and hydrogen peroxide but not streptozotocin (STZ). Both total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzyme activities of BRINnt cells were significantly enhanced, and ninhydrin-induced DNA damage was decreased. BRIN-BD11 ninhydrin-tolerant cells also exhibited enhanced DNA repair efficiency. However, this was accompanied by loss of secretagogue-induced insulin release, decreased cellular insulin content, and deficits in insulin and glucose transporter 2 gene expression. Prolonged culture of BRINnt cells in the absence of ninhydrin reversed the degenerated function of BRINnt cells but restored ninhydrin susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate dissociation between beta-cell toxin resistance and secretory function, indicating difficulties in generation of robust and well-functioning cells using this approach.
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Lozinsky VI, Damshkaln LG, Bloch KO, Vardi P, Grinberg NV, Burova TV, Grinberg VY. Cryostructuring of polymer systems. XXIX. Preparation and characterization of supermacroporous (spongy) agarose-based cryogels used as three-dimensional scaffolds for culturing insulin-producing cell aggregates. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu HK, McCluskey JT, McClenghan NH, Flatt PR. Streptozotocin-resistant BRIN-BD11 cells possess wide spectrum of toxin tolerance and enhanced insulin-secretory capacity. Endocrine 2007; 32:20-9. [PMID: 17992598 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-007-9000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since streptozotocin (STZ) exhibits beta-cell toxicity, mediated through diverse mechanisms, multiple toxin resistance can be expected in insulin-secretory cells rendered STZ-resistant. RINm5F, but not all cell lines surviving STZ treatment, possess higher insulin content than native parental cells and additional tolerance against alloxan. To understand the impact of STZ tolerant cell selection on toxin resistance and insulin-secretory function, STZ-resistant BRIN-BD11 cells were generated by iterative acute exposure to 20 mM STZ. These cells, denoted BRINst cells, exhibited resistance to toxic challenges from STZ, H(2)O(2), and ninhydrin. Insulin content and both glucose and arginine-stimulated insulin secretion were significantly enhanced in BRINst cells. The toxin-resistance of BRINst cells was gradually lost during continuous cultivation without STZ challenge. However, enhanced insulin secretory capacity at high passage in BRINst cells persisted. Although total SOD activity was decreased, catalase activity was increased and appeared to be important for the ninhydrin and STZ resistance of BRINst cells. This was associated with reductions of both STZ- and ninhydrin-induced DNA damage, although DNA repair was abolished. Further characterization of cells exhibiting multiple toxin tolerance and an enhanced insulin secretory function could provide useful lessons for understanding of beta-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Kang Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Bloch K, Shichman E, Vorobeychik M, Bloch D, Vardi P. Catalase expression in pancreatic alpha cells of diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 127:227-32. [PMID: 17102991 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet beta cells are very sensitive to oxidative stress, probably due to the extremely low level of anti-oxidant enzymes, particularly catalase. In contrast to beta cells, pancreatic alpha cells are significantly more resistant to diabetogenic toxins. However, whether alpha cells express a different level of catalase is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate catalase expression in alpha cells of diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin. After 3 weeks of persistent hyperglycemia, pancreatic tissues were collected. Catalase localization in alpha cells was identified by a dual-immunofluorescence staining with anti-glucagon and anti-catalase antibodies. In intact mice, intensive catalase and glucagon immunostaining was found in the peripheral area of islets. Merged images of glucagon and catalase show their localization in the same cell type, namely, alpha cells. Confocal microscopy indicated that the glucagon and catalase staining was distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Similar co-expression of catalase and glucagon was found in the alpha cells of diabetic animals. The results of this study show the intensive catalase expression in alpha cells of diabetic and non-diabetic mice. This knowledge may be useful to better understand the defense mechanisms of pancreatic alpha cells against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Bloch
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, 49100, Israel.
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Góth L, Tóth Z, Tarnai I, Bérces M, Török P, Bigler WN. Blood catalase activity in gestational diabetes is decreased but not associated with pregnancy complications. Clin Chem 2006; 51:2401-4. [PMID: 16306111 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.055517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Góth
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Pathology, and Clinical Analytical Chemistry, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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Góth L, Vitai M, Rass P, Sükei E, Páy A. Detection of a novel familial catalase mutation (Hungarian type D) and the possible risk of inherited catalase deficiency for diabetes mellitus. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1646-9. [PMID: 15800961 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme catalase is the main regulator of hydrogen peroxide metabolism. Recent findings suggest that a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide may act as a messenger in some signalling pathways whereas high concentrations are toxic for many cells and cell components. Acatalasemia is a genetically heterogeneous condition with a worldwide distribution. Yet only two Japanese and three Hungarian syndrome-causing mutations have been reported. A large-scale (23 130 subjects) catalase screening program in Hungary yielded 12 hypocatalasemic families. The V family with four hypocatalasemics (60.6 +/- 7.6 MU/L) and six normocatalasemic (103.6 +/- 23.5 MU/L) members was examined to define the mutation causing the syndrome. Mutation screening yielded four novel polymorphisms. Of these, three intron sequence variations, namely G-->A at the nucleotide 60 position in intron 1, T-->A at position 11 in intron 2, and G-->T at position 31 in intron 12, are unlikely to be responsible for the decreased blood catalase activity. However, the novel G-->A mutation in exon 9 changes the essential amino acid Arg 354 to Cys 354 and may indeed be responsible for the decreased catalase activity. This inherited catalase deficiency, by inducing an increased hydrogen peroxide steady-state concentration in vivo, may be involved in the early manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus for the 35-year old proband.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Góth
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Pathology, and Clinical Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Abstract
Enzyme catalase seems to be the main regulator of hydrogen peroxide metabolism. Hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations is a toxic agent, while at low concentrations it appears to modulate some physiological processes such as signaling in cell proliferation, apoptosis, carbohydrate metabolism, and platelet activation. Benign catalase gene mutations of 5' noncoding region (15) and intron 1 (4) have no effect on catalase activity and are not associated with disease. Catalase gene mutations have been detected in association with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and vitiligo. Decreases in catalase activity in patients with tumors is more likely to be due to decreased enzyme synthesis rather than to catalase mutations.Acatalasemia, the inherited deficiency of catalase has been detected in 11 countries. Its clinical features might be oral gangrene, altered lipid, carbohydrate, homocysteine metabolism and the increased risk of diabetes mellitus. The Japanese, Swiss, and Hungarian types of acatalasemia display differences in biochemical and genetic aspects. However, there are only limited reports on the syndrome causing these mutations. These data show that acatalasemia may be a syndrome with clinical, biochemical, genetic characteristics rather than just a simple enzyme deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Góth
- Department of Clinical Analytical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Bloch K, Vardi P. Toxin-based selection of insulin-producing cells with improved defense properties for islet cell transplantation. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21:253-61. [PMID: 15747390 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells are known to be extremely susceptible to destruction, primarily by autoimmune mechanisms, infectious agents, and by chemical toxins that cause overt type I diabetes. As development of highly protected insulin-producing cells would be important for successful cell therapy of diabetic patients, gene transfection technique was utilized by several investigators in order to improve the defense properties of transplanted cells. In this article, we summarize other approaches based on a selection strategy that has been developed in our laboratory and by other research groups that engineer pancreatic beta-cells to provide protection against diabetogenic toxins (streptozotocin and alloxan), oxidative stress and cytokines. Selection strategies based on acute repeated or long-term continuous treatment of cell lines with cytotoxic agents have resulted in the selection of highly resistant cell subpopulations. We discuss possible involvement of different expression of cytoprotective genes in the selection of cell subpopulations, which demonstrate a broad spectrum of resistance. Importantly, toxin-based selection did not impair functional activity of the cells as it was shown in vitro. In addition, selected cells preserved their improved metabolic characteristics following encapsulation in alginate and subsequent implantation in diabetic animals. Identifying the mechanisms through which cell defense properties act will help clarify the process responsible for beta-cell regeneration in type I diabetes patients. Such knowledge might be useful in developing strategies focusing on the regeneration of beta-cell resistant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Bloch
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel.
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