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Heffeter P, Pape VFS, Enyedy ÉA, Keppler BK, Szakacs G, Kowol CR. Anticancer Thiosemicarbazones: Chemical Properties, Interaction with Iron Metabolism, and Resistance Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1062-1082. [PMID: 29334758 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During the past decades, thiosemicarbazones were clinically developed for a variety of diseases, including tuberculosis, viral infections, malaria, and cancer. With regard to malignant diseases, the class of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones, and here especially 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (Triapine), was intensively developed in multiple clinical phase I/II trials. Recent Advances: Very recently, two new derivatives, namely COTI-2 and di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC) have entered phase I evaluation. Based on the strong metal-chelating/metal-interacting properties of thiosemicarbazones, interference with the cellular iron (and copper) homeostasis is assumed to play an important role in their biological activity. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we summarize and analyze the data on the interaction of (α-N-heterocyclic) thiosemicarbazones with iron, with the special aim of bridging the current knowledge on their mode of action from chemistry to (cell) biology. In addition, we highlight the difference to classical iron(III) chelators such as desferrioxamine (DFO), which are used for the treatment of iron overload. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We want to emphasize that thiosemicarbazones are not solely removing iron from the cells/organism. In contrast, they should be considered as iron-interacting drugs influencing diverse biological pathways in a complex and multi-faceted mode of action. Consequently, in addition to the discussion of physicochemical properties (e.g., complex stability, redox activity), this review contains an overview on the diversity of cellular thiosemicarbazone targets and drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Heffeter
- 1 Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria .,2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika F S Pape
- 3 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary .,4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- 5 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- 2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria .,6 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Szakacs
- 1 Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria .,3 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian R Kowol
- 2 Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research," Vienna, Austria .,6 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
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6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio) hexanol: a promising new anticancer compound. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171440. [PMID: 29358310 PMCID: PMC5809612 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 7-nitro-2,1,3-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) derivatives are a series of compounds containing the NBD scaffold that are not glutathione (GSH) peptidomimetics, and result in a strong inhibition of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Growing evidences highlight their pivotal roles and outstanding anticancer activity in different tumor models. In particular, 6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio) hexanol (NBDHEX) is extensively studied, which is a very efficient inhibitor of GSTP1-1. It triggers apoptosis in several tumor cell lines and this cytotoxic activity is observed at micro and submicromolar concentrations. Importantly, studies have shown that NBDHEX acts as an anticancer drug by inhibiting GSTs catalytic activity, avoiding inconvenience of the inhibitor extrusion from the cell by specific pumps and disrupting the interaction between the GSTP1-1 and key signaling effectors. Additionally, some researchers also have discovered that NBDHEX can act as late-phase autophagy inhibitor, which opens new opportunities to fully exploit its therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the advantages, anticancer mechanisms, and analogs of this compound, which will establish the basis on the usage of NBDHEX in clinical applications in future.
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Miklos W, Heffeter P, Pirker C, Hager S, Kowol CR, van Schoonhoven S, Stojanovic M, Keppler BK, Berger W. Loss of phosphodiesterase 4D mediates acquired triapine resistance via Epac-Rap1-Integrin signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:84556-84574. [PMID: 27602951 PMCID: PMC5356681 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triapine, an anticancer thiosemicarbazone, is currently under clinical investigation. Whereas promising results were obtained in hematological diseases, trials in solid tumors widely failed. To understand mechanisms causing triapine insensitivity, we have analysed genomic alterations in a triapine-resistant SW480 subline (SW480/tria). Only one distinct genomic loss was observed specifically in SW480/tria cells affecting the phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) gene locus. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of PDE4D resulted in significant triapine resistance in SW480 cells. Hence, we concluded that enhanced cyclic AMP levels might confer protection against triapine. Indeed, hyperactivation of both major downstream pathways, namely the protein kinase A (PKA)-cAMP response element-binding protein (Creb) and the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac)-Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) signaling axes, was observed in SW480/tria cells. Unexpectedly, inhibition of PKA did not re-sensitize SW480/tria cells against triapine. In contrast, Epac activation resulted in distinct triapine resistance in SW480 cells. Conversely, knock-down of Epac expression and pharmacological inhibition of Rap1 re-sensitized SW480/tria cells against triapine. Rap1 is a well-known regulator of integrins. Accordingly, SW480/tria cells displayed enhanced plasma membrane expression of several integrin subunits, enhanced adhesion especially to RGD-containing matrix components, and bolstered activation/expression of the integrin downstream effectors Src and RhoA/Rac. Accordingly, integrin and Src inhibition resulted in potent triapine re-sensitization especially of SW480/tria cells. In summary, we describe for the first time integrin activation based on cAMP-Epac-Rap1 signaling as acquired drug resistance mechanism. combinations of triapine with inhibitors of several steps in this resistance cascade might be feasible strategies to overcome triapine insensitivity of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Miklos
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University Vienna and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Hager
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University Vienna and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sushilla van Schoonhoven
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjana Stojanovic
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University Vienna and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University Vienna and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Stacy AE, Palanimuthu D, Bernhardt PV, Kalinowski DS, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. Structure-Activity Relationships of Di-2-pyridylketone, 2-Benzoylpyridine, and 2-Acetylpyridine Thiosemicarbazones for Overcoming Pgp-Mediated Drug Resistance. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8601-20. [PMID: 27524608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by P-glycoprotein (Pgp) represents a significant impediment to successful cancer treatment. The compound, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), has been shown to induce greater cytotoxicity against resistant cells than their nonresistant counterparts. Herein, the structure-activity relationships of selected thiosemicarbazones are explored and the novel mechanism underlying their ability to overcome resistance is further elucidated. Only thiosemicarbazones with electron-withdrawing substituents at the imine carbon mediated Pgp-dependent potentiated cytotoxicity, which was reversed by Pgp inhibition. Treatment of resistant cells with these thiosemicarbazones resulted in Pgp-dependent lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) that relied on copper (Cu) chelation, reactive oxygen species generation, and increased relative lipophilicity. Hence, this study is the first to demonstrate the structural requirements of these thiosemicarbazones necessary to overcome MDR. We also demonstrate the mechanism that enables the targeting of resistant tumors, whereby thiosemicarbazones "hijack" lysosomal Pgp and form redox-active Cu complexes that mediate LMP and potentiate cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Stacy
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06), Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Duraippandi Palanimuthu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06), Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06), Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06), Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Level 5, Blackburn Building (D06), Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Pape VF, Tóth S, Füredi A, Szebényi K, Lovrics A, Szabó P, Wiese M, Szakács G. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of thiosemicarbazones, hydrazinobenzothiazoles and arylhydrazones as anticancer agents with a potential to overcome multidrug resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 117:335-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Miklos W, Pelivan K, Kowol CR, Pirker C, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Spitzwieser M, Englinger B, van Schoonhoven S, Cichna-Markl M, Koellensperger G, Keppler BK, Berger W, Heffeter P. Triapine-mediated ABCB1 induction via PKC induces widespread therapy unresponsiveness but is not underlying acquired triapine resistance. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:112-20. [PMID: 25749419 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although triapine is promising for treatment of advanced leukemia, it failed against solid tumors due to widely unknown reasons. To address this issue, a new triapine-resistant cell line (SW480/tria) was generated by drug selection and investigated in this study. Notably, SW480/tria cells displayed broad cross-resistance against several known ABCB1 substrates due to high ABCB1 levels (induced by promoter hypomethylation). However, ABCB1 inhibition did not re-sensitize SW480/tria cells to triapine and subsequent analysis revealed that triapine is only a weak ABCB1 substrate without significant interaction with the ABCB1 transport function. Interestingly, in chemo-naive, parental SW480 cells short-time (24 h) treatment with triapine stimulated ABCB1 expression. These effects were based on activation of protein kinase C (PKC), a known response to cellular stress. In accordance, SW480/tria cells were characterized by elevated levels of PKC. Together, this led to the conclusion that increased ABCB1 expression is not the major mechanism of triapine resistance in SW480/tria cells. In contrast, increased ABCB1 expression was found to be a consequence of triapine stress-induced PKC activation. These data are especially of importance when considering the choice of chemotherapeutics for combination with triapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Miklos
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Pelivan
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - C R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - C Pirker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Dornetshuber-Fleiss
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Spitzwieser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Englinger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - S van Schoonhoven
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Cichna-Markl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - B K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - W Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - P Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria.
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Synthesis and characterization of the anticancer and metal binding properties of novel pyrimidinylhydrazone derivatives. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 144:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Takenaka S, Itoh T, Fujiwara R. Expression pattern of human ATP-binding cassette transporters in skin. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2013; 1:e00005. [PMID: 25505559 PMCID: PMC4184570 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters transport a variety of substrates across cellular membranes coupled with hydrolysis of ATP. Currently 49 ABC transporters consisting of seven subfamilies, ABCA, ABCB, ABCC, ABCD, ABCE, ABCF, and ABCG, have been identified in humans and they are extensively expressed in various tissues. Skin can develop a number of drug-induced toxicities' such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome and psoriasis. Concentration of drugs in the skin cells is associated with the development of adverse drug reactions. ABC transporters play important roles in absorption and disposition of drugs in the cells; however, the expression pattern of human ABC transporters in the skin has not been determined. In this study, the expression patterns of 48 human ABC transporters were determined in the human skin as well as in the liver and small intestine. Most of the ABCA, ABCB, ABCC, ABCD, ABCE, and ABCF family members were highly or moderately expressed in the skin, while ABCG family members were slightly expressed in the skin. Significant interindividual variability was also observed in the expression levels of those ATP transporters in the skin, except for ABCA5 and ABCF1, which were found to be expressed in all of the human skin samples tested in this study. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify the expression pattern of the whole human ABC family of transporters in the skin. The interindividual variability in the expression levels of ABC transporters in the human skin might be associated with drug-induced skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Takenaka
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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Campos MCO, Castro-Pinto DB, Ribeiro GA, Berredo-Pinho MM, Gomes LHF, da Silva Bellieny MS, Goulart CM, Echevarria A, Leon LL. P-glycoprotein efflux pump plays an important role in Trypanosoma cruzi drug resistance. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2341-51. [PMID: 23572046 PMCID: PMC3663987 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance in protozoan parasites has been associated with the P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an energy-dependent efflux pump that transports substances across the membrane. Interestingly, the genes TcPGP1 and TcPGP2 have been described in Trypanosoma cruzi, although the function of these genes has not been fully elucidated. The main goal of this work was to investigate Pgp efflux pump activity and expression in T. cruzi lines submitted to in vitro induced resistance to the compounds 4-N-(2-methoxy styryl)-thiosemicarbazone (2-Meotio) and benznidazole (Bz) and to verify the stability of the resistant phenotypes during the parasite life cycle. We observed that the EC50 values for the treatment of epimastigotes with 2-Meotio or Bz were increased at least 4.7-fold in resistant lines, and this phenotype was maintained in metacyclic trypomastigotes, cell-derived trypomastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes. However, in epimastigotes, 2-Meotio resistance is reversible, but Bz resistance is irreversible. When compared with the parental line, the resistant lines exhibited higher Pgp efflux activity, reversion of the resistant phenotypes in the presence of Pgp inhibitors, cross-resistance with Pgp modulators, higher basal Pgp ATPase activity, and overexpression of the genes TcPGP1 and TcPGP2. In conclusion, the resistance induced in T. cruzi by the compounds 2-Meotio and Bz is maintained during the entire parasite life cycle. Furthermore, our data suggest the participation of the Pgp efflux pump in T. cruzi drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Caroline Oliveira Campos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Heffeter P, Pirker C, Kowol CR, Herrman G, Dornetshuber R, Miklos W, Jungwirth U, Koellensperger G, Keppler BK, Berger W. Impact of terminal dimethylation on the resistance profile of α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1623-33. [PMID: 22426010 PMCID: PMC3342514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triapine is an α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone with promising anticancer activity against hematologic malignancies but widely ineffective against solid tumor types in clinical trials. The anticancer activity of thiosemicarbazones can be dramatically increased by terminal dimethylation. KP1089 is a gallium compound containing two terminal dimethylated thiosemicarbazone ligands. To gain insights on the vulnerability of this highly active terminal dimethylated thiosemicarbazone to drug resistance mechanisms, a new cell model with acquired resistance against the lead compound KP1089 was established. Subsequent genomic analyses (arrayCGH and FISH) revealed amplification of the ABCC1 gene on double minute chromosomal DNA in KP1089-resistant cells as well as overexpression of ABCC1 and ABCG2 on the protein level. KP1089 was further confirmed as a substrate of ABCC1 and ABCG2 but not of ABCB1 using a panel of ABC transporter-overexpressing cell models as well as ABC transporter inhibitors. Moreover, glutathione depletion strongly enhanced KP1089 activity, although no glutathione conjugate formation by glutathione-S-transferase was observed. Thus, a co-transport of KP1089 together with glutathione is suggested. Finally, a panel of thiosemicarbazone derivatives was tested on the new KP1089-resistant cell line. Notably, KP1089-resistant cells were not cross-resistant against thiosemicarbazones lacking terminal dimethylation (e.g. Triapine) which are less active than KP1089. This suggests that terminal dimethylation of thiosemicarbazones – linked with distinctly enhanced anticancer activity – leads to altered resistance profiles compared to classical thiosemicarbazones making this compound class of interest for further (pre)clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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11
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The molecular interaction of a copper chelate with human P-glycoprotein. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 364:309-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Myers JM, Antholine WE, Zielonka J, Myers CR. The iron-chelating drug triapine causes pronounced mitochondrial thiol redox stress. Toxicol Lett 2010; 201:130-6. [PMID: 21195754 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triapine (Tp) is an iron chelator with activity against several types of cancer. Iron-Tp [Fe(III)(Tp)(2)] can be redox-cycled to generate reactive oxygen species that may contribute to its cytotoxicity. However, evidence for this mechanism in cells is limited. The cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxins (Trx1 and Trx2, respectively) are essential for cell survival. They are normally maintained in the reduced state, and support the function of many intracellular proteins including the peroxiredoxins (Prxs). Their redox status can indicate oxidant stress in their respective subcellular compartments. Tp treatment of human lung A549 cells caused almost complete oxidation of Trx2 and its dependent peroxiredoxin (Prx3), but there was no effect on Trx1 redox status. Significant inhibition of total TrxR activity did not occur until Tp levels were 4-fold above those needed to cause Trx2 oxidation. While Tp caused a 36-45% decline in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, GSH accounted for >99% of the total glutathione in the absence and presence of Tp. In vitro studies demonstrated that cysteine reduces Fe(III)(Tp)(2) to Fe(II)(Tp)(2), and cysteine was faster and more efficient than reduced glutathione (GSH) in this regard. Fe(III)(Tp)(2) also mediated the oxidation of purified Trx2 in vitro. Thus, Fe(III)(Tp)(2) itself, and/or various reactive species that may result from its redox cycling, could account for Trx2 and Prx3 oxidation in Tp-treated cells. The striking difference between the effects on Trx2 and Trx1 implies a pronounced thiol redox stress that is largely directed at the mitochondria. These previously unrecognized effects of Tp could contribute to its overall cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Kolesar J, Brundage RC, Pomplun M, Alberti D, Holen K, Traynor A, Ivy P, Wilding G. Population pharmacokinetics of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (Triapine®) in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 67:393-400. [PMID: 20440618 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for 3-AP, to evaluate the effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetic profile of 3-AP, and to assess the relationship between 3AP disposition and patient covariates. METHODS A total of 40 patients with advanced cancer from two phase 1 studies were included in the population PK model building. Patients received 3-AP 25-105 mg/m(2) IV on day 1. 3-AP plasma and erythrocyte levels were sampled at 10 timepoints over a 24-h period and measured by a validated HPLC method. Data were analyzed by a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach using the NONMEM system. RESULTS 3-AP pharmacokinetics were described as a 3-compartment model with first-order elimination, with one compartment representing the plasma and another representing erythrocyte concentrations. Gender was associated with volume of distribution, in which women had a lower V2. The number of cycles administered was associated with clearance; those with decreased clearance were more likely to receive less than 2 cycles before going off study. CONCLUSION This study suggests that monitoring 3-AP plasma concentrations in the first cycle and dose adjustment in those with decreased clearance may be helpful in decreasing toxicity associated with the 3-AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Kolesar
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/554, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Türk D, Hall MD, Chu BF, Ludwig JA, Fales HM, Gottesman MM, Szakács G. Identification of compounds selectively killing multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8293-301. [PMID: 19843850 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a great need for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents that overcome the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. We catalogued the National Cancer Institute's DTP drug repository in search of compounds showing increased toxicity in MDR cells. By comparing the sensitivity of parental cell lines with MDR derivatives, we identified 22 compounds possessing MDR-selective activity. Analysis of structural congeners led to the identification of 15 additional drugs showing increased toxicity in Pgp-expressing cells. Analysis of MDR-selective compounds led to the formulation of structure activity relationships and pharmacophore models. This data mining coupled with experimental data points to a possible mechanism of action linked to metal chelation. Taken together, the discovery of the MDR-selective compound set shows the robustness of the developing field of MDR-targeting therapy as a new strategy for resolving Pgp-mediated MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Türk
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Hall MD, Handley MD, Gottesman MM. Is resistance useless? Multidrug resistance and collateral sensitivity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:546-56. [PMID: 19762091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
When cancer cells develop resistance to chemotherapeutics, it is frequently conferred by the ATP-dependent efflux pump P-glycoprotein (MDR1, P-gp, ABCB1). P-gp can efflux a wide range of cancer drugs; its expression confers cross-resistance, termed "multidrug resistance" (MDR), to a wide range of drugs. Strategies to overcome this resistance have been actively sought for more than 30 years, yet clinical solutions do not exist. A less understood aspect of MDR is the hypersensitivity of resistant cancer cells to other drugs, a phenomenon known as "collateral sensitivity" (CS). This review highlights the extent of this effect for the first time, and discusses hypotheses (e.g. generation of reactive oxygen species) to account for the underlying generality of this phenomenon, and proposes exploitation of CS as a strategy to improve response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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16
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Hall MD, Salam NK, Hellawell JL, Fales HM, Kensler CB, Ludwig JA, Szakacs G, Hibbs DE, Gottesman MM. Synthesis, activity, and pharmacophore development for isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazones with selective activity toward multidrug-resistant cells. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3191-204. [PMID: 19397322 PMCID: PMC2744114 DOI: 10.1021/jm800861c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently identified a new class of compounds that selectively kill cells that express P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1), the ATPase efflux pump that confers multidrug resistance on cancer cells. Several isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazones from our initial study have been validated and a range of analogues synthesized and tested. A number demonstrated improved MDR1-selective activity over the lead, NSC73306 (1). Pharmacophores for cytotoxicity and MDR1 selectivity were generated to delineate the structural features required for activity. The MDR1-selective pharmacophore highlights the importance of aromatic/hydrophobic features at the N4 position of the thiosemicarbazone and the reliance on the isatin moiety as key bioisosteric contributors. Additionally, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model that yielded a cross-validated correlation coefficient of 0.85 effectively predicts the cytotoxicity of untested thiosemicarbazones. Together, the models serve as effective approaches for predicting structures with MDR1-selective activity and aid in directing the search for the mechanism of action of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20893, U.S.A
| | - Noeris K. Salam
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Hellawell
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20893, U.S.A
| | - Henry M. Fales
- Laboratory of Applied Mass Spectrometry, National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20893, U.S.A
| | | | - Joseph A. Ludwig
- Dept. of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas – MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 70030, U.S.A
| | - Gergely Szakacs
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Karolina ut 29, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David E. Hibbs
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael M. Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20893, U.S.A
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17
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Traynor AM, Lee JW, Bayer GK, Tate JM, Thomas SP, Mazurczak M, Graham DL, Kolesar JM, Schiller JH. A phase II trial of triapine (NSC# 663249) and gemcitabine as second line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study 1503. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:91-7. [PMID: 19238328 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of ECOG 1503 was to determine the response rate of this combination in the second-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. METHODS Triapine 105 mg/m(2) IV on days 1, 8, and 15, and gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15, of a 28 day cycle. RESULTS Eighteen patients enrolled. Three patients were not eligible due to protocol violations. No objective antitumor responses were seen. Three patients (20%) experienced stable disease (90% CI 5.7-44%). Median overall survival: 5.4 months (95% CI 4.2-11.6 months); median time to progression: 1.8 months (95% CI 1.7-3.5 months). Five patients developed acute infusion reactions to Triapine related to elevated methemoglobinemia. Patients with MDR1 variant genotypes of C3435T experienced superior overall survival compared to non-variants (13.3 vs. 4.3 months, respectively, p = 0.023). CONCLUSION This regimen did not demonstrate activity in relapsed NSCLC. Prolonged survival seen with MDR1 variant genotypes is hypothesis-generating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Traynor
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, K6/568 CSC, #5669, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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18
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Attia S, Kolesar J, Mahoney MR, Pitot HC, Laheru D, Heun J, Huang W, Eickhoff J, Erlichman C, Holen KD. A phase 2 consortium (P2C) trial of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP) for advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Invest New Drugs 2008; 26:369-79. [PMID: 18278438 PMCID: PMC4461052 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
3-Aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP, Triapine) is a novel small molecule inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) with clinical signs of activity in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the Phase 2 Consortium (P2C) initiated a trial (two single stage studies with planned interim analysis) of 3-AP at 96 mg/m(2) intravenously days 1-4 and 15-18 of a 28-day cycle in both chemotherapy-naive and gemcitabine-refractory (GR) patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The primary endpoint was survival at six months (chemotherapy-naive) and four months (GR). Secondary endpoints were toxicity, response, overall survival, time to progression and mechanistic studies. Fifteen patients were enrolled including one chemotherapy-naïve and 14 GR. The chemotherapy-naïve patient progressed during cycle 1 with grade 3 and 4 toxicities. Of 14 GR patients, seven received two cycles, six received one cycle and one received eight cycles. Progression precluded further treatment in 11 GR patients. Additionally, one died of an ileus in cycle 1 considered related to treatment and two stopped treatment due to toxicity. Five GR patients had grade 4 toxicities possibly related to 3-AP and six GR patients had grade 3 fatigue. Toxicities and lack of meaningful clinical benefit prompted early study closure. Four-month survival in GR patients was 21% (95% CI: 8-58%). Correlative studies confirmed that 3-AP increased the percentage of S-phase buccal mucosal cells, the presence of multidrug resistance gene polymorphisms appeared to predict leukopenia, and baseline pancreatic tumor RR M2 expression was low relative to other tumors treated with 3-AP. In conclusion, this regimen appears inactive against predominantly GR pancreatic cancer. RR M2 protein may not have a critical role in the malignant potential of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Attia
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/528, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Jill Kolesar
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/528, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Laheru
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Heun
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/528, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/528, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Jens Eickhoff
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/528, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | - Kyle D. Holen
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/528, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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19
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Zhang H, Thomas R, Oupicky D, Peng F. Synthesis and characterization of new copper thiosemicarbazone complexes with an ONNS quadridentate system: cell growth inhibition, S-phase cell cycle arrest and proapoptotic activities on cisplatin-resistant neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 13:47-55. [PMID: 17909866 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two new copper thiosemicarbazone complexes with an ONNS quadridentate system were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity on cisplatin-resistant neuroblastoma cells. Among these two copper complexes, the substituted 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxaldehyde-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (CuHQDMTS) exhibited stronger cell growth inhibition activity than the unsubstituted copper 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazide complex (CuHQTS). Both CuHQTS and CuHQDMTS showed dose-dependent cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction activities on the SK-N-DZ neuroblastoma cells. Increased expression of p53 protein molecules was detected in the SK-N-DZ cells treated with CuHQTS. The data obtained in this study suggest that CuHQDMTS and CuHQTS hold potential as new, effective drugs for treatment of refractory neuroblastoma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Zhang
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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20
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Avolio TM, Lee Y, Feng N, Xiong K, Jin H, Wang M, Vassilakos A, Wright J, Young A. RNA interference targeting the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase inhibits growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:377-88. [PMID: 17351390 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328013c04f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference, a posttranscriptional gene-silencing mechanism, has received considerable attention for its potential as a new therapeutic strategy to treat human diseases and conditions including cancer. Various studies have supported a role for the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase in cancer progression and metastasis. Short interfering siRNA 1284 was designed to target R2. In vitro studies, in which three different human tumor cell lines (A498, HT-29 and A2058) were transfected with short interfering siRNA 1284, demonstrate sequence-specific down-regulation of R2, which coincides with a decrease in cell proliferation, and cell cycle inhibition. In vivo studies with xenograft mouse models, generated from the same tumor cell lines, indicate that treatment with short interfering siRNA 1284 leads to inhibition of tumor growth and this effect was found to be dose dependent. Taken together, these results suggest that short interfering siRNA 1284, targeting R2, has great potential to serve as a therapeutic agent towards the treatment of human cancers.
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21
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Kaestner SA, Sewell GJ. Chemotherapy Dosing Part I: Scientific Basis for Current Practice and Use of Body Surface Area. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:23-37. [PMID: 17305252 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is characterised by a low therapeutic index and significant variability in therapeutic and toxic effects. In an attempt to reduce this variability, most chemotherapy doses are individualised according to patient body surface area (BSA). This practice, which was introduced almost 50 years ago, clearly has practical and economic implications for the healthcare system. Furthermore, the clinical value of this approach has, in recent years, been questioned. Despite established practice, chemotherapy dose selection remains complicated, partly because treatment effects are difficult to measure, partly because drugs are used in combination with other treatment modalities, and also because the patient's condition may change with disease progression. Various patient-related factors can affect drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), for example organ function, expression and activity of metabolising enzymes, drug resistance, body size, gender, age, concomitant disease and co-administration of other drugs. These factors may be of clinical significance in chemotherapy dose determination and measures of PK, PD or both feature in attempts to devise more rigorous methods for chemotherapy dosing. Part I of this series of two reviews describes the history and clinical impact of BSA-based chemotherapy, and examines the scientific evidence to support BSA dosing. It evaluates the factors affecting PK and PD for specific drugs that could inform and refine dose determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kaestner
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5W, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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22
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Ludwig JA, Szakács G, Martin SE, Chu BF, Cardarelli C, Sauna ZE, Caplen NJ, Fales HM, Ambudkar SV, Weinstein JN, Gottesman MM. Selective toxicity of NSC73306 in MDR1-positive cells as a new strategy to circumvent multidrug resistance in cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4808-15. [PMID: 16651436 PMCID: PMC1474781 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins include the best known mediators of resistance to anticancer drugs. In particular, ABCB1 [MDR1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp)] extrudes many types of drugs from cancer cells, thereby conferring resistance to those agents. Attempts to overcome P-gp-mediated drug resistance using specific inhibitors of P-gp has had limited success and has faced many therapeutic challenges. As an alternative approach to using P-gp inhibitors, we characterize a thiosemicarbazone derivative (NSC73306) identified in a generic screen as a compound that exploits, rather than suppresses, P-gp function to induce cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic activity of NSC73306 was evaluated in vitro using human epidermoid, ovarian, and colon cancer cell lines expressing various levels of P-gp. Our findings suggest that cells become hypersensitive to NSC73306 in proportion to the increased P-gp function and multidrug resistance (MDR). Abrogation of both sensitivity to NSC73306 and resistance to P-gp substrate anticancer agents occurred with specific inhibition of P-gp function using either a P-gp inhibitor (PSC833, XR9576) or RNA interference, suggesting that cytotoxicity was linked to MDR1 function, not to other, nonspecific factors arising during the generation of resistant or transfected cells. Molecular characterization of cells selected for resistance to NSC73306 revealed loss of P-gp expression and consequent loss of the MDR phenotype. Although hypersensitivity to NSC73306 required functional expression of P-gp, biochemical assays revealed no direct interaction between NSC73306 and P-gp. This article shows that NSC73306 kills cells with intrinsic or acquired P-gp-induced MDR and indirectly acts to eliminate resistance to MDR1 substrates.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cyclosporins/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Ludwig
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CCR, NCI, NIH
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Scott E. Martin
- Gene Silencing Section, Office of Science and Technology Partnerships, Office of the Director, CCR, NCI, NIH
| | - Benjamin F. Chu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Carol Cardarelli
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zuben E. Sauna
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Natasha J. Caplen
- Gene Silencing Section, Office of Science and Technology Partnerships, Office of the Director, CCR, NCI, NIH
| | - Henry M. Fales
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH
| | - Suresh V. Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - John N. Weinstein
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CCR, NCI, NIH
| | - Michael M. Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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23
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Yee KWL, Cortes J, Ferrajoli A, Garcia-Manero G, Verstovsek S, Wierda W, Thomas D, Faderl S, King I, O'brien SM, Jeha S, Andreeff M, Cahill A, Sznol M, Giles FJ. Triapine and cytarabine is an active combination in patients with acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res 2006; 30:813-22. [PMID: 16478631 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Triapine, an iron chelator and a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, has significant anti-leukemia activity. A phase I study of Triapine in combination with ara-C was conducted in 32 patients with refractory acute leukemia and high-risk MDS. Triapine (105 mg/m2/day 6-h infusion) was followed immediately by ara-C [100 (n=4), 200 (n=6), 400 (n=7), or 800 (n=8)mg/m2/day] as an 18-h infusion for 5 consecutive days. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed at the 800 mg/m2 ara-C dose level (one patient each with grade 4 mucositis; grade 4 neutropenic colitis, sepsis; grade 4 neuropathy; and grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia). Therefore, the study was amended to include an ara-C dose level of 600 mg/m2/day, no DLTs occurred in seven patients treated at this dose level. Mean Triapine C(max) and AUC were 1.13 microg/mL and 251.5 minmicrog/mL. Of 31 evaluable patients, 4 (13%) (3 AML, 1 Ph+ALL) achieved a CR (1 at a dose of 800 mg/m2; 2 at 600 mg/m2; 1 at 200mg/m2). The recommended phase II regimen is Triapine 105 mg/m2/day followed by ara-C 600 mg/m2/day for 5 consecutive days every 3-6 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W L Yee
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 428, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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24
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Duan Z, Brakora KA, Seiden MV. Inhibition of ABCB1 ( MDR1) and ABCB4 ( MDR3) expression by small interfering RNA and reversal of paclitaxel resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.833.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is currently the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in developed countries, and paclitaxel is a cornerstone in the treatment of this malignancy. Unfortunately, the efficacy of paclitaxel is limited by the development of drug resistance. Clinical paclitaxel resistance is often associated with ABCB1 (MDR1) overexpression, and in vitro paclitaxel resistance typically demonstrates overexpression of the ABCB1 gene. In this study, we demonstrate that paclitaxel-resistant cell lines overexpress both ABCB1 and ABCB4 (MDR3). To evaluate the role of these transporters in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells, small interference RNAs (siRNAs) were used to target ABCB1 and ABCB4 RNA in the paclitaxel-resistant SKOV-3TR and OVCAR8TR ovarian cancer cell lines. Treatment of these lines with either chemically synthesized siRNAs or transfection with specific vectors that express targeted siRNAs demonstrated decreased mRNA and protein levels of ABCB1 or ABCB4. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays of siRNA-treated cells demonstrated 7- to 12.4-fold reduction of paclitaxel resistance in the lines treated with the synthesized siRNA of ABCB1 and 4.7- to 7.3-fold reduction of paclitaxel resistance in the cell lines transfected with siRNA of ABCB1 expressing vectors. ABCB4 siRNA-treated cell lines showed minor reduction in paclitaxel resistance. These results indicate that siRNA targeted to ABCB1 can sensitize paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells in vitro and suggest that siRNA treatment may represent a new approach for the treatment of ABCB1-mediated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine A. Brakora
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael V. Seiden
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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25
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Crenshaw TR, Cory JG. Overexpression of protein disulfide isomerase-like protein in a mouse leukemia L1210 cell line selected for resistance to 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:143-57. [PMID: 12123712 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taria R Crenshaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4354, USA
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26
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Plösch T, Bloks VW, Baller JFW, Havinga R, Verkade HJ, Jansen PLM, Kuipers F. Mdr P-glycoproteins are not essential for biliary excretion of the hydrophobic heme precursor protoporphyrin in a griseofulvin-induced mouse model of erythropoietic protoporphyria. Hepatology 2002; 35:299-306. [PMID: 11826402 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.30900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic complications in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) have been attributed to toxic actions of accumulated protoporphyrin (PP). PP can only be removed via the bile but transport systems involved have not been defined. The aim of this study was to gain insight in the mode of biliary PP excretion, with emphasis on the potential contribution of the Mdr1 P-glycoprotein export pump and biliary lipids as PP carriers. Control mice and mice homozygous for Mdr1a/b (Abcb1) or Mdr2 (Abcb4) gene disruption, the latter unable to secrete phospholipids and cholesterol into bile, were treated with griseofulvin to chemically induce protoporphyria. All groups showed dramatically increased PP levels in erythrocytes and liver after griseofulvin treatment. Histologically, massive PP deposits were found in livers of control and Mdr1a/b(-/-) mice but not in those of Mdr2(-/-) mice. Serum unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids were increased by griseofulvin because of formation of lipoprotein-X in control and Mdr1a/b(-/-) mice only. Yet, bile flow was not impaired in griseofulvin-treated mice, and biliary bile salt, phospholipid, and cholesterol secretion rates were significantly increased. Surprisingly, biliary PP excretion was similar in all 3 groups of griseofulvin-treated mice: the observed linear relationship between hepatic and biliary PP concentrations and identical liver-to-bile concentration ratios in treated and untreated mice suggest a passive mode of excretion. In conclusion, the data show that Mdr P-glycoproteins are not critically involved in biliary removal of excess PP and indicate that the presence of biliary lipids is required for formation of intrahepatic PP deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Plösch
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Departments of Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis associated with liver disease in ferrochelatase-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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28
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Finch RA, Liu M, Grill SP, Rose WC, Loomis R, Vasquez KM, Cheng Y, Sartorelli AC. Triapine (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde- thiosemicarbazone): A potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase activity with broad spectrum antitumor activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:983-91. [PMID: 10692563 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratories have shown that (a) Triapine() is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase activity and (b) hydroxyurea-resistant L1210 leukemia cells are fully sensitive to Triapine. In an analogous manner, Triapine was similarly active against the wild-type and a hydroxyurea-resistant subline of the human KB nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Triapine was active in vivo against the L1210 leukemia over a broad range of dosages and was curative for some mice. This agent also caused pronounced inhibition of the growth of the murine M109 lung carcinoma and human A2780 ovarian carcinoma xenografts in mice. Optimum anticancer activity required twice daily dosing due to the duration of inhibition of DNA synthesis which lasted about 10 hr in L1210 cells treated with Triapine in vivo. DNA synthesis in normal mouse tissues (i.e. duodenum and bone marrow) uniformly recovered faster than that in L1210 leukemia cells, demonstrating a pharmacological basis for the therapeutic index of this agent. Triapine was more potent than hydroxyurea in inhibiting DNA synthesis in L1210 cells in vivo, and the effects of Triapine were more pronounced. In addition, the duration of the inhibition of DNA synthesis in leukemia cells from mice treated with Triapine was considerably longer than in those from animals treated with hydroxyurea. Combination of Triapine with various classes of agents that damage DNA (e.g. etoposide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, and 1-acetyl-1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-2-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine) resulted in synergistic inhibition of the L1210 leukemia, producing long-term survivors of tumor-bearing mice treated with several dosage levels of the combinations, whereas no enhancement of survival was found when Triapine was combined with gemcitabine or cytosine arabinoside. The findings demonstrate the superiority of Triapine over hydroxyurea as an anticancer agent and further suggest that prevention by Triapine of repair of DNA lesions created by agents that damage DNA may result in efficacious drug combinations for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Finch
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Cytokine-Based Tumor Cell Vaccine Is Equally Effective Against Parental and Isogenic Multidrug-Resistant Myeloma Cells: The Role of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.6.1831.406k38_1831_1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells that survive initial courses of chemotherapy may do so by acquiring a multidrug-resistant phenotype. This particular mechanism of drug resistance may also confer resistance to physiological effectors of apoptosis that could potentially reduce the efficacy of immune therapies that use these pathways of cell death. We have previously demonstrated high efficacy for a cytokine-based tumor cell vaccine in a murine MPC11 myeloma model. In the present study, the effects of this vaccination were compared in MPC11 cells and their isogenic sublines selected for mdr1/P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). Immunization with MPC11 cells expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) led to long-lasting protection of mice against subcutaneous (sc) challenge with both parental cells or their MDR variants. Similarly, immunization with GM-CSF/IL-12–transfected MDR sublines caused rejection of transplantation of both parental cells and the MDR sublines. Whereas MPC11 cells and their MDR variants were resistant to APO-1/CD95/Fas ligand, the immunization generated potent granzyme B/perforin-secreting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that were similarly effective against both parental and isogenic MDR cells. We conclude that MDR mediated bymdr1/Pgp did not interfere with lysis by pore-forming CTLs. Immunotherapy based on pore-forming CTLs may be an attractive approach to the treatment of drug-resistant myeloma.
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Cory AH, He AW, Cory JG. Multifactorial mechanisms of drug resistance in tumor cell populations selected for resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1998; 38:3-18. [PMID: 9762343 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(97)00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A H Cory
- Department of Biochemistry, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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