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Cao H, Histand G, Lin D. Selectfluor-Induced Oxidative Amination of N-Heteroaromatics with Purine. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5687-5695. [PMID: 37120834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative coupling reaction between purines and aromatic N-heterocycles was developed to synthesize a series of N-heteroaryl purine derivatives using Selectfluor as an oxidant at room temperature. This process uses a commercial oxidant, uses no base, metal, or other additives, is simple to carry out, and has a broad range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Gary Histand
- The International School of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dongen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
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2
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Fluorescent inosine analogues: Synthesis, cytotoxicity activity and self-assembly nanoparticle for live cell image. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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CD73-Adenosinergic Axis Mediates the Protective Effect of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Ischemic Renal Damage in a Rat Model of Donation after Circulatory Death. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810681. [PMID: 36142593 PMCID: PMC9501320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a new organ-conditioning strategy based on mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs)/extracellular vesicle (EVs) delivery during hypothermic perfusion. MSCs/EVs marker CD73 is present on renal proximal tubular cells, and it protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by converting adenosine monophosphate into adenosine (ADO). In this study, after checking if CD73-silenced EVs (EVsi) would impact in vitro tubular-cell proliferation, we perfused kidneys of a rat model of donation after circulatory death, with Belzer solution (BS) alone, BS supplemented with MSCs, EVs, or EVsi. The ADO and ATP levels were measured in the effluents and tissues. Global renal ischemic damage score (GRS), and tubular cell proliferation index (IPT) were evaluated in the tissue. EVsi did not induce cell proliferation in vitro. Ex vivo kidneys perfused with BS or BS + EVsi showed the worst GRS and higher effluent ADO levels than the MSC- and EV-perfused kidneys. In the EV-perfused kidneys, the tissue and effluent ATP levels and IPT were the highest, but not if CD73 was silenced. Tissue ATP content was positively correlated with tissue ADO content and negatively correlated with effluent ADO level in all groups. In conclusion, kidney conditioning with EVs protects against ischemic damage by activating the CD73/ADO system.
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Liu M, Zeng M, Wang S, Cao B, Guo P, Zhang Y, Jia J, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Wang R, Li J, Zheng X, Feng W. Thymidine and 2'-deoxyuridine reduce microglial activation and improve oxidative stress damage by modulating glycolytic metabolism on the Aβ 25-35-induced brain injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 729:109377. [PMID: 35998686 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease with a long duration and complicated pathogenesis. Thymidine (Thy) and 2'-deoxyuridine (2'-De) are pyrimidines nucleotides that are associated with nervous system diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Thy and 2'-De exert neuroprotective effects in AD. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the interventional effects and mechanisms of Thy and 2'-De on the Aβ25-35-induced brain injury. Donepezil (Do, 10 mg/kg/d), Thy (20 mg/kg/d), and 2'-De (20 mg/kg/d) were administered for 4 weeks after the injection of Aβ25-35 peptides (200 μM, i.c.v.) to mice. UPLC-MS/MS method was performed to quantify Thy and 2'-De in the hippocampus of mice brain. The cognition ability, neuronal and mitochondria damage, and levels of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, p-Tau, Na+ K+-ATPase, apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune cells, and Iba 1+ were measured in Aβ25-35-induced mice. The oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were measured using a seahorse analyzer in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. Moreover, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glycolysis inhibitor, was added to explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of Thy and 2'-De on Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. The expression of Iba 1+ and levels of CD11b+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured after treatment with Thy (5 μM) and 2'-De (10 μM) against 2-DG (5 mM) in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. The results suggested that Do, Thy, and 2'-De improved the cognition ability, attenuated the damage to hippocampus and mitochondria, downregulated the levels of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, p-Tau, Na+ K+-ATPase, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and Iba 1+, and regulated the immune response induced by Aβ25-35 against the brain injury. Furthermore, Do, Thy, and 2'-De increased ATP production and inhibited glycolysis in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. Moreover, 2-DG enhanced the effects of drugs, reduced microglial activation, and attenuated oxidative stress to interfere with Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. In conclusion, Thy and 2'-De reduced microglial activation and improved oxidative stress damage by modulating glycolytic metabolism on the Aβ25-35-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengnan Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shengchao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bing Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Pengli Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jufang Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ru Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Luo Z, Lu C, Histand G, Lin D. One-Step Visible Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Purine C8 Alkoxylation with Alcohol. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11558-11564. [PMID: 35984935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cross-dehydrogenation coupling reaction between purines and alcohols, induced by visible light, using an acridinium photocatalyst and air as the sole oxidant, to synthesize a series of C8-alkoxy purine derivatives was developed. This protocol is a green and novel method to construct the C8-O bond on a purine ring with high step and atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Changtong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Gary Histand
- The International School of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dongen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Liao L, Lin D, Histand G. Visible light induced oxidative coupling of purines with arenes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Sengupta S, Das P. Application of diazonium chemistry in purine modifications: A focused review. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
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Binder DK, Steinhäuser C. Astrocytes and Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2687-2695. [PMID: 33661442 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changes in astrocyte channels, transporters, and metabolism play a critical role in seizure generation and epilepsy. In particular, alterations in astrocyte potassium, glutamate, water and adenosine homeostasis and gap junctional coupling have all been associated with hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis (largely in temporal lobe epilepsy). Distinct astrocytic changes have also been identified in other types of epilepsy, such as tuberous sclerosis, tumor-associated epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy. Together, the emerging literature on astrocytes and epilepsy provides powerful rationale for distinct new therapeutic targets that are astrocyte-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin K Binder
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Jarvis MF. Geoffery Burnstock's influence on the evolution of P2X3 receptor pharmacology. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:33-39. [PMID: 33029713 PMCID: PMC7955014 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Jarvis
- Global Medical Affairs, Abbvie, Inc., 1 N Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Boison D, Jarvis MF. Adenosine kinase: A key regulator of purinergic physiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114321. [PMID: 33161022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is an essential biomolecule for life that provides critical regulation of energy utilization and homeostasis. Adenosine kinase (ADK) is an evolutionary ancient ribokinase derived from bacterial sugar kinases that is widely expressed in all forms of life, tissues and organ systems that tightly regulates intracellular and extracellular ADO concentrations. The facile ability of ADK to alter ADO availability provides a "site and event" specificity to the endogenous protective effects of ADO in situations of cellular stress. In addition to modulating the ability of ADO to activate its cognate receptors (P1 receptors), nuclear ADK isoform activity has been linked to epigenetic mechanisms based on transmethylation pathways. Previous drug discovery research has targeted ADK inhibition as a therapeutic approach to manage epilepsy, pain, and inflammation. These efforts generated multiple classes of highly potent and selective inhibitors. However, clinical development of early ADK inhibitors was stopped due to apparent mechanistic toxicity and the lack of suitable translational markers. New insights regarding the potential role of the nuclear ADK isoform (ADK-Long) in the epigenetic modulation of maladaptive DNA methylation offers the possibility of identifying novel ADK-isoform selective inhibitors and new interventional strategies that are independent of ADO receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, United States.
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11
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Moukha-Chafiq O, Reynolds RC, Wilson JC, Snowden TS. Parallel Solution Phase Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Activity of a 5'-Substituted Cytidine Analog Library. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:628-634. [PMID: 31365223 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A 109-membered library of 5'-substituted cytidine analogs was synthesized, via funding through the NIH Roadmap Initiative and the Pilot Scale Library (PSL) Program. Reaction core compounds contained -NH2 (2) and -COOH (44 and 93) groups that were coupled to a diversity of reactants in a parallel, solution phase format to produce the target library. The assorted reactants included -NH2, -CHO, -SO2Cl, and -COOH functional groups, and condensation with the intermediate core materials 2 and 44 followed by acidic hydrolysis produced 3-91 in good yields and high purity. Linkage of the amino terminus of d-phenylalanine methyl ester to the free 5'-COOH of 44 and NaOH treatment led to core library -COOH precursor 93. In a libraries from libraries approach, compound 93 served as the vital building block for our unique library of dipeptidyl cytidine analogs 94-114 through amide coupling of the -COOH group with numerous commercial amines followed by acidic deprotection. Initial screening of the complete final library through the MLPCN program revealed a modest number of hits over diverse biological processes. These hits might be considered as starting points for hit-to-lead optimization and development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Moukha-Chafiq
- Chemistry Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Robert C. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2540 J, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3300, United States
| | - Jacob C. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, 250 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Timothy S. Snowden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, 250 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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12
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Jarvis MF. Therapeutic potential of adenosine kinase inhibition-Revisited. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00506. [PMID: 31367385 PMCID: PMC6646803 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous protective regulator that restores cellular energy balance in response to tissue trauma. Extracellular ADO has a half-life of the order of seconds thus restricting its actions to tissues and cellular sites where it is released. Adenosine kinase (AK, ATP:adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.20) is a cytosolic enzyme that is the rate-limiting enzyme controlling extracellular ADO concentrations. Inhibition of AK can effectively increase ADO extracellular concentrations at tissue sites where pathophysiological changes occur. Highly potent and selective nucleoside and non-nucleoside AK inhibitors were discovered in the late 1990s that showed in vivo effects consistent with the augmentation of the actions of endogenous ADO in experimental models of pain, inflammation, and seizure activity. These data supported clinical development of several AK inhibitors for the management of epilepsy and chronic pain. However, early toxicological data demonstrated that nucleoside and non-nucleoside chemotypes produced hemorrhagic microfoci in brain in an apparent ADO receptor-dependent fashion. An initial oral report of these important toxicological findings was presented at an international conference but a detailed description of these data has not appeared in the peer-reviewed literature. In the two decades following the demise of these early AK-based clinical candidates, interest in AK inhibition has renewed based on preclinical data in the areas of renal protection, diabetic retinopathy, cardioprotection, and neurology. This review provides a summary of the pharmacology and toxicology data for several AK inhibitor chemotypes and the resulting translational issues associated with the development of AK inhibitors as viable therapeutic interventions.
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Graner MW. Extracellular vesicles in cancer immune responses: roles of purinergic receptors. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:465-475. [PMID: 30209547 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano- to micro-scale membrane-enclosed vesicles that are released from presumably all cell types. Tumor cells and immune cells are prodigious generators of EVs often with competing phenotypes in terms of immune suppression versus immune stimulation. Purinergic receptors, proteins that bind diverse purine nucleotides and nucleosides (ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine), are widely expressed across tissues and cell types, and are prominent players in immune and tumor cell nucleotide metabolism. The effects of purinergic receptor stimulation or agonism tend to produce inflammatory responses that may aid immune stimulation but may also provoke various immune suppression mechanisms, particularly in the tumor microenvironment. EVs released by cells following receptor stimulation are frequently pro-inflammatory, but often also pro-thrombolytic; these EVs may generate an environment that favors tumor progression at the cost of an effective immune response. Purinergic signaling pathways are becoming more recognized as valuable targets in various therapeutic scenarios, including cancer. It is possible that some of those clinically relevant compounds might also impact EV secretion and/or phenotype, which would hopefully capitalize on the immune stimulatory properties of purinergic signaling while minimizing the immune suppressive consequences. This review covers a relatively understudied area in EV biology, but even so, focuses almost exclusively on the purinergic receptors in a very limited capacity. There is much more to evaluate and incorporate into our understanding of extracellular nucleotides in EV biology, and we hope this work prompts further discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, RC2, 12700 E 19th Ave, Room 5125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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15
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Hatano N, Ohya S, Imaizumi Y, Clark RB, Belke D, Giles WR. ATP increases [Ca 2+ ] i and activates a Ca 2+ -dependent Cl - current in rat ventricular fibroblasts. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:666-682. [PMID: 29493027 DOI: 10.1113/ep086822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Although electrophysiological and biophysical characteristics of heart fibroblasts have been studied in detail, their responses to prominent paracrine agents in the myocardium have not been addressed adequately. Our experiments characterize changes in cellular electrophysiology and intracellular calcium in response to ATP. What is the main finding and its importance? In rat ventricular fibroblasts maintained in cell culture, we find that ATP activates a specific subset of Ca2+ -activated Cl- channels as a consequence of binding to P2Y purinoceptors and then activating phospholipase C. This response is not dependent on [Ca2+ ]o but requires an increase in [Ca2+ ]i and is modulated by the type of nucleotide that is the purinergic agonist. ABSTRACT Effects of ATP on enzymatically isolated rat ventricular fibroblasts maintained in short-term (36-72 h) cell culture were examined. Immunocytochemical staining of these cells revealed that a fibroblast, as opposed to a myofibroblast, phenotype was predominant. ATP, ADP or uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) all produced large increases in [Ca2+ ]i . Voltage-clamp studies (amphotericin-perforated patch) showed that ATP (1-100 μm) activated an outwardly rectifying current, with a reversal potential very close to the Nernst potential for Cl- . In contrast, ADP was much less effective, and UTP produced no detectable current. The non-selective Cl- channel blockers niflumic acid, DIDS and NPPB (each at 100 μm), blocked the responses to 100 μm ATP. An agonist for P2Y purinoceptors, 2-MTATP, activated a very similar outwardly rectifying C1- current. The P2Y receptor antagonists, suramin and PPADS (100 μm each), significantly inhibited the Cl- current produced by 100 μm ATP. ATP was able to activate this Cl- current when [Ca2+ ]o was removed, but not when [Ca2+ ]i was buffered with BAPTA-AM. In the presence of the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, this Cl- current could not be activated. PCR analysis revealed strong signals for a number of P2Y purinoceptors and for the Ca2+ -activated Cl- channel, TMEM16F (also denoted ANO6). In summary, these results demonstrate that activation of P2Y receptors by ATP causes a phospholipase C-dependent increase in [Ca2+ ]i , followed by activation of a Ca2+ -dependent Cl- current in rat ventricular fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatano
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuji Imaizumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Robert B Clark
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darrell Belke
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wayne R Giles
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Ojha NK, Zyryanov GV, Majee A, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON, Santra S. Copper nanoparticles as inexpensive and efficient catalyst: A valuable contribution in organic synthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Zhang W, Gao Q, Wei S, Fu B, Yang Q, Ming X. Synthesis of 8-Substituted 2'-Deoxyisoguanosines via Unprotected 8-Brominated 2-Amino-2'-deoxyadenosine. Chem Biodivers 2017; 15. [PMID: 28853211 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of applications of 8-alkynylated nucleosides has prompted the synthesis of new purine analogues. Bromination of unprotected 2-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine with Br2 /AcOH/AcONa gives 2-amino-8-bromo-2'-deoxyadenosine (87%). The brominated derivative is converted to 8-alkynylated 2-amino-2'-deoxyadenosines by palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction via microwave assistance (81 - 95%). The resulting compounds are further transformed to 8-alkynylated 2'-deoxyisoguanosines (52 - 70%). The physical properties of new compounds are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Bicheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China.,Study on the Structure-Specificity Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province Colleges Key Laboratory, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ming
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China.,Study on the Structure-Specificity Small Molecule Drug in Sichuan Province Colleges Key Laboratory, No. 783 Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
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Kasuya G, Fujiwara Y, Tsukamoto H, Morinaga S, Ryu S, Touhara K, Ishitani R, Furutani Y, Hattori M, Nureki O. Structural insights into the nucleotide base specificity of P2X receptors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45208. [PMID: 28332633 PMCID: PMC5362899 DOI: 10.1038/srep45208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are trimeric ATP-gated cation channels involved in diverse physiological processes, ranging from muscle contraction to nociception. Despite the recent structure determination of the ATP-bound P2X receptors, the molecular mechanism of the nucleotide base specificity has remained elusive. Here, we present the crystal structure of zebrafish P2X4 in complex with a weak affinity agonist, CTP, together with structure-based electrophysiological and spectroscopic analyses. The CTP-bound structure revealed a hydrogen bond, between the cytosine base and the side chain of the basic residue in the agonist binding site, which mediates the weak but significant affinity for CTP. The cytosine base is further recognized by two main chain atoms, as in the ATP-bound structure, but their bond lengths seem to be extended in the CTP-bound structure, also possibly contributing to the weaker affinity for CTP over ATP. This work provides the structural insights for the nucleotide base specificity of P2X receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Kasuya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fujiwara
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisao Tsukamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morinaga
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ryu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuji Furutani
- Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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19
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New potent A1 adenosine receptor radioligands for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 44:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Dastjerdi MN, Rarani MZ, Valiani A, Mahmoudieh M. The effect of adenosine A1 receptor agonist and antagonist on p53 and caspase 3, 8, and 9 expression and apoptosis rate in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Res Pharm Sci 2016; 11:303-10. [PMID: 27651810 PMCID: PMC5022378 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.189301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptor family especially A1 type is expressed in breast cancer cells in which P53 and caspase genes are wild-type. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between A1 receptor and either cell apoptosis or proliferation and also to recognize the relationship between this receptor and P53 and the expression of caspases 3, 8 and 9 in MCF-7 cell line. MCF-7 cells were treated intermittently with A1 receptor agonist N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) in different times to measure the expression of p53, caspase 3, 8 and 9 besides apoptosis and survival rate. Our findings indicated that DPCPX significantly induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells while the cell viability was reduced specially 72 h after the treatment and the expression of p53 gene and caspase expressions was dramatically up-regulated. On the other hand, CPA increased the cell viability and reduced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Our results indicated a significant down-regulation in the MCF-7 mRNA expression of p53 and caspases 3, 8 and 9. Furthermore, DPCPX induced p53 and caspase 3, 8 and 9 expressions that consequently promotes the cell apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Therefore, DPCPX can be considered as an anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikbakht Dastjerdi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Valiani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohsen Mahmoudieh
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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21
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Noronha-Matos JB, Correia-de-Sá P. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ageing: Targeting the "Purinome" to Promote Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Repair. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1852-61. [PMID: 26754327 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into bone forming cells. Such ability is compromised in elderly individuals resulting in bone disorders such as osteoporosis, also limiting their clinical usage for cell transplantation and bone tissue engineering strategies. In bone marrow niches, adenine and uracil nucleotides are important local regulators of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Nucleotides can be released to the extracellular milieu under both physiological and pathological conditions via (1) membrane cell damage, (2) vesicle exocytosis, (3) ATP-binding cassette transporters, and/or (4) facilitated diffusion through maxi-anion channels, hemichannels or ligand-gated receptor pores. Nucleotides and their derivatives act via adenosine P1 (A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 ) and nucleotide-sensitive P2 purinoceptors comprising ionotropic P2X and G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Purinoceptors activation is terminated by membrane-bound ecto-nucleotidases and other ecto-phosphatases, which rapidly hydrolyse extracellular nucleotides to their respective nucleoside 5'-di- and mono-phosphates, nucleosides and free phosphates, or pyrophosphates. Current knowledge suggests that different players of the "purinome" cascade, namely nucleotide release sites, ecto-nucleotidases and purinoceptors, orchestrate to fine-tuning regulate the activity of MSCs in the bone microenvironment. Increasing studies, using osteoprogenitor cell lines, animal models and, more recently, non-modified MSCs from postmenopausal women, raised the possibility to target chief components of the purinergic signaling pathway to regenerate the ability of aged MSCs to differentiate into functional osteoblasts. This review summarizes the main findings of those studies, prompting for novel therapeutic strategies to control ageing disorders where bone destruction exceeds bone formation, like osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fracture mal-union. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1852-1861, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - P Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
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22
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An Improved Method for P2X7R Antagonist Screening. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123089. [PMID: 25993132 PMCID: PMC4437783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP physiologically activates the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a member of the P2X ionotropic receptor family. When activated by high concentrations of ATP (i.e., at inflammation sites), this receptor is capable of forming a pore that allows molecules of up to 900 Da to pass through. This receptor is upregulated in several diseases, particularly leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's disease. A selective antagonist of this receptor could be useful in the treatment of P2X7R activation-related diseases. In the present study, we have evaluated several parameters using in vitro protocols to validate a high-throughput screening (HTS) method to identify P2X7R antagonists. We generated dose-response curves to determine the EC50 value of the known agonist ATP and the ICs50 values for the known antagonists Brilliant Blue G (BBG) and oxidized ATP (OATP). The values obtained were consistent with those found in the literature (0.7 ± 0.07 mM, 1.3-2.6 mM and 173-285 μM for ATP, BBG and OATP, respectively). The Z-factor, an important statistical tool that can be used to validate the robustness and suitability of an HTS assay, was 0.635 for PI uptake and 0.867 for LY uptake. No inter-operator variation was observed, and the results obtained using our improved method were reproducible. Our data indicate that our assay is suitable for the selective and reliable evaluation of P2X7 activity in multiwell plates using spectrophotometry-based methodology. This method might improve the high-throughput screening of conventional chemical or natural product libraries for possible candidate P2X7R antagonist or agonist
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23
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Crossey K, Cunningham RN, Redpath P, Migaud ME. Atom efficient synthesis of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides by ball milling. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of nucleosides have been synthesised utilising a solventless approach to Vorbrüggen glycosylations aided by mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Crossey
- School of Pharmacy
- Queen's University Belfast
- UK
| | | | - P. Redpath
- School of Pharmacy
- Queen's University Belfast
- UK
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24
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Teixeira JM, de Oliveira-Fusaro MCG, Parada CA, Tambeli CH. Peripheral P2X7 receptor-induced mechanical hyperalgesia is mediated by bradykinin. Neuroscience 2014; 277:163-73. [PMID: 24997266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptors play an important role in inflammatory hyperalgesia, but the mechanisms involved in their hyperalgesic role are not completely understood. In this study, we hypothesized that P2X7 receptor activation induces mechanical hyperalgesia via the inflammatory mediators bradykinin, sympathomimetic amines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines and via neutrophil migration in rats. We found that 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate triethylammonium salt (BzATP), the most potent P2X7 receptor agonist available, induced a dose-dependent mechanical hyperalgesia that was blocked by the P2X7 receptor-selective antagonist A-438079 but unaffected by the P2X1,3,2/3 receptor antagonist TNP-ATP. These findings confirm that, although BzATP also acts at both P2X1 and P2X3 receptors, BzATP-induced hyperalgesia was mediated only by P2X7 receptor activation. Co-administration of selective antagonists of bradykinin B1 (Des-Arg(8)-Leu(9)-BK (DALBK)) or B2 receptors (bradyzide), β1 (atenolol) or β2 adrenoceptors (ICI 118,551), or local pre-treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or the nonspecific selectin inhibitor fucoidan each significantly reduced BzATP-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat hind paw. BzATP also induced the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1), an effect that was significantly reduced by A-438079. Co-administration of DALBK or bradyzide with BzATP significantly reduced BzATP-induced IL-1β and CINC-1 release. These results indicate that peripheral P2X7 receptor activation induces mechanical hyperalgesia via inflammatory mediators, especially bradykinin, which may contribute to pro-inflammatory cytokine release. These pro-inflammatory cytokines in turn may mediate the contributions of PGE2, sympathomimetic amines and neutrophil migration to the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by local P2X7 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Teixeira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - M C G de Oliveira-Fusaro
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, Limeira, SP CEP 13484-350, Brazil
| | - C A Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - C H Tambeli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
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25
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Cauwels A, Rogge E, Vandendriessche B, Shiva S, Brouckaert P. Extracellular ATP drives systemic inflammation, tissue damage and mortality. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1102. [PMID: 24603330 PMCID: PMC3973196 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndromes (SIRS) may be caused by both infectious and sterile insults, such as trauma, ischemia-reperfusion or burns. They are characterized by early excessive inflammatory cytokine production and the endogenous release of several toxic and damaging molecules. These are necessary to fight and resolve the cause of SIRS, but often end up progressively damaging cells and tissues, leading to life-threatening multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). As inflammasome-dependent cytokines such as interleukin-1β are critically involved in the development of MODS and death in SIRS, and ATP is an essential activator of inflammasomes in vitro, we decided to analyze the ability of ATP removal to prevent excessive tissue damage and mortality in a murine LPS-induced inflammation model. Our results indeed indicate an important pro-inflammatory role for extracellular ATP. However, the effect of ATP is not restricted to inflammasome activation at all. Removing extracellular ATP with systemic apyrase treatment not only prevented IL-1β accumulation but also the production of inflammasome-independent cytokines such as TNF and IL-10. In addition, ATP removal also prevented systemic evidence of cellular disintegration, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, intestinal barrier disruption and even mortality. Although blocking ATP receptors with the broad-spectrum P2 purinergic receptor antagonist suramin imitated certain beneficial effects of apyrase treatment, it could not prevent morbidity or mortality at all. We conclude that removal of systemic extracellular ATP could be a valuable strategy to dampen systemic inflammatory damage and toxicity in SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cauwels
- 1] Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Rogge
- 1] Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Vandendriessche
- 1] Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Brouckaert
- 1] Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Váňa L, Vrzal L, Dvořáková H, Himl M, Linhart I. Direct Arylation of Adenine by Fluoro- and Chloronitrobenzenes: Effect of Microwaves. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.831902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Hubbard JA, Hsu MS, Fiacco TA, Binder DK. Glial cell changes in epilepsy: Overview of the clinical problem and therapeutic opportunities. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:638-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Lecka J, Ben-David G, Simhaev L, Eliahu S, Oscar J, Luyindula P, Pelletier J, Fischer B, Senderowitz H, Sévigny J. Nonhydrolyzable ATP analogues as selective inhibitors of human NPP1: a combined computational/experimental study. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8308-20. [PMID: 24083941 DOI: 10.1021/jm400918s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Elevated nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) activity is implicated in health disorders including pathological calcification. Specific NPP1 inhibitors would therefore be valuable for studying this enzyme and as potential therapeutic agents. Here we present a combined computational/experimental study characterizing 13 nonhydrolyzable ATP analogues as selective human NPP1 inhibitors. All analogues at 100 μM inhibited (66-99%) the hydrolysis of pnp-TMP by both recombinant NPP1 and cell surface NPP1 activity of osteocarcinoma (HTB-85) cells. These analogues only slightly altered the activity of other ectonucleotidases, NPP3 and NTPDases. The Ki,app values of the seven most potent and selective inhibitors were in the range of 0.5-56 μM, all with mixed type inhibition, predominantly competitive. Those molecules were docked into a newly developed homology model of human NPP1. All adopted ATP-like binding modes, suggesting competitive inhibition with the endogenous ligand. NPP1 selectivity versus NPP3 could be explained in terms of the electrostatic potential of the two proteins that of NPP1 favoring negatively charged ligands. Inhibitor 2 that had the lowest Ki,app (0.5 μM) was also inactive toward P2Y receptors. Overall, analogue 2 is the most potent and selective NPP1 inhibitor described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lecka
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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29
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Franklin KM, Hauser SR, Bell RL, Engleman EA. Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages - An Emerging Trend in Alcohol Abuse. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; Suppl 4. [PMID: 25419478 PMCID: PMC4238293 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.s4-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are pervasive in society and their impact affects quality of life, morbidity and mortality, as well as individual productivity. Alcohol has detrimental effects on an individual’s physiology and nervous system, and is associated with disorders of many organ and endocrine systems impacting an individual’s health, behavior, and ability to interact with others. Youth are particularly affected. Unfortunately, adolescent usage also increases the probability for a progression to dependence. Several areas of research indicate that the deleterious effects of alcohol abuse may be exacerbated by mixing caffeine with alcohol. Some behavioral evidence suggests that caffeine increases alcohol drinking and binge drinking episodes, which in turn can foster the development of alcohol dependence. As a relatively new public health concern, the epidemiological focus has been to establish a need for investigating the effects of caffeinated alcohol. While the trend of co-consuming these substances is growing, knowledge of the central mechanisms associated with caffeinated ethanol has been lacking. Research suggests that caffeine and ethanol can have additive or synergistic pharmacological actions and neuroadaptations, with the adenosine and dopamine systems in particular implicated. However, the limited literature on the central effects of caffeinated ethanol provides an impetus to increase our knowledge of the neuroadaptive effects of this combination and their impact on cognition and behavior. Research from our laboratories indicates that an established rodent animal model of alcoholism can be extended to investigate the acute and chronic effects of caffeinated ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelle M Franklin
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sheketha R Hauser
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Richard L Bell
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eric A Engleman
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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30
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Lee IT, Lin CC, Lin WN, Wu WL, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Lung inflammation caused by adenosine-5'-triphosphate is mediated via Ca2+/PKCs-dependent COX-2/PGE2 induction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1657-68. [PMID: 23680674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are implicated in lung inflammation. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has been shown to act via activation of P2 purinoceptors, leading to COX-2 expression in various inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms of ATP-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 release remain unclear. We showed that pretreatment with the inhibitors of P2 receptors (PPADS and Suramin), Gq protein (GPA2A), phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C (PC-PLC; D609), phosphoinositide-phospholipase C (PI-PLC; ET-18-OCH3), Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII; KN62), protein kinase C (PKC; Gö6976, Ro-318220, GF109203X, and rottlerin), MEK1/2 (PD98059), p38 MAPK (SB202190), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB; Bay11-7082) and the intracellular calcium chelator (BAPTA/AM) or transfection with siRNAs of these molecules and cPLA2 reduced ATPγS-induced COX-2 expression or PGE2 production in A549 cells. In addition, ATPγS-induced elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration was attenuated by PPADS, Suramin, D609, or ET-18-OCH3. ATPγS-induced p38 MAPK, p42/p44 MAPK, and NF-κB p65 activation were inhibited by Gö6976, Ro-318220, GF109203X, or rottlerin. ATPγS also induced cPLA2 phosphorylation and activity, which were reduced via inhibition of P2 receptors, PKCs, p38 MAPK, and p42/p44 MAPK. ATPγS-induced cPLA2 expression was inhibited by SB202190, PD98059, or Bay11-7082. In the in vitro study, we established that ATPγS induced PGE2 generation via a cPLA2/COX-2-dependent pathway. In the in vivo study, we found that ATPγS induced COX-2 mRNA expression in the lungs and leukocyte (mainly eosinophils and neutrophils) count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in mice via a P2 receptors-dependent signaling pathway. We concluded that ATPγS may induce lung inflammation via a cPLA2/COX-2/PGE2-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ta Lee
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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31
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Krauss M, Schaller S, Borchers S, Findeisen R, Lippert J, Kuepfer L. Integrating cellular metabolism into a multiscale whole-body model. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002750. [PMID: 23133351 PMCID: PMC3486908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism continuously processes an enormous range of external compounds into endogenous metabolites and is as such a key element in human physiology. The multifaceted physiological role of the metabolic network fulfilling the catalytic conversions can only be fully understood from a whole-body perspective where the causal interplay of the metabolic states of individual cells, the surrounding tissue and the whole organism are simultaneously considered. We here present an approach relying on dynamic flux balance analysis that allows the integration of metabolic networks at the cellular scale into standardized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models at the whole-body level. To evaluate our approach we integrated a genome-scale network reconstruction of a human hepatocyte into the liver tissue of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of a human adult. The resulting multiscale model was used to investigate hyperuricemia therapy, ammonia detoxification and paracetamol-induced toxication at a systems level. The specific models simultaneously integrate multiple layers of biological organization and offer mechanistic insights into pathology and medication. The approach presented may in future support a mechanistic understanding in diagnostics and drug development. Cellular metabolism is a key element in human physiology. Ideally the metabolic network needs to be considered within the context of the surrounding tissue and organism since the various levels of biological organization are mutually influencing each other. To mechanistically describe the interplay between intracellular space and extracellular environment, we here integrate the genome-scale metabolic network model HepatoNet1 at the cellular scale into physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models at the whole-body level. The resulting multiscale model allows the quantitative description of metabolic behavior in the context of time-resolved metabolite concentration profiles in the body and the surrounding liver tissue. The model has been applied to three case studies covering fundamental aspects of medicine and pharmacology: drug administration, biomarker identification and drug-induced toxication. Most notably, our multiscale approach fosters an improved quantitative understanding of drug action and the impact of metabolic disorders at an organism level, based on a genome-scale representation of cellular metabolism. Computational models such as the one presented include various aspects of human physiology and may therefore significantly support rational approaches in medical diagnostics and pharmaceutical drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Krauss
- Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Computational Systems Biology, Leverkusen, Germany
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Sciences, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schaller
- Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Computational Systems Biology, Leverkusen, Germany
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Sciences, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Borchers
- Laboratory for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Findeisen
- Laboratory for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Lippert
- Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Computational Systems Biology, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Computational Systems Biology, Leverkusen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Kruse R, Säve S, Persson K. Adenosine triphosphate induced P2Y2 receptor activation induces proinflammatory cytokine release in uroepithelial cells. J Urol 2012; 188:2419-25. [PMID: 23088987 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We characterized and identified the uroepithelial P2 receptor responsible for adenosine triphosphate mediated release of the cytokines interleukin-8 and 6. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human renal epithelial cell line A498 (ATCC™) was cultured and stimulated with different purinergic agonists with or without prior inhibition with different antagonists or signaling pathway inhibitors. Supernatant was analyzed for interleukin-8 and 6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. P2 receptor mRNA expression was assessed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The candidate receptor was knocked down with siRNA technology. Interleukin-8 and 6 responses were measured after purinergic stimulation of knocked down cells. RESULTS ATP and ATP-γ-S (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) were equipotent as inducers of interleukin-8 and 6 release. Agonist profile experiments using different P2 receptor agonists indicated that P2Y(2) was the main contributor to this release, although P2Y(11) and P2X(7) activation could not be excluded. Signaling pathway experiments showed that interleukin-8 release involved phospholipase C and inositol trisphosphate mediated signaling, indicating a P2Y receptor subtype. Antagonist experiments indicated P2Y(2) as the responsible receptor. Gene expression analysis of P2 receptors showed that strong expression of P2Y(2) receptor and subsequent knockdown of P2Y(2) receptor mRNA for 72 and 96 hours abrogated interleukin-8 and 6 release after purinergic stimulation with adenosine triphosphate-γ-S. CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-8 and 6 release after purinergic stimulation in uroepithelial A498 cells is mediated through P2Y(2) receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kruse
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro and School of Natural Sciences, Kalmar, Sweden.
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Lin CC, Lee IT, Wu WL, Lin WN, Yang CM. Adenosine triphosphate regulates NADPH oxidase activity leading to hydrogen peroxide production and COX-2/PGE2 expression in A549 cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L401-12. [PMID: 22773695 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00090.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for most of all lung cancers, which is the leading cause of mortality in human beings. High level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is one of the features of NSCLC and related to the low survival rate of NSCLC. However, whether extracellular nucleotides releasing from stressed resident tissues contributes to the expression of COX-2 remains unclear. Here, we showed that stimulation of A549 cells by adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) led to an increase in COX-2 gene expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis, revealed by Western blotting, RT-PCR, promoter assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, ATPγS induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through the activation of NADPH oxidase. The increase of ROS level resulted in activation of the c-Src/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB cascade. We also found that activated Akt was translocated into the nucleus and recruited with NF-κB and p300 to form a complex. Thus, activation of p300 modulated the acetylation of histone H4 via the NADPH oxidase/c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB cascade stimulated by ATPγS. Our results are the first to show a novel role of NADPH oxidase-dependent Akt/p65/p300 complex formation that plays a key role in regulating COX-2/PGE(2) expression in ATPγS-treated A549 cells. Taken together, we demonstrated that ATPγS stimulated activation of NADPH oxidase, resulting in generation of ROS, which then activated the downstream c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/p300 cascade to regulate the expression of COX-2 and synthesis of PGE(2) in A549 cells. Understanding the regulation of COX-2 expression and PGE(2) release by ATPγS on A549 cells may provide potential therapeutic targets of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Dept. of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Univ., Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Lee YC, Yang YC, Huang CL, Kuo TY, Lin JH, Yang DM, Huang NK. When cytokinin, a plant hormone, meets the adenosine A2A receptor: a novel neuroprotectant and lead for treating neurodegenerative disorders? PLoS One 2012; 7:e38865. [PMID: 22719969 PMCID: PMC3377719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that cytokinins are a class of phytohormones that promote cell division in plant roots and shoots. However, their targets, biological functions, and implications in mammalian systems have rarely been examined. In this study, we show that one cytokinin, zeatin riboside, can prevent pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis by acting on the adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)-R), which was blocked by an A(2A)-R antagonist and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, demonstrating the functional ability of zeatin riboside by mediating through A(2A)-R signaling event. Since the A(2A)-R was implicated as a therapeutic target in treating Huntington's disease (HD), a cellular model of HD was applied by transfecting mutant huntingtin in PC12 cells. By using filter retardation assay and confocal microscopy we found that zeatin riboside reversed mutant huntingtin (Htt)-induced protein aggregations and proteasome deactivation through A(2A)-R signaling. PKA inhibitor blocked zeatin riboside-induced suppression of mutant Htt aggregations. In addition, PKA activated proteasome activity and reduced mutant Htt protein aggregations. However, a proteasome inhibitor blocked both zeatin riboside-and PKA activator-mediated suppression of mutant Htt aggregations, confirming mediation of the A(2A)-R/PKA/proteasome pathway. Taken together, zeatin riboside might have therapeutic potential as a novel neuroprotectant and a lead for treating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Lee
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chen Yang
- Department of Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chuen-Lin Huang
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Hsintien, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Physiology and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsun-Yung Kuo
- Department of Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jung-Hsin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Mechanics, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - De-Ming Yang
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Nai-Kuei Huang
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Niforatos W, Jarvis MF. Electrophysiological characterization of recombinant and native P2X receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 11:Unit 11.9. [PMID: 22294117 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1109s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ATP acts as a fast neurotransmitter by activating a family of ligand-gated ion channels, the P2X receptors. Functional homomeric P2X(3) and heteromeric P2X(2/3) receptors are highly localized on primary sensory afferent neurons that transmit nociceptive sensory information. Activation of these P2X(3)-containing channels may provide a specific mechanism whereby ATP, released via synaptic transmission or by cellular injury, elicits pain. The experimental procedures described in this unit are useful for the electorphysiological characterization of P2X receptors. In addition, these protocols provide methods for the evaluation of ligands that interact with P2X receptors that are either natively expressed on excitable cells or cloned and expressed in heterologous cell systems. These methods are derived from standard electrophysiological principles and procedures that are applicable to a wide variety of ligand-gated ion channels. Specific attention is given here to the reliable electrophysiological measurement of both quickly (P2X(3)) and more slowly (P2X(2) and P2X(2/3)) desensitizing receptors.
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Burnstock G, Knight GE, Greig AV. Purinergic Signaling in Healthy and Diseased Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:526-46. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sun S, Titushkin I, Varner J, Cho M. Millimeter wave-induced modulation of calcium dynamics in an engineered skin co-culture model: role of secreted ATP on calcium spiking. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:159-167. [PMID: 22510588 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously designed and characterized a 94 GHz exposure system that allows real-time monitoring of subcellular interactions induced by millimeter wave (MMW) stimulation. For example, studies of the calcium dynamics in neuronal cells in response to 94 GHz irradiation suggested that MMW stimulation increased calcium spiking. In this study, we engineered a 3D co-culture model that represents the major constituents of skin. We used this experimental model along with the custom-designed MMW exposure system to investigate the effects of 94 GHz irradiation in the skin-like tissue construct. Unlike typical non-excitable cells, keratinocytes exhibited calcium spikes in their resting state. Exposure to a 94 GHz irradiation induced a statistically significant increase in the calcium spiking. When co-cultured with neuronal cells in the 3D co-culture skin model, changes in the calcium spiking in neuronal cells depended on the MMW input power. Further, the 94 GHz irradiation caused ATP secretion by keratincytes. ATP is a major factor that modulates the calcium spiking in neuronal cells. Surprisingly, while a 5-fold increase in the ATP secretion enhanced the calcium spiking in neuronal cells, a 10-fold increase significantly hindered the calcium dynamics. Computational simulation of ATP-induced calcium dynamics was in general agreement with the experimental findings, suggesting the involvement of the ATP-sensitive purinergic receptors. The engineered co-culture skin model offers a physiologically relevant environment in which the calcium dynamics is regulated both by the cell-MMW and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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Briva A, Santos C, Malacrida L, Rocchiccioli F, Soto J, Angulo M, Batthyany C, Cairoli E, Piriz H. Adenosine triphosphate-dependent calcium signaling during ventilator-induced lung injury is amplified by hypercapnia. Exp Lung Res 2011; 37:471-81. [PMID: 21870898 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2011.598217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released by alveolar epithelial cells during ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and regulates fluid transport across epithelia. High CO(2) levels are observed in patients with "permissive hypercapnia," which inhibits alveolar fluid reabsorption (AFR) in alveolar epithelial cells. The authors set out to determine whether VILI affects AFR and whether the purinergic pathway is modulated in cells exposed to hypercapnia. Control group was compared against VILI (tidal volume [Vt] = 35 mL/kg, zero positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP]) and protective ventilation (Vt = 6 mL/kg, PEEP = 10 cm H(2)O) groups. Lung mechanics, histology, and AFR were evaluated. Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) were loaded with Fura 2-AM to measure intracellular calcium in the presence ATP (10 μM) at 5% or 10% CO(2) as compared with baseline. High tidal volume ventilation impairs lung mechanics and AFR. Hypercapnia (HC) increases intracellular calcium levels in response to ATP stimulation. HC + ATP is the most detrimental combination decreasing AFR. Purinergic signaling in AECs is modulated by high CO(2) levels via increased cytosolic calcium. The authors reason that this modulation may play a role in the impairment of alveolar epithelial functions induced by hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Briva
- Departamento de Fisiopatologia, Hospital de Clinicas, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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P2 receptors are involved in the mediation of motivation-related behavior. Purinergic Signal 2011; 1:21-9. [PMID: 18404397 PMCID: PMC2096569 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-004-4745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of purinergic signaling in the intact mesolimbic–mesocortical circuit of the brain of freely moving rats is reviewed. In the rat, an endogenous ADP/ATPergic tone reinforces the release of dopamine from the axon terminals in the nucleus accumbens as well as from the somatodendritic region of these neurons in the ventral tegmental area, as well as the release of glutamate, probably via P2Y1 receptor stimulation. Similar mechanisms may regulate the release of glutamate in both areas of the brain. Dopamine and glutamate determine in concert the activity of the accumbal GABAergic, medium-size spiny neurons thought to act as an interface between the limbic cortex and the extrapyramidal motor system. These neurons project to the pallidal and mesencephalic areas, thereby mediating the behavioral reaction of the animal in response to a motivation-related stimulus. There is evidence that extracellular ADP/ATP promotes goal-directed behavior, e.g., intention and feeding, via dopamine, probably via P2Y1 receptor stimulation. Accumbal P2 receptor-mediated glutamatergic mechanisms seem to counteract the dopaminergic effects on behavior. Furthermore, adaptive changes of motivation-related behavior, e.g., by chronic succession of starvation and feeding or by repeated amphetamine administration, are accompanied by changes in the expression of the P2Y1 receptor, thought to modulate the sensitivity of the animal to respond to certain stimuli.
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Niu HY, Xia C, Qu GR, Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Mao RZ, Li DY, Guo HM. CuBr catalyzed C-N cross coupling reaction of purines and diaryliodonium salts to 9-arylpurines. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5039-42. [PMID: 21660365 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CuBr was found to be an efficient catalyst for the C-N cross coupling reaction of purine and diaryliodonium salts. 9-Arylpurines were synthesized in excellent yields with short reaction times (2.5 h). The method represents an alternative to the synthesis of 9-arylpurines via Cu(II) catalyzed C-N coupling reaction with arylboronic acids as arylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Niu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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Boison D. Cell and gene therapies for refractory epilepsy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 5:115-25. [PMID: 18615179 DOI: 10.2174/157015907780866938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the development of antiepileptic drugs, refractory epilepsy remains a major clinical problem affecting up to 35% of patients with partial epilepsy. Currently, there are few therapies that affect the underlying disease process. Therefore, novel therapeutic concepts are urgently needed. The recent development of experimental cell and gene therapies may offer several advantages compared to conventional systemic pharmacotherapy: (i) Specificity to underlying pathogenetic mechanisms by rational design; (ii) specificity to epileptogenic networks by focal delivery; and (iii) avoidance of side effects. A number of naturally occurring brain substances, such as GABA, adenosine, and the neuropeptides galanin and neuropeptide Y, may function as endogenous anticonvulsants and, in addition, may interact with the process of epileptogenesis. Unfortunately, the systemic application of these compounds is compromised by limited bioavailability, poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier, or the widespread systemic distribution of their respective receptors. Therefore, in recent years a new field of cell and gene-based neuropharmacology has emerged, aimed at either delivering endogenous anticonvulsant compounds by focal intracerebral transplantation of bioengineered cells (ex vivo gene therapy), or by inducing epileptogenic brain areas to produce these compounds in situ (in vivo gene therapy). In this review, recent efforts to develop GABA-, adenosine-, galanin-, and neuropeptide Y- based cell and gene therapies are discussed. The neurochemical rationales for using these compounds are discussed, the advantages of focal applications are highlighted and preclinical cell transplantation and gene therapy studies are critically evaluated. Although many promising data have been generated recently, potential problems, such as long-term therapeutic efficacy, long-term safety, and efficacy in clinically relevant animal models, need to be addressed before clinical applications can be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research, Portland, OR 97232, USA.
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Eliahu S, Martín-Gil A, de Lara MJP, Pintor J, Camden J, Weisman GA, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Fischer B. 2-MeS-beta,gamma-CCl2-ATP is a potent agent for reducing intraocular pressure. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3305-19. [PMID: 20337495 PMCID: PMC4358770 DOI: 10.1021/jm100030u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides can modify the production or drainage of the aqueous humor via activation of P2 receptors and therefore affect the intraocular pressure (IOP). We have synthesized slowly hydrolyzable nucleoside di- and triphosphate analogues, 1, and 8-14. Analogues 8-14 were completely resistant to hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase over 30 min at 37 degrees C. In human blood serum, analogues 8-14 exhibited high stability, e.g., analogues 9 and 10-14 were only 15% and 0% degraded after 24 h, respectively. Moreover, analogues 8-14 were highly stable at pH 1.4 (t(1/2) 1 h-30 days). Analogues 8-14 were agonists of the P2Y(1) receptor (EC(50) 0.57-9.54 muM). Ocular administration of most analogues into rabbits reduced IOP, e.g., analogue 9 reduced IOP by 32% (EC(50) 95.5 nM). Analogue 9 was more effective at reducing IOP than several common glaucoma drugs and represents a promising alternative to timolol maleate, which cannot be used for the treatment of patients suffering from asthma or cardiac problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Eliahu
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Alba Martín-Gil
- Dept. Bioquímica, E.U. Optica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalon s/n, E-28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Perez de Lara
- Dept. Bioquímica, E.U. Optica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalon s/n, E-28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Dept. Bioquímica, E.U. Optica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c/Arcos de Jalon s/n, E-28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean Camden
- Biochemistry Department, 540E Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Biochemistry Department, 540E Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Boison D, Stewart KA. Therapeutic epilepsy research: from pharmacological rationale to focal adenosine augmentation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1428-37. [PMID: 19682439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common seizure disorder affecting approximately 70 million people worldwide. Current pharmacotherapy is neuron-centered, frequently accompanied by intolerable side effects, and fails to be effective in about one third of patients. Therefore, new therapeutic concepts are needed. Recent research suggests an astrocytic basis of epilepsy, presenting the possibility of novel therapeutic targets. In particular, dysfunction of the astrocyte-controlled, endogenous, adenosine-based seizure control system of the brain is implicated in seizure generation. Thus, astrogliosis - a pathological hallmark of the epileptic brain - is associated with upregulation of the adenosine-removing enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK), resulting in focal adenosine deficiency. Both astrogliotic upregulation of ADK in epilepsy and transgenic overexpression of ADK are associated with seizures, and inhibition of ADK prevents seizures in a mouse model of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. These findings link adenosine deficiency with seizures and predict that adenosine augmentation therapies (AATs) will likely be effective in preventing seizures. Given the wide-spread systemic and central side effects of systemically administered AATs, focal AATs (i.e., limited to the astrogliotic lesion) are a necessity. This Commentary will discuss the pharmacological rationale for the development of focal AATs. Additionally, several AAT strategies will be discussed: (1) adenosine released from silk-based brain implants; (2) adenosine released from locally implanted encapsulated cells; (3) adenosine released from stem cell-derived brain implants; and (4) adenosine augmenting gene therapies. Finally, new developments and therapeutic challenges in using focal AATs for epilepsy therapy will critically be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research, Portland, OR 97232, USA.
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Islet G protein-coupled receptors as potential targets for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:369-85. [PMID: 19365392 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Islet dysfunction - characterized by a combination of defective insulin secretion, inappropriately high glucagon secretion and reduced beta-cell mass - has a central role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed in islet beta-cells are known to be involved in the regulation of islet function, and therefore are potential therapeutic targets. This is evident from the recent success of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) mimetics and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, which promote activation of the GLP1 receptor to stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion, and also have the potential to increase beta-cell mass. Other islet beta-cell GPCRs that are involved in the regulation of islet function include the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptor, lipid GPCRs, pleiotropic peptide GPCRs and islet biogenic amine GPCRs. This Review summarizes islet GPCR expression, signalling and function, and highlights their potential as targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Keder R, Dvořáková H, Dvořák D. New Approach to the Synthesis ofN7-Arylguanines andN7-Aryladenines. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200801002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Eliahu SE, Camden J, Lecka J, Weisman GA, Sévigny J, Gélinas S, Fischer B. Identification of hydrolytically stable and selective P2Y(1) receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:1525-36. [PMID: 18760862 PMCID: PMC4354951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
P2Y nucleotide receptors (P2YRs) are attractive pharmaceutical targets. Most P2YR agonists proposed as drugs consist of a nucleotide scaffold, but their use is limited due to their chemical and enzymatic instabilities. To identify drug candidates, we developed non-hydrolyzable P2YR agonists. We synthesized ATP-beta,gamma-CH(2) analogues 2-4, and evaluated their chemical and metabolic stabilities and activities at P2Y(1,2,4,6) receptors. Analogues 2-4 exhibited t(1/2) values of 14.5-65 h in gastric juice pH. They were completely resistant to alkaline phosphatase for 30 min at 37 degrees C and slowly hydrolyzed in human blood serum (t(1/2) 12.7-71.9 h). In comparison to ATP, analogues 2-4 were barely hydrolyzed by nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, NTPDase1,2,3,8 (< 8% hydrolysis), and nucleotide pyrophosphatases, NPP1,3 (< or = 10% hydrolysis). Analogues 2 and 4B were selective agonists of the P2Y(1)R with EC(50)s of 0.08 and 17.2 microM, respectively. These features make analogues 2 and 4B potential therapeutic agents for health disorders involving the P2Y(1)R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay E. Eliahu
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Jean Camden
- Biochemistry Department, 540E Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Biochemistry Department, 540E Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gélinas
- Innodia Inc., 500 Cartier Boulevard, A Suite 132, Québec H7V5B7, Canada
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Navar LG, Arendshorst WJ, Pallone TL, Inscho EW, Imig JD, Bell PD. The Renal Microcirculation. Compr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Ohtani M, Suzuki JI, Jacobson KA, Oka T. Evidence for the possible involvement of the P2Y(6) receptor in Ca (2+) mobilization and insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic islets. Purinergic Signal 2008; 4:365-75. [PMID: 18784987 PMCID: PMC2583206 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtypes of purinergic receptors involved in modulation of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) and insulin release in mouse pancreatic β-cells were examined in two systems, pancreatic islets in primary culture and beta-TC6 insulinoma cells. Both systems exhibited some physiological responses such as acetylcholine-stimulated [Ca2+]i rise via cytoplasmic Ca2+ mobilization. Addition of ATP, ADP, and 2-MeSADP (each 100 µM) transiently increased [Ca2+]i in single islets cultured in the presence of 5.5 mM (normal) glucose. The potent P2Y1 receptor agonist 2-MeSADP reduced insulin secretion significantly in islets cultured in the presence of high glucose (16.7 mM), whereas a slight stimulation occurred at 5.5 mM glucose. The selective P2Y6 receptor agonist UDP (200 µM) transiently increased [Ca2+]i and reduced insulin secretion at high glucose, whereas the P2Y2/4 receptor agonist UTP and adenosine receptor agonist NECA were inactive. [Ca2+]i transients induced by 2-MeSADP and UDP were antagonized by suramin (100 µM), U73122 (2 µM, PLC inhibitor), and 2-APB (10 or 30 µM, IP3 receptor antagonist), but neither by staurosporine (1 µM, PKC inhibitor) nor depletion of extracellular Ca2+. The effect of 2-MeSADP on [Ca2+]i was also significantly inhibited by MRS2500, a P2Y1 receptor antagonist. These results suggested that P2Y1 and P2Y6 receptor subtypes are involved in Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores and insulin release in mouse islets. In beta-TC6 cells, ATP, ADP, 2-MeSADP, and UDP transiently elevated [Ca2+]i and slightly decreased insulin secretion at normal glucose, while UTP and NECA were inactive. RT-PCR analysis detected mRNAs of P2Y1 and P2Y6, but not P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohtani
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
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Bookser BC, Raffaele NB. High-Throughput Synthesis of HepDirect Prodrugs of Nucleoside Monophosphates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:567-72. [DOI: 10.1021/cc8000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett C. Bookser
- Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nicholas B. Raffaele
- Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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