1
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Burnouf PA, Leu YL, Su YC, Wu K, Lin WC, Roffler SR. Reversible glycosidic switch for secure delivery of molecular nanocargos. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1843. [PMID: 29748577 PMCID: PMC5945669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drugs can leak from nanocarriers before reaching their cellular targets. Here we describe the concept of a chemical switch which responds to environmental conditions to alternate between a lipid-soluble state for efficient cargo loading and a water-soluble state for stable retention of cargos inside liposomes. A cue-responsive trigger allows release of the molecular cargo at specific cellular sites. We demonstrate the utility of a specific glycosidic switch for encapsulation of potent anticancer drugs and fluorescent compounds. Stable retention of drugs in liposomes allowed generation of high tumor/blood ratios of parental drug in tumors after enzymatic hydrolysis of the glycosidic switch in the lysosomes of cancer cells. Glycosidic switch liposomes could cure mice bearing human breast cancer tumors without significant weight loss. The chemical switch represents a general method to load and retain cargos inside liposomes, thereby offering new perspectives in engineering safe and effective liposomes for therapy and imaging. Retention of drugs loaded into liposomes is a major challenge to effective targeted drug delivery. Here, the authors report on the modification of drugs with a glycosidic pH sensitive switch to improve encapsulation and retention of drugs and demonstrate application in an in vivo cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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2
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Redko B, Tuchinsky H, Segal T, Tobi D, Luboshits G, Ashur-Fabian O, Pinhasov A, Gerlitz G, Gellerman G. Toward the development of a novel non-RGD cyclic peptide drug conjugate for treatment of human metastatic melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:757-768. [PMID: 27768593 PMCID: PMC5352194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly discovered short (9 amino acid) non-RGD S-S bridged cyclic peptide ALOS-4 (H-cycl(Cys-Ser-Ser-Ala-Gly-Ser-Leu-Phe-Cys)-OH), which binds to integrin αvβ3 is investigated as peptide carrier for targeted drug delivery against human metastatic melanoma. ALOS4 binds specifically the αvβ3 overexpressing human metastatic melanoma WM-266-4 cell line both in vitro and in ex vivo assays. Coupling ALOS4 to the topoisomerase I inhibitor Camptothecin (ALOS4-CPT) increases the cytotoxicity of CPT against human metastatic melanoma cells while reduces dramatically the cytotoxicity against non-cancerous cells as measured by the levels of γH2A.X, active caspase 3 and cell viability. Moreover, conjugating ALOS4 to CPT even increases the chemo-stability of CPT under physiological pH. Bioinformatic analysis using Rosetta platform revealed potential docking sites of ALOS4 on the αvβ3 integrin which are distinct from the RGD binding sites. We propose to use this specific non-RGD cyclic peptide as the therapeutic carrier for conjugation of drugs in order to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity of currently available treatments of human malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Redko
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Helena Tuchinsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tamar Segal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Dror Tobi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Department of Computer Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Galia Luboshits
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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3
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Hamada Y. Recent progress in prodrug design strategies based on generally applicable modifications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1627-1632. [PMID: 28285913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of prodrugs has progressed with the aim of improving drug bioavailability by overcoming various barriers that reduce drug benefits in clinical use, such as stability, duration, water solubility, side effect profile, and taste. Many conventional drugs act as the precursors of an active agent in vivo; for example, the anti-HIV agent azidothymidine (AZT) is converted into its corresponding active triphosphate ester in the body, meaning that AZT is a prodrug in the broadest sense. However prodrug design is generally difficult owing to the lack of general versatility. Thus, these prodrugs, broadly defined, are often discovered by chance or trial-and-error. Recently, many prodrugs that could release the corresponding parent drugs with or without enzymatic action under physiological conditions have been reported. These prodrugs can be easily designed and synthesized because of their generally applicable modifications. This digest paper provides an overview of recent development in prodrug strategies for drugs with a carboxylic acid or hydroxyl/amino group on the basis of a generally applicable modification strategy, such as esterification, amidation, or benzylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo, Kobe 650-0043, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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4
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Prijovich ZM, Burnouf PA, Chou HC, Huang PT, Chen KC, Cheng TL, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Synthesis and Antitumor Properties of BQC-Glucuronide, a Camptothecin Prodrug for Selective Tumor Activation. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1242-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Taiwan
International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ping-Ting Huang
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty
of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Chia Nan University, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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5
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Accurate analysis of ginkgolides and their hydrolyzed metabolites by analytical supercritical fluid chromatography hybrid tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:251-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Prijovich ZM, Burnouf PA, Roffler SR. Versatile online SPE-HPLC method for the analysis of Irinotecan and its clinically relevant metabolites in biomaterials. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:360-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko M. Prijovich
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Patras; Rio Greece
| | | | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
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7
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Samor C, Guerrini A, Varchi G, Beretta GL, Fontana G, Bombardelli E, Carenini N, Zunino F, Bertucci C, Fiori J, Battaglia A. The Role of Polyamine Architecture on the Pharmacological Activity of Open Lactone Camptothecin−Polyamine Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:2270-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800033r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Samor
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Beretta
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Fontana
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ezio Bombardelli
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nives Carenini
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Zunino
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Bertucci
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arturo Battaglia
- Istituto CNR per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività “I.S.O.F.”, Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy, Indena SPA, viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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8
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Tang Y, Czuczman PR, Chung ST, Lewis AL. Preservation of the active lactone form of irinotecan using drug eluting beads for the treatment of colorectal cancer metastases. J Control Release 2008; 127:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Leu YL, Chen CS, Wu YJ, Chern JW. Benzyl Ether-Linked Glucuronide Derivative of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin Designed for Selective Camptothecin-Based Anticancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1740-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Leu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Wang Chern
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, and School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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10
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Synthesis and Stability in Biological Media of 1H-Imidazole-1-carboxylates of ROS203, an Antagonist of the Histamine H3 Receptor. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:140-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Stella VJ, Nti-Addae KW. Prodrug strategies to overcome poor water solubility. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:677-94. [PMID: 17628203 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug design in recent years has attempted to explore new chemical spaces resulting in more complex, larger molecular weight molecules, often with limited water solubility. To deliver molecules with these properties, pharmaceutical scientists have explored many different techniques. An older but time-tested strategy is the design of bioreversible, more water-soluble derivatives of the problematic molecule, or prodrugs. This review explores the use of prodrugs to effect improved oral and parenteral delivery of poorly water-soluble problematic drugs, using both marketed as well as investigational prodrugs as examples. Prodrug interventions should be considered early in the drug discovery paradigm rather than as a technique of last resort. Their importance is supported by the increasing percentage of approved new drug entities that are, in fact, prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino J Stella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA.
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12
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Prijovich ZM, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Effect of pH and human serum albumin on the cytotoxicity of a glucuronide prodrug of 9-aminocamptothecin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 60:7-17. [PMID: 16983566 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 9-aminocamptothecin glucuronide (9ACG) is a prodrug of 9-aminocamptothecin (9AC) that displays potent antitumor activity against human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Camptothecins exist in a pH dependent equilibrium between active lactone and inactive carboxy forms that can be altered by binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Here we investigated the influence of pH and HSA on the lactone-carboxy equilibrium, HSA binding, and cytotoxicity of 9ACG. METHODS Microfiltration and HPLC were used to measure the influence of pH on lactone to carboxy conversion and HSA binding of 9ACG as compared to other camptothecins. In vitro cytotoxicity of drugs was determined against EJ human bladder carcinoma cells and CL1-5 human lung cancer cells. RESULTS The rate of lactone to carboxy conversion was similar for 9ACG and 9AC. Decreasing the pH from 7.6 to 6.0 increased the equilibrium levels of the lactone forms of the drugs from 20 to almost 95% of total drug. HSA moderately diminished the amount of free 9ACG lactone but did not change the ratio of 9ACG lactone to 9ACG carboxy. Consistent with the effect of pH on lactone levels, lowering the pH of EJ human bladder carcinoma cells from 7.6 to 6.8 decreased the IC(50) of 9ACG from 480 to 98 nM and 9AC from 33 to 12 nM. Activation of 9ACG by human beta-glucuronidase anchored on the surface of EJ cells further decreased its IC(50) value to 26 nM. Although HSA significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of 9AC and 9ACG, activation of 9ACG at cancer cells with an antibody-beta-glucuronidase immunoconjugate produced greater cytotoxicity than 9AC. CONCLUSIONS Acidification and targeted delivery of beta-glucuronidase can enhance 9ACG cytotoxicity even in the presence of HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko M Prijovich
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Yi L, Bandu ML, Desaire H. Identifying Lactone Hydrolysis in Pharmaceuticals. A Tool for Metabolite Structural Characterization. Anal Chem 2005; 77:6655-63. [PMID: 16223253 DOI: 10.1021/ac0507237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods to characterize metabolic transformations in a rapid and reliable fashion are required for facilitating the development of all new pharmaceuticals. One metabolic transformation, which is the focus of this study, is lactone hydrolysis. For pharmaceuticals containing lactones, hydrolysis occurs readily due to both enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. Hydrolysis affects both the bioavailability and the efficacy of lactone-containing drugs and pro-drugs. To facilitate the characterization of lactones and their corresponding hydrolysis products, we have developed a mass spectrometric method that can readily discriminate between a lactone and its corresponding carboxylic acid, even when these changes are accompanied by other modifications that occur during metabolism. This method uses characteristic product ions in MS/MS experiments, and the trends described herein can be applied broadly to several types of lactones. To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, two different lactones that had undergone multiple modifications were characterized, and in both cases, lactone hydrolysis was readily discernible, based on the MS/MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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14
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Wang LX, Heredia A, Song H, Zhang Z, Yu B, Davis C, Redfield R. Resveratrol glucuronides as the metabolites of resveratrol in humans: Characterization, synthesis, and anti-HIV activity. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:2448-57. [PMID: 15349955 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural product with diverse biological activities. We have previously reported that resveratrol possesses potent synergistic inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection in combination with nucleoside analogs (Heredia et al. 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 25:246-255). As a part of our program in developing resveratrol as a component for anti-HIV chemotherapy, we describe in this article the characterization, chemical synthesis, and biological effects of the human metabolites of resveratrol. We found that resveratrol was metabolized in humans into two metabolites, which were characterized as resveratrol-3-O- and 4'-O-glucuronides. For further biological studies, we reported two simple, alternative methods for the synthesis of the metabolites. The cytotoxic and antiviral activities of resveratrol and its metabolites were compared in cell culture experiments using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Whereas resveratrol was cytotoxic at > or =30 microM, no cytotoxicity was observed for the metabolites at concentrations as high as 300 microM. However, resveratrol showed strong synergistic anti-HIV activity with didanosine at 10 microM, but no synergistic effects were observed for either of the metabolites at up to 300 microM. Nevertheless, the in vitro activity of the metabolites (resveratrol glucuronides) may not necessarily reflect their in vivo function, given the fact that the ubiquitously existing human beta-glucuronidase could convert the metabolites back to resveratrol locally or systematically in vivo. The present studies have implications for future development of resveratrol and/or its derivatives as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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