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Uno Y, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Ishizuka M, Mizukawa H, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Investigation of Functional Cytochrome P450 4A Enzymes in Liver and Kidney of Pigs, Cats, Tree Shrews, and Dogs in Comparison with the Metabolic Capacity of Human P450 4A11. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:1009-1019. [PMID: 38951034 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs are sometimes used in preclinical drug metabolism studies, with growing interest, and thus their drug-metabolizing enzymes, including the cytochromes P450 (P450 or CYP; EC 1.14.14.1), need to be examined. In the present study, novel CYP4A cDNAs were isolated and characterized, namely, pig CYP4A23 and CYP4A90; cat CYP4A37 and CYP4A106; and tree shrew CYP4A11a, CYP4A11d, CYP4A11e, CYP4A11f, and CYP4A11g. For comparison, the following known CYP4A cDNAs were also analyzed: pig CYP4A21 and dog CYP4A37, CYP4A38, and CYP4A39. These CYP4A cDNAs all contained open reading frames of 504-513 amino acids and had high amino acid sequence identity (74%-80%) with human CYP4As. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences revealed that these CYP4As were clustered in each species. All CYP4A genes contained 12 coding exons and formed a gene cluster in the corresponding genomic regions. A range of tissue types were analyzed, and these CYP4A mRNAs were preferentially expressed in liver and/or kidney, except for pig CYP4A90, which showed preferential expression in lung and duodenum. CYP4A enzymes, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, preferentially catalyzed lauric acid 12-hydroxylation and arachidonic acid 20-hydroxylation, just as human CYP4A11 does, with the same regioselectivity (i.e., at the ω-position of fatty acids). These results imply that dog, cat, pig, and tree shrew CYP4As have functional characteristics similar to those of human CYP4A11, with minor differences in lauric acid 12-hydroxylation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) 4As are important P450s in human biological processes because of their fatty acid-metabolizing ability. Pig CYP4A21, CYP4A23, and CYP4A90; cat CYP4A37 and CYP4A106; tree shrew CYP4A11a, CYP4A11d, CYP4A11e, CYP4A11f, and CYP4A11g; and dog CYP4A37, CYP4A38, and CYP4A39 cDNAs were isolated and analyzed. These CYP4A cDNAs shared relatively high sequence identities with human CYP4A11 and CYP4A22. Pig, cat, tree shrew, and dog CYP4As in the liver and kidneys are likely to catalyze the ω-hydroxylation of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., K.T.-K.); Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (M.I.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan (H.M.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., K.T.-K.); Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (M.I.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan (H.M.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., K.T.-K.); Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (M.I.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan (H.M.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., K.T.-K.); Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (M.I.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan (H.M.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., K.T.-K.); Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (M.I.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan (H.M.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., K.T.-K.); Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (M.I.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan (H.M.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
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Ushirozako G, Murayama N, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H, Uno Y. Novel Tree Shrew Cytochrome P450 2Ds (CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b) Are Functional Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes that Metabolize Bufuralol and Dextromethorphan. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:305-311. [PMID: 38262704 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tree shrews are a nonprimate species used in a range of biomedical studies. Recent genome analysis of tree shrews found that the sequence identities and the numbers of genes of cytochrome P450 (CYP or P450), an important family of drug-metabolizing enzymes, are similar to those of humans. However, tree shrew P450s have not yet been sufficiently identified and analyzed. In this study, novel CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b cDNAs were isolated from tree shrew liver and were characterized, along with human CYP2D6, dog CYP2D15, and pig CYP2D25. The amino acid sequences of these tree shrew CYP2Ds were 75%-78% identical to human CYP2D6, and phylogenetic analysis showed that they were more closely related to human CYP2D6 than rat CYP2Ds, similar to dog and pig CYP2Ds. For tree shrew CYP2D8b, two additional transcripts were isolated that contained different patterns of deletion. The gene and genome structures of CYP2Ds are generally similar in dogs, humans, pigs, and tree shrews. Tree shrew CYP2D8a mRNA was most abundantly expressed in liver, among the tissue types analyzed, similar to dog CYP2D15 and pig CYP2D25 mRNAs. Tree shrew CYP2D8b mRNA was also expressed in liver, but at a level 7.3-fold lower than CYP2D8a mRNA. Liver microsomes and recombinant protein of both tree shrew CYP2Ds metabolized bufuralol and dextromethorphan, selective substrates of human CYP2D6, but the activity level of CYP2D8a greatly exceeded that of CYP2D8b. These results suggest that tree shrew CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b are functional drug-metabolizing enzymes, of which CYP2D8a is the major CYP2D in liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Novel tree shrew CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b cDNAs were isolated from liver. Their amino acid sequences were 75%-78% identical to human CYP2D6. For CYP2D8b, two additional transcripts contained different patterns of deletion. Tree shrew CYP2D8a mRNA was abundantly expressed in liver, similar to dog CYP2D15 and pig CYP2D25 mRNAs. Recombinant tree shrew CYP2Ds catalyzed the oxidation of bufuralol and dextromethorphan. Tree shrew CYP2D8a and CYP2D8b are functional drug-metabolizing enzymes, of which CYP2D8a is the major CYP2D in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Ushirozako
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (G.U., K.T.-K., Y.U.); and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
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Uno Y, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Novel Cytochrome P450 2C119 Enzymes in Cynomolgus and Rhesus Macaques Metabolize Progesterone, Diclofenac, and Omeprazole. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:266-273. [PMID: 38123944 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are used in drug metabolism studies due to their evolutionary and phylogenetic closeness to humans. Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs), including the CYP2C family enzyme, are important endogenous and exogenous substrate-metabolizing enzymes and play major roles in drug metabolism. In cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, six CYP2Cs have been identified and characterized, namely, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2C76, and CYP2C93. In this study, CYP2C119, a new CYP2C, was identified and characterized in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. Cynomolgus and rhesus CYP2C119 contained open reading frames of 489 amino acids with high sequence identities to human CYP2C8 and to cynomolgus and rhesus CYP2C8. Phylogenetic analysis showed that cynomolgus and rhesus CYP2C119 were closely related to cynomolgus and rhesus CYP2C8. In cynomolgus and rhesus genomes, CYP2C genes, including CYP2C119, form a cluster. Among the tissues analyzed, cynomolgus CYP2C119 mRNA was predominantly expressed in liver. Hepatic expressions of CYP2C119 mRNA in four cynomolgus and two rhesus macaques varied, with no expression in one rhesus macaque. Among the CYP2C mRNAs, CYP2C119 mRNA was expressed less abundantly than CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2C76 mRNAs but more abundantly than CYP2C18 mRNA. Recombinant cynomolgus and rhesus CYP2C119 catalyzed progesterone 16α-, 17α-, and 21-hydroxylation and diclofenac and omeprazole oxidations, indicating that CYP2C119 is a functional enzyme. Therefore, the novel CYP2C119 gene, expressed in macaque liver, encodes a functional enzyme that metabolizes human CYP2C substrates and is likely responsible for drug clearances. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cytochrome P450 2C119 was found in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, in addition to the known P450 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2C76, and 2C93. Cynomolgus and rhesus CYP2C119 contain open reading frames of 489 amino acids with high sequence identity to human CYP2C8. Cynomolgus CYP2C119 mRNA is predominantly expressed in the liver. Recombinant CYP2C119 catalyzed progesterone hydroxylation and diclofenac and omeprazole oxidations. Therefore, the novel CYP2C119 gene expressed in the macaque liver encodes a functional enzyme that metabolizes human CYP2C substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (N.M., H.Y.)
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Uno Y, Minami Y, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Identification of cytochrome P450 2C18 and 2C76 in tree shrews: P450 2C18 effectively oxidizes typical human P450 2C9/2C19 chiral substrates warfarin and omeprazole with less stereoselectivity. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115990. [PMID: 38110158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs), especially the CYP2C family, are important drug-metabolizing enzymes that play major roles in drug metabolism. Tree shrews, a non-rodent primate-like species, are used in various fields of biomedical research, notably hepatitis virus infection; however, its drug-metabolizing enzymes have not been fully investigated. In this study, tree shrew CYP2C18, CYP2C76a, CYP2C76b, and CYP2C76c cDNAs were identified and contained open reading frames of 489 or 490 amino acids with high sequence identities (70-78 %) to human CYP2Cs. Tree shrew CYP2C76a, CYP2C76b, and CYP2C76c showed higher sequence identities (79-80 %) to cynomolgus CYP2C76 and were not orthologous to any human CYP2C. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that tree shrew CYP2C18 and CYP2C76s were closely related to rat CYP2Cs and cynomolgus CYP2C76, respectively. Tree shrew CYP2C genes formed a gene cluster similar to human CYP2C genes. All four tree shrew CYP2C mRNAs showed predominant expressions in liver, among the tissue types examined; expression of CYP2C18 mRNA was also detected in small intestine. In liver, CYP2C18 mRNA was the most abundant among the tree shrew CYP2C mRNAs. In metabolic assays using human CYP2C substrates, all tree shrew CYP2Cs showed metabolic activities toward diclofenac, R,S-omeprazole, paclitaxel, and R,S-warfarin, with the activity of CYP2C18 exceeding that of the other CYP2Cs. Moreover, tree shrew CYP2C76 enzymes metabolized progesterone more efficiently than human, cynomolgus, or marmoset CYP2Cs. Therefore, these novel tree shrew CYP2Cs are expressed abundantly in liver, encode functional enzymes that metabolize human CYP2C substrates, and are likely responsible for drug clearances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yuhki Minami
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Ushirozako G, Murayama N, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H, Uno Y. Tree shrew cytochrome P450 2E1 is a functional enzyme that metabolises chlorzoxazone and p-nitrophenol. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:573-580. [PMID: 37934191 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2280996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs or P450s) are important enzymes for drug metabolism. Tree shrews are non-primate animal species used in various fields of biomedical research, including infection (especially hepatitis viruses), depression, and myopia. A recent tree shrew genome analysis indicated that the sequences and the numbers of P450 genes are similar to those of humans; however, P450s have not been adequately identified and analysed in this species.In this study, a novel CYP2E1 was isolated from tree shrew liver and was characterised in comparison with human, dog, and pig CYP2E1. Tree shrew CYP2E1 and human CYP2E1 showed high amino acid sequence identity (83%) and were closely related in a phylogenetic tree.Gene and genome structures of CYP2E1 were generally similar in humans, dogs, pigs, and tree shrews. Tissue expression patterns showed that tree shrew CYP2E1 mRNA was predominantly expressed in liver, just as for dog and pig CYP2E1 mRNAs. In tree shrews, recombinant CYP2E1 protein and liver microsomes metabolised chlorzoxazone and p-nitrophenol, probe substrates of human CYP2E1, just as they do in dogs and pigs.These results suggest that tree shrew CYP2E1 encodes a functional drug-metabolising enzyme that plays a role in the liver, similar to human CYP2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Ushirozako
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
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Kojima M, Machida K, Cho S, Watanabe D, Seki H, Shimoji M, Imaoka A, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Nakamura K, Yamamoto K, Akiyoshi T, Ohtani H. The influence of temperature on the metabolic activity of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 genetic variants in vitro. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:357-365. [PMID: 37584614 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2248498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
1. Temperature is considered to affect the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes; however, no previous studies have compared temperature dependency among cytochrome P450 genetic variants. This study aimed to analyse warfarin 7-hydroxylation by CYP2C9 variants; omeprazole 5-hydroxylation by CYP2C19 variants; and midazolam 1-hydroxylation by CYP3A4 variants at 34 °C, 37 °C, and 40 °C.2. Compared with that seen at 37 °C, the intrinsic clearance rates (Vmax/Km) of CYP2C9.1 and .2 were decreased (76 ∼ 82%), while that of CYP2C9.3 was unchanged at 34 °C. At 40 °C, CYP2C9.1, .2, and .3 exhibited increased (121%), unchanged and decreased (87%) intrinsic clearance rates, respectively. At 34 °C, the clearance rates of CYP2C19.1A and .10 were decreased (71 ∼ 86%), that of CYP2C19.1B was unchanged, and those of CYP2C19.8 and .23 were increased (130 ∼ 134%). At 40 °C, the clearance rates of CYP2C19.1A, .1B, .10, and .23 remained unaffected, while that of CYP2C19.8 was decreased (74%). At 34 °C, the clearance rates of CYP3A4.1 and .16 were decreased (79 ∼ 84%), those of CYP3A4.2 and .7 were unchanged, and that of CYP3A4.18 was slightly increased (112%). At 40 °C, the clearance rate of CYP3A4.1 remained unaffected, while those of CYP3A4.2, .7, .16, and .18 were decreased (58 ∼ 82%).3. These findings may be clinically useful for dose optimisation in patients with hypothermia or hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Kojima
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanami Machida
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumie Cho
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seki
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shimoji
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ayuko Imaoka
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Machida, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Katsunori Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Akiyoshi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ohtani
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Shinjuku, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Shinjuku, Japan
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Uno Y, Jikuya S, Noda Y, Oguchi A, Murayama N, Kawaguchi H, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H. Newly identified cytochrome P450 3A genes of tree shrews and pigs are expressed and encode functional enzymes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 267:109579. [PMID: 36822299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Novel cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) cDNA in tree shrews (which are non-rodent primate-like species) and pig CYP3A227 cDNA were identified, along with known pig CYP3A22, CYP3A29, and CYP3A46 cDNAs. All five cDNAs contained open reading frames encoding a polypeptide of 503 amino acids that shared high sequence identity (72-78 %) with human CYP3A4 and were more closely related to human CYP3As than rat CYP3As by phylogenetic analysis. CYP3A5 was the only CYP3A in the tree shrew genome, but pig CYP3A genes formed a CYP3A gene cluster in the genomic region corresponding to that of human CYP3A genes. Tree shrew CYP3A5 mRNA was predominantly expressed in liver and small intestine, among the tissues analyzed, whereas pig CYP3A227 mRNA was most abundantly expressed in jejunum, followed by liver. Metabolic assays established that tree shrew CYP3A5 and pig CYP3A proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli metabolized typical human CYP3A4 substrates nifedipine and midazolam. These results suggest that novel tree shrew CYP3A5 and pig CYP3A227 were functional enzymes able to metabolize human CYP3A4 substrates in liver and small intestine, similar to human CYP3A4, although pig CYP3A227 mRNA was minimally expressed in all tissues analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Shiori Jikuya
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yutaro Noda
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Asuka Oguchi
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Uno Y, Noda Y, Murayama N, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H. Novel cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) genes in tree shrews are expressed and encode functional drug-metabolizing enzymes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 265:109534. [PMID: 36563947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) are a non-rodent primate-like species sometimes used for biomedical research involving hepatitis virus infections and toxicology. Genome analysis has indicated similarities between tree shrews and humans in the numbers of cytochromes P450 (P450 or CYP), which constitute a family of important drug-metabolizing enzymes; however, P450s have not been fully investigated in tree shrews. In this study, we identified CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and CYP1D1 cDNAs from tree shrew liver and compared their characteristics with dog, pig, and human CYP1As. The deduced amino acid sequences of tree shrew CYP1s were highly identical (82-87 %) to human CYP1s. In tree shrews, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNAs were preferentially expressed in liver, whereas CYP1D1 mRNA was preferentially expressed in kidney and lung. In contrast, CYP1B1 mRNA was expressed in various tissues, with the most abundant expression in spleen. Among the tree shrew CYP1 mRNAs, CYP1A2 mRNA was most abundant in liver, and CYP1B1 mRNA was most abundant in kidney, small intestine, and lung. All tree shrew CYP1 proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed caffeine and estradiol in a similar manner to tree shrew liver microsomes and human, dog, and pig CYP1 proteins. These results suggest that tree shrew CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and CYP1D1 genes, different form human pseudogene CYP1D1P, are expressed in liver, small intestine, lung, and/or kidney and encode functional drug-metabolizing enzymes important in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yutaro Noda
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Uno Y, Jikuya S, Noda Y, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. A Comprehensive Investigation of Dog Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) Reveals a Functional Role of Newly Identified CYP3A98 in Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:38-45. [PMID: 35772769 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are frequently used in drug metabolism studies, and their important drug-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochromes P450 (P450), have been analyzed. In humans, CYP3A4 is an especially important P450 due to its abundance and major roles in liver and intestine. In the present study, dog CYP3A98 and CYP3A99 were identified and characterized, along with previously identified CYP3A12 and CYP3A26. The dog CYP3A cDNAs contained open reading frames of 503 amino acids and shared high sequence identity (78%-80%) with human CYP3As. Among the dog CYP3A mRNAs, CYP3A98 mRNA was expressed most abundantly in small intestine. In contrast, dog CYP3A12 and CYP3A26 mRNAs were expressed in liver, where CYP3A12 mRNA was the most abundant. The four CYP3A genes had similar gene structures and formed a gene cluster in the dog and human genomes. Metabolic assays of dog CYP3A proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli indicated that the dog CYP3As tested were functional enzymes with respect to typical human CYP3A4 substrates. Dog CYP3A98 efficiently catalyzed oxidations of nifedipine, alprazolam, and midazolam, indicating major roles of CYP3A98 in the small intestine. Dog CYP3A12 and CYP3A26 metabolizing nifedipine and/or midazolam would play roles in these reactions in the liver. In contrast, dog CYP3A99 showed minimal mRNA expression and minimal metabolic activity, and its contribution to overall drug metabolism is, therefore, negligible. These results indicated that newly identified dog CYP3A98, a testosterone 6 β - and estradiol 16 α -hydroxylase, was abundantly expressed in the small intestine and is likely the major CYP3A in the small intestine in combination with liver-specific CYP3A12. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Novel dog cytochromes P450 3A98 (CYP3A98) and CYP3A99 were identified and characterized to be functional and highly identical to human CYP3A4. Known CYP3A12 and new CYP3A98 efficiently catalyzed estradiol 16α-hydroxylation and midazolam 1'-hydroxylation. CYP3A98 mRNA was expressed in small intestine, whereas CYP3A12 mRNA was predominant in liver. Dog hepatic CYP3A12 and intestinal CYP3A98 are the enzymes likely responsible for the metabolic clearances of orally administered drugs, unlike human CYP3A4/5, which are in both the liver and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., S.J.) and Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (Y.N., N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Shiori Jikuya
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., S.J.) and Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (Y.N., N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Yutaro Noda
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., S.J.) and Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (Y.N., N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., S.J.) and Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (Y.N., N.M., H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U., S.J.) and Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (Y.N., N.M., H.Y.)
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10
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Uno Y, Morikuni S, Shiraishi M, Asano A, Kawaguchi H, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. A comprehensive analysis of six forms of cytochrome P450 2C (CYP2C) in pigs. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:963-972. [PMID: 36373600 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2148139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are an important species used in drug metabolism studies; however, the cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) have not been fully investigated in pigs.In this study, pig CYP2C32, CYP2C33, CYP2C34, CYP2C36, CYP2C42, and CYP2C49 cDNAs were isolated and found to contain open reading frames of 490 or 494 amino acids that shared 64-82% sequence identity with human CYP2C8/9/18/19.Pig CYP2C genes formed a gene cluster in a genomic region that corresponded to that of the human CYP2C cluster; an additional gene cluster was formed by pig CYP2C33a and CYP2C33b distant from the first cluster but located in the same chromosome.Among the tissues analysed, these pig CYP2C mRNAs were preferentially expressed in liver, small intestine, and/or kidney; pig CYP2C49, CYP2C32, CYP2C34, and CYP2C33 mRNAs were the most abundant CYP2C mRNAs in liver, jejunum, ileum, and kidney, respectively.Metabolic assays showed that pig CYP2C proteins (heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli) metabolised typical human CYP2C substrates diclofenac, warfarin, and/or omeprazole.The results suggest that these pig CYP2Cs are functional enzymes able to metabolise human CYP2C substrates in liver and small intestine, just as human CYP2Cs do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | - Saho Morikuni
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Shiraishi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | - Atsushi Asano
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan
| | | | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
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11
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Uno Y, Ushirozako G, Uehara S, Murayama N, Fujiki Y, Kawaguchi H, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H. Newly identified tree shrew cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) and pig CYP2B6b are functional drug-metabolising enzymes. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:687-696. [PMID: 36286316 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2141153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tree shrews have high phylogenetic affinity to humans and are used in various fields of biomedical research, especially hepatitis virus infection; however, cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) have not been investigated in this species.In this study, tree shrew CYP2B6 and pig CYP2B6b were newly identified and had amino acid sequences highly identical (80% and 78%, respectively) to human CYP2B6, containing sequence motifs characteristic of P450s.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that novel tree shrew CYP2B6 was more closely related to known human CYP2B6 than dog, pig, or rat CYP2Bs are.Among the tissue types analysed, tree shrew CYP2B6 mRNA was preferentially expressed in liver and lung, whereas pig CYP2B6b mRNA was preferentially expressed in jejunum and lung.Tree shrew CYP2B6 and pig CYP2B6b proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli metabolised human CYP2B6 substrates efavirenz, ethoxycoumarin, propofol, and testosterone, suggesting that these novel CYP2Bs are functional drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver and/or lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Genki Ushirozako
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujiki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
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12
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Mehta L, Grover P, Naved T, Mukherjee D. Metabolite Detection and Profiling Using Analytical Methods. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190906142536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop effective and safe drugs and to take them to the market in short period of time is
the mission of pharmaceutical research companies. A selection of few of the lead compounds are done
for the evaluation of safety and their ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicology)
properties are tested in in-vitro (test systems), in-vivo (living organisms) and in-silico (computational
methods). From initial stages to final stages of modern drug discovery processes, the vital tool
for detecting and characterizing metabolites is MS (Mass spectrometry) hyphenated with other techniques.
The methods used for generation of metabolites are in vitro techniques and cell lines (containing
expressing drug metabolizing enzymes and heterologous genes). The use of HPLC-MS/UPLC-MS
and high resolution MS, enables the in depth metabolite detection and profiling studies and it may also
be likely to identify and characterize the site and types of biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Institute, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
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13
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Heterologous expression of high-activity cytochrome P450 in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14193. [PMID: 32843676 PMCID: PMC7447777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymatic activity is essential to estimate drug pharmacokinetics. Numerous CYP allelic variants have been identified; the functional characterisation of these variants is required for their application in precision medicine. Results from heterologous expression systems using mammalian cells can be integrated in in vivo studies; however, other systems such as E. coli, bacteria, yeast, and baculoviruses are generally used owing to the difficulty in expressing high CYP levels in mammalian cells. Here, by optimising transfection and supplementing conditions, we developed a heterologous expression system using 293FT cells to evaluate the enzymatic activities of three CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4). Moreover, we established co-expression with cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5. This expression system would be a potential complementary or beneficial alternative approach for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of clinically used and developing drugs in vitro.
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14
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Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N, Oshima Y, Kodama S, Miyata T, Dan T, Takatoku H, Kuribayashi H, Nakamura R, Saito Y. Points-to-consider documents: Scientific information on the evaluation of genetic polymorphisms during non-clinical studies and phase I clinical trials in the Japanese population. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:141-149. [PMID: 29703433 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy shows striking individual differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, involving drug efficacy and adverse reactions. Recent genetic research has revealed that genetic polymorphisms are important intrinsic factors for these inter-individual differences. This pharmacogenomic information could help develop safer and more effective precision pharmacotherapies and thus, regulatory guidance/guidelines were developed in this area, especially in the EU and US. The Project for the Promotion of Progressive Medicine, Medical Devices, and Regenerative Medicine by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, performed by Tohoku University, reported scientific information on the evaluation of genetic polymorphisms, mainly on drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, during non-clinical studies and phase I clinical trials in Japanese subjects/patients. We anticipate that this paper will be helpful in drug development for the regulatory usage of pharmacogenomic information, most notably pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Susumu Kodama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Dan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Bemena LD, Mukama O, Wang N, Gao XD, Nakanishi H. Characterization of a yeast sporulation-specific P450 family protein, Dit2, using an in vitro assay to crosslink formyl tyrosine. J Biochem 2018; 163:123-131. [PMID: 29365103 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outermost layer of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae spore, termed the dityrosine layer, is primarily composed of bisformyl dityrosine. Bisformyl dityrosine is produced in the spore cytosol by crosslinking of two formyl tyrosine molecules, after which it is transported to the nascent spore wall and assembled into the dityrosine layer by an unknown mechanism. A P450 family protein, Dit2, is believed to mediate the crosslinking of bisformyl dityrosine molecules. To characterize Dit2 and gain insight into the biological process of dityrosine layer formation, we performed an in vitro assay to crosslink formyl tyrosine with using permeabilized cells. For an unknown reason, the production of bisformyl dityrosine could not be confirmed under our experimental conditions, but dityrosine was detected in acid hydrolysates of the reaction mixtures in a Dit2 dependent manner. Thus, Dit2 mediated the crosslinking of formyl tyrosine in vitro. Dityrosine was detected when formyl tyrosine, but not tyrosine, was used as a substrate and the reaction required NADPH as a cofactor. Intriguingly, apart from Dit2, we found that the spore wall, but not the vegetative cell wall, contains bisformyl dityrosine crosslinking activity. This activity may be involved in the assembly of the dityrosine layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo D Bemena
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Omar Mukama
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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16
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Imaishi H, Goto T. Effect of genetic polymorphism of human CYP2B6 on the metabolic activation of chlorpyrifos. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 144:42-48. [PMID: 29463407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide that is neurotoxic in humans. Chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) is a toxic metabolite of CPS that is produced by CYP2B6. In this study, we examined the variability of CPS metabolism resulting from single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP2B6. Wild-type CYP2B6 (CYP2B6.1) and two variants each with a single amino acid substitution: CYP2B6.5 (R487C) and CYP2B6.8 (K139E) were co-expressed together with human NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Both of the CYP2B6 variants were successfully expressed in E. coli. The conversion of CPS to CPO by the CYP2B6 variants was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Km and Vmax of the reaction by CYP2B6.1 were 18.50±2.94μM and 17.07±1.15mol/min/mol P450, respectively. The CYP2B6 variants produced CPO with the following kinetic parameters: Km for CYP2B6.5 and CYP2B6.8 were 20.44±6.43 and 44.69±9.97μM, respectively; and Vmax were 1.10±0.10 and 1.77±0.26mol/min/mol P450, respectively. These results indicate that the amino acid substitutions in the CYP2B6 variants suppressed the metabolic activation of CPS. CYP2B6 variants have altered capacity to bioactivate CPF and may affect individual susceptibility of CPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Imaishi
- Laboratory of Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tatsushi Goto
- Laboratory of Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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17
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Zietek BM, Mladic M, Bruyneel B, Niessen WMA, Honing M, Somsen GW, Kool J. Nanofractionation Platform with Parallel Mass Spectrometry for Identification of CYP1A2 Inhibitors in Metabolic Mixtures. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:283-293. [PMID: 29262760 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217746323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With early assessment of inhibitory properties of drug candidates and their circulating metabolites toward cytochrome P450 enzymes, drug attrition, especially later in the drug development process, can be decreased. Here we describe the development and validation of an at-line nanofractionation platform, which was applied for screening of CYP1A2 inhibitors in Phase I metabolic mixtures. With this platform, a metabolic mixture is separated by liquid chromatography (LC), followed by parallel nanofractionation on a microtiter well plate and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. After solvent evaporation, all metabolites present in the nanofractionated mixture are assayed utilizing a fluorescence CYP1A2 inhibition bioassay performed on the plate. Next, a bioactivity chromatogram is constructed from the bioassay results. By peak shape and retention time correlation of the bioactivity peaks with the obtained MS data, CYP1A2-bioactive inhibiting metabolites can be identified. The method correctly evaluated the potency of five CYP1A2 inhibitors. Mixtures comprising potent inhibitors of CYP1A2 or in vitro-generated metabolites of ellipticine were evaluated for their inhibitory bioactivities. In both cases, good LC separation of all compounds was achieved and bioactivity data could be accurately correlated with the parallel recorded MS data. Generation and evaluation of Phase II metabolites of hydroxylated ellipticine was also pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Zietek
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marija Mladic
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben Bruyneel
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M A Niessen
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,3 hyphen MassSpec, Voorhout, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Honing
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,2 DSM Materials Science Center, Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Helvenstein M, Hambÿe S, Blankert B. Hepatocyte-based flow analytical bioreactor for online xenobiotics metabolism bioprediction. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2017; 4:1849543517702898. [PMID: 29942392 PMCID: PMC6009796 DOI: 10.1177/1849543517702898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The research for new in vitro screening tools for predictive metabolic profiling of drug candidates is of major interest in the pharmaceutical field. The main motivation is to avoid late rejection in drug development and to deliver safer drugs to the market. Thanks to the superparamagnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles, a flow bioreactor has been developed which is able to perform xenobiotic metabolism studies. The selected cell line (HepaRG) maintained its metabolic competencies once iron oxide nanoparticles were internalized. Based on magnetically trapped cells in a homemade immobilization chamber, through which a flow of circulating phase was injected to transport nutrients and/or the studied xenobiotic, off-line and online (when coupled to a high-performance liquid chromatography chain) metabolic assays were developed using diclofenac as a reference compound. The diclofenac demonstrated a similar metabolization profile chromatogram, both with the newly developed setup and with the control situation. Highly versatile, this pioneering and innovative instrumental design paves the way for a new approach in predictive metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Helvenstein
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - S Hambÿe
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - B Blankert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
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19
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Okamatsu G, Kawakami K, Komatsu T, Kitazawa T, Uno Y, Teraoka H. Functional expression and comparative characterization of four feline P450 cytochromes using fluorescent substrates. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:951-961. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1257172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Okamatsu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
| | - Kei Kawakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
| | - Tetsuya Komatsu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., Kainan, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan and
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20
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Nishimura M, Okimasu Y, Miyake N, Tada M, Hida R, Negishi T, Arimoto-Kobayashi S. Inhibitory effect of Actinidia arguta on mutagenesis, inflammation and two-stage mouse skin tumorigenesis. Genes Environ 2016; 38:25. [PMID: 27822323 PMCID: PMC5088666 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinidia arguta, known as sarunashi in Japan, is a vine tree native to east-Asia, including Japan, that produces small fruit rich in anthocyanins, catechins, vitamin C, chlorophyll, beta-carotene and other polyphenols. RESULTS Our study revealed the inhibitory effect of the juice of A. arguta (arguta-juice) toward the mutagenicity of food-derived carcinogens and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using the Ames test, and antioxidant activity of arguta-juice as determined using a free radical scavenging assay. The formation of DNA adducts in liver of mice fed 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) decreased significantly following administration of arguta-juice. The preventive effect of arguta-juice on the induction of inflammation of mouse ear by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was revealed. The anti-carcinogenic effect of a topically applied partially purified fraction of A. arguta was revealed on skin tumorigenesis in mice induced by treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and TPA. In an effort to reveal the mechanisms for antimutagenicity of arguta-juice, effects on the enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics were examined. Combined effects comprising i) inhibition of the metabolic activation of mutagens with phase I enzymes, but ii) no prevention on the activity of phase II detoxification enzyme, UGT, were observed. We also investigated the characterization and partial purification of the antimutagenic components in A. arguta, which suggested that the components in A. arguta responsible for the antimutagenicity were water-soluble, heat-labile phenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that components in A. arguta are attractive candidates for potential use as chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Nishimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yuma Okimasu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Naoko Miyake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Misako Tada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Ryoko Hida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Tomoe Negishi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Sakae Arimoto-Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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21
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22
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Hosaka S, Murayama N, Satsukawa M, Uehara S, Shimizu M, Iwasaki K, Iwano S, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Identification of putative substrates for cynomolgus monkey cytochrome P450 2C8 by substrate depletion assays with 22 human P450 substrates and inhibitors. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:310-3. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hosaka
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
- Kaken Pharmaceutical Co.; Ltd; Shizuoka 426-8646 Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | | | - Shotaro Uehara
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Kazuhide Iwasaki
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories; Ltd; Kainan Wakayama 642-0017 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Iwano
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
- Novartis Pharma K.K.; Tokyo 106-8618 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories; Ltd; Kainan Wakayama 642-0017 Japan
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23
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Wriessnegger T, Moser S, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Leitner E, Müller M, Kaluzna I, Schürmann M, Mink D, Pichler H. Enhancing cytochrome P450-mediated conversions in P. pastoris through RAD52 over-expression and optimizing the cultivation conditions. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 89:114-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Okamatsu G, Komatsu T, Ono Y, Inoue H, Uchide T, Onaga T, Endoh D, Kitazawa T, Hiraga T, Uno Y, Teraoka H. Characterization of feline cytochrome P450 2B6. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:93-102. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1145754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Okamatsu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Tetsuya Komatsu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Yuka Ono
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Takenori Onaga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Daiji Endoh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Takeo Hiraga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan and
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25
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Hosaka S, Murayama N, Satsukawa M, Uehara S, Shimizu M, Iwasaki K, Iwano S, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Similar substrate specificity of cynomolgus monkey cytochrome P450 2C19 to reported human P450 2C counterpart enzymes by evaluation of 89 drug clearances. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:636-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hosaka
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
- Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., LTD.; Shizuoka 426-8646 Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | | | - Shotaro Uehara
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Kazuhide Iwasaki
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd; Kainan Wakayama 642-0017 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Iwano
- Showa Pharmaceutical University; Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
- Novartis Pharma K.K.; Tokyo 106-8618 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd; Kainan Wakayama 642-0017 Japan
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26
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Hagihira Y, Murayama N, Shimizu M, Inoue T, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Marmoset cytochrome P450 2D8 in livers and small intestines metabolizes typical human P450 2D6 substrates, metoprolol, bufuralol and dextromethorphan. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:766-72. [PMID: 25801057 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1019595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Although the New World non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), is a potentially useful animal model, comprehensive understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes is insufficient. 2. A cDNA encoding a novel cytochrome P450 (P450) 2D8 was identified in marmosets. The amino acid sequence deduced from P450 2D8 cDNA showed a high sequence identity (83-86%) with other primate P450 2Ds. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marmoset P450 2D8 was closely clustered with human P450 2D6, unlike P450 2Ds of miniature pig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse or rat. 3. Marmoset P450 2D8 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the liver and small intestine among the tissues types analyzed, whereas marmoset P450 2D6 mRNA was expressed predominantly in the liver where P450 2D protein was detected by immunoblotting. 4. By metabolic assays using marmoset P450 2D8 protein heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, although P450 2D8 exhibits lower catalytic efficiency compared to marmoset and human P450 2D6 enzymes, P450 2D8 mediated O-demethylations of metoprolol and dextromethorphan and bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation. 5. These results suggest that marmoset P450 2D8 (also expressed in the extrahepatic tissues) has potential roles in drug metabolism in a similar manner to those of human and marmoset P450 2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- a Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
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27
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Hosaka S, Murayama N, Satsukawa M, Uehara S, Shimizu M, Iwasaki K, Iwano S, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Comprehensive Evaluation for Substrate Selectivity of Cynomolgus Monkey Cytochrome P450 2C9, a New Efavirenz Oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1119-22. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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28
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Chen X, Zhang Y. Identification and characterization of NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase gene and cytochrome b5 gene from Plutella xylostella: Possible involvement in resistance to beta-cypermethrin. Gene 2015; 558:208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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29
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Miyamoto M, Yamashita T, Yasuhara Y, Hayasaki A, Hosokawa Y, Tsujino H, Uno T. Membrane Anchor of Cytochrome P450 Reductase Suppresses the Uncoupling of Cytochrome P450. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:286-94. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taku Yamashita
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University
| | - Yuki Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | | | - Yukari Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | | | - Tadayuki Uno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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30
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Okamatsu G, Komatsu T, Kubota A, Onaga T, Uchide T, Endo D, Kirisawa R, Yin G, Inoue H, Kitazawa T, Uno Y, Teraoka H. Identification and functional characterization of novel feline cytochrome P450 2A. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:503-10. [PMID: 25547627 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.998322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Cytochrome P450s are the major metabolizing enzymes for xenobiotics in humans and other mammals. Although the domestic cat Felis catus, an obligate carnivore, is the most common companion animal, the properties of cytochrome P450 subfamilies are largely unknown. 2. We newly identified the feline CYP2A13, which consists of 494 deduced amino acids, showing the highest identity to CYP2As of dogs, followed by those of pigs, cattle and humans. 3. The feline CYP2A13 transcript and protein were expressed almost exclusively in the liver without particular sex-dependent differences. 4. The feline CYP2A13 protein heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli showed metabolic activity similar to those of human and canine CYP2As for coumarin, 7-ethoxycoumarin and nicotine. 5. The results indicate the importance of CYP2A13 in systemic metabolism of xenobiotics in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Okamatsu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University , Ebetsu, Hokkaido , Japan
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31
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Hosaka S, Murayama N, Satsukawa M, Shimizu M, Uehara S, Fujino H, Iwasaki K, Iwano S, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Evaluation of 89 Compounds for Identification of Substrates for Cynomolgus Monkey CYP2C76, a New Bupropion/Nifedipine Oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:27-33. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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32
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Ichinose H, Wariishi H. High-level heterologous expression of fungal cytochrome P450s in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:289-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Dong MS, Lee SB, Kim HJ. Co-expression of human cytochrome b5 increases expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 in Escherichia coli by stabilizing mRNA. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 89:44-50. [PMID: 23459292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CYP3A4 is the most abundant cytochrome P450 in the human liver. The expression level of CYP3A4 when coexpressed with cytochrome b(5) (cyt b(5)) in Escherichia coli was 20-60% higher than that when it was expressed alone over an extended period (48-72 h). This time-dependent elevation in coexpression with cyt b(5) was a result of an increase in CYP3A4 mRNA half-life; no significant change in CYP3A4 degradation was seen in the bacterial protease fraction. These results suggest that the higher CYP3A4 levels observed upon coexpression with cyt b(5) primarily resulted from CYP3A4 mRNA stabilization by cyt b(5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sook Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Nakamura K, Matsuzawa N, Ohmori S, Ando Y, Yamazaki H, Matsunaga T. Clinical Evidence of Pharmacokinetic Changes in Thalidomide Therapy. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28:38-43. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rv-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Geier M, Braun A, Emmerstorfer A, Pichler H, Glieder A. Production of human cytochrome P450 2D6 drug metabolites with recombinant microbes - a comparative study. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1346-58. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Chang G, Mori Y, Mori S, Irie T, Nagai H, Goto T, Tatsu Y, Imaishi H, Morigaki K. Microarray of Human P450 with an Integrated Oxygen Sensing Film for High-Throughput Detection of Metabolic Activities. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5292-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300355w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory
for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials,
Faculty of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Hubei University, No.11 Xueyuan Road, Wuchang, Wuhan 430062,
China
| | - Yoshinao Mori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural
Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1,
Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Saori Mori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Irie
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nagai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Goto
- Research Center for Environmental
Genomics, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho
1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshiro Tatsu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Imaishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural
Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1,
Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
- Research Center for Environmental
Genomics, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho
1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kenichi Morigaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural
Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1,
Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
- Research Center for Environmental
Genomics, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho
1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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37
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Comparison of microbial hosts and expression systems for mammalian CYP1A1 catalysis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 39:275-87. [PMID: 21863302 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cytochrome P450 enzymes are of special interest as biocatalysts for fine chemical and drug metabolite synthesis. In this study, the potential of different recombinant microorganisms expressing rat and human cyp1a1 genes is evaluated for such applications. The maximum specific activity for 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation and gene expression levels were used as parameters to judge biocatalyst performance. Under comparable conditions, E. coli is shown to be superior over the use of S. cerevisiae and P. putida as hosts for biocatalysis. Of all tested E. coli strains, E. coli DH5α and E. coli JM101 harboring rat CYP1A1 showed the highest activities (0.43 and 0.42 U g⁻¹(CDW), respectively). Detection of active CYP1A1 in cell-free E. coli extracts was found to be difficult and only for E. coli DH5α, expression levels could be determined (41 nmol g⁻¹(CDW)). The presented results show that efficient expression of mammalian cyp1a1 genes in recombinant microorganisms is troublesome and host-dependent and that enhancing expression levels is crucial in order to obtain more efficient biocatalysts. Specific activities currently obtained are not sufficient yet for fine chemical production, but are sufficient for preparative-scale drug metabolite synthesis.
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38
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Zhang X, Ishida R, Yuhara Y, Kamiya T, Hatano T, Okamoto G, Arimoto-Kobayashi S. Anti-genotoxic activity of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat towards heterocyclic amines and isolation and identification of caftaric acid as an antimutagenic component from the juice. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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39
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Fantuzzi A, Mak LH, Capria E, Dodhia V, Panicco P, Collins S, Gilardi G. A New Standardized Electrochemical Array for Drug Metabolic Profiling with Human Cytochromes P450. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3831-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fantuzzi
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Lok Hang Mak
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ennio Capria
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Vikash Dodhia
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Panicco
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Collins
- NanoBioDesign Ltd., Woodstock House, Winch Road, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME9 8EF, United Kingdom
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italy
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40
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Production of human phase 1 and 2 metabolites by whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant microbes. Bioanalysis 2011; 2:1277-90. [PMID: 21083240 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs or P450s) are the most important enzymes involved in the phase I metabolism of drugs and poisons in humans, while UDP glycosyltransferases catalyze the majority of phase II reactions. In addition, a number of other enzymes or enzyme families contribute to the metabolism of xenobiotica, including alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, ester and amide hydrolases, epoxide hydrolase and flavine monooxygenases, as well as sulfotransferases, catechol-O-methyltransferase and N-acetyltransferase. A thorough understanding of their activity and of the properties of the metabolites they form is an essential prerequisite for the assessment of drug-caused side effects or toxicity. In this context of MIST, efficient production systems are needed to permit the large-scale production of human drug metabolites. As classical chemical synthesis cannot always provide these metabolites, biotechnological approaches have been developed that typically employ the recombinant expression of human drug-metabolizing enzymes. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding whole-cell biotransformation processes that make use of such an approach.
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41
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Kohara S, Iwasaki K, Nagata R, Fukuzaki K, Utoh M, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Newly identified CYP2C93 is a functional enzyme in rhesus monkey, but not in cynomolgus monkey. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16923. [PMID: 21347438 PMCID: PMC3035658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkey and rhesus monkey are used in drug metabolism studies due to their evolutionary closeness and physiological resemblance to human. In cynomolgus monkey, we previously identified cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2C76 that does not have a human ortholog and is partly responsible for species differences in drug metabolism between cynomolgus monkey and human. In this study, we report characterization of CYP2C93 cDNA newly identified in cynomolgus monkey and rhesus monkey. The CYP2C93 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 490 amino acids approximately 84–86% identical to human CYP2Cs. CYP2C93 was located in the genomic region, which corresponded to the intergenic region in the human genome, indicating that CYP2C93 does not correspond to any human genes. CYP2C93 mRNA was expressed predominantly in the liver among 10 tissues analyzed. The CYP2C93 proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli metabolized human CYP2C substrates, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, paclitaxel, S-mephenytoin, and tolbutamide. In addition to a normal transcript (SV1), an aberrantly spliced transcript (SV2) lacking exon 2 was identified, which did not give rise to a functional protein due to frameshift and a premature termination codon. Mini gene assay revealed that the genetic variant IVS2-1G>T at the splice site of intron 1, at least partly, accounted for the exon-2 skipping; therefore, this genotype would influence CYP2C93-mediated drug metabolism. SV1 was expressed in 6 of 11 rhesus monkeys and 1 of 8 cynomolgus monkeys, but the SV1 in the cynomolgus monkey was nonfunctional due to a rare null genotype (c.102T>del). These results suggest that CYP2C93 can play roles as a drug-metabolizing enzyme in rhesus monkeys (not in cynomolgus monkeys), although its relative contribution to drug metabolism has yet to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan.
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42
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. CYP1D1, pseudogenized in human, is expressed and encodes a functional drug-metabolizing enzyme in cynomolgus monkey. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:442-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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43
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UNO Y, MATSUNO K, NAKAMURA C, UTOH M, YAMAZAKI H. Cynomolgus Macaque CYP4 Isoforms Are Functional,Metabolizing Arachidonic Acid. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:487-90. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro UNO
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories
| | - Kiyomi MATSUNO
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories
| | - Chika NAKAMURA
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories
| | - Masahiro UTOH
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories
| | - Hiroshi YAMAZAKI
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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44
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. CYP2G2, pseudogenized in human, is expressed in nasal mucosa of cynomolgus monkey and encodes a functional drug-metabolizing enzyme. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:717-23. [PMID: 21189332 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.036574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2G2P is pseudogenized in humans because of two nonsense mutations (c.76C>T in exon 1 and c.382C>T in exon 3) in the putative coding region of the gene sequence, whereas mouse, rat, and rabbit CYP2Gs are expressed and functional in nasal mucosa. In this study, we assessed the intactness of CYP2G in a cynomolgus monkey, a macaque species important for drug metabolism studies because of its evolutionary closeness to human. On the basis of a gene sequence (highly identical to human CYP2G2P) found in the macaque genome, CYP2G2 cDNA was successfully isolated from cynomolgus monkey nasal mucosa. CYP2G2 cDNA, containing an open reading frame of 494 amino acids, was shown to share high sequence identity (nearly 95%) with the putative coding region of human CYP2G2P. Cynomolgus monkey CYP2G2 shared the highest sequence identity (59-61%) with CYP2A23, CYP2A24, and CYP2A26 among cynomolgus monkey cytochromes P450. Cynomolgus monkey CYP2G2 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the nasal mucosa, where CYP2G2 protein expression was also detected. Metabolic assays indicated that cynomolgus monkey CYP2G2 metabolized coumarin, similar to cynomolgus monkey CYP2A23, CYP2A24, and CYP2A26. Moreover, among 39 cynomolgus monkeys and 11 rhesus monkeys examined in this study, only 2 cynomolgus monkeys and 1 rhesus monkey were heterozygous for c.76C>T. No animals carried c.382C>T. These results suggest that cynomolgus monkey CYP2G2 is a functional drug-metabolizing enzyme in nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., 16-1 Minami Akasaka, Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan.
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Goto T, Moriuchi H, Fu X, Ikegawa T, Matsubara T, Chang G, Uno T, Morigaki K, Isshiki K, Imaishi H. The Effects of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in CYP2A13 on Metabolism of 5-Methoxypsoralen. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2110-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.034553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Uehara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Uno Y. A novel CYP2A26 identified in cynomolgus monkey liver metabolizes coumarin. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:621-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.501118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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47
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Kohara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. Cynomolgus monkey CYP2D44 newly identified in liver, metabolizes bufuralol, and dextromethorphan. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1486-92. [PMID: 20501912 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.033274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is used in drug metabolism studies, because of its evolutionary closeness to human, including cytochrome P450. Cynomolgus monkey CYP2D17, highly homologous to human CYP2D6, has been identified and characterized. Here, we report characterization of another CYP2D, CYP2D44, identified in cynomolgus monkey liver. The CYP2D44 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 497 amino acids sharing high sequence identity (87-93%) with other primate CYP2Ds. CYP2D44 mRNA was predominantly expressed in liver, similar to CYP2D17 mRNA. CYP2D17 and CYP2D44 form a gene cluster in the genome, similar to human CYP2Ds. Metabolic assays of the CYP2D17 and CYP2D44 proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli indicated that CYP2D44 metabolized human CYP2D6 substrates, bufuralol and dextromethorphan (bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation) but to a lesser extent than CYP2D17. Kinetic analysis of dextromethorphan metabolism indicated that the apparent K(m) and V(max) of CYP2D17 and CYP2D44 catalyzed O-demethylation were similar, and, the V(max) values of CYP2D17 and CYP2D44 catalyzed N-demethylation (which human CYP2D6 catalyzes much less effectively) were similar, but the apparent K(m) of the CYP2D44 reaction was higher. Western blot analysis showed that CYP2D proteins were expressed in cynomolgus and rhesus monkey liver as well as in human and marmoset liver. Similar to CYP2D6, CYP2D44 copy number varied among the eight cynomolgus monkeys and four rhesus monkeys used in this study. These results indicated that CYP2D44, together with CYP2D17, had functional characteristics similar to those of human CYP2D6 but measurably differed in dextromethorphan N-demethylation, suggesting its importance for CYP2D-dependent drug metabolism in macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., 16-1 Minami, Akasaka, Kainan, Japan.
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48
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Uno Y, Matsuno K, Nakamura C, Utoh M, Yamazaki H. Identification and characterization of CYP2B6 cDNA in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). J Vet Med Sci 2010; 71:1653-6. [PMID: 20046035 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6), an important drug-metabolizing enzyme, is involved in the metabolism of prescribed drugs in humans. Despite its importance, cDNA for a CYP2B6 ortholog has not been identified and characterized in cynomolgus macaques, which are frequently used in preclinical studies. In this study, cDNA highly homologous to human CYP2B6 was cloned from the cynomolgus macaque liver. This cDNA contained an open reading frame of 491 amino acids and functional domains characteristic for CYP protein, such as substrate recognition sites and a heme-binding region. Cynomolgus CYP2B6 was expressed predominantly in the liver with some extra-hepatic expression among 10 tissues. Moreover, cynomolgus CYP2B6 revealed activities toward testosterone 16beta-hydroxylation and bupropion hydroxylation. These results suggest that cynomolgus CYP2B6 has a functional role in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan.
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Metabolism of mono- and dichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins by Phanerochaete chrysosporium cytochromes P450. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:773-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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UNO Y, MATSUNO K, NAKAMURA C, UTOH M, YAMAZAKI H. Identification and Characterization of CYP2C18 in the Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:225-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro UNO
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center (PBC), Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (SNBL)
| | - Kiyomi MATSUNO
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center (PBC), Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (SNBL)
| | - Chika NAKAMURA
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center (PBC), Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (SNBL)
| | - Masahiro UTOH
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center (PBC), Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (SNBL)
| | - Hiroshi YAMAZAKI
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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