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Hostalet N, González A, Salgado-Pineda P, Gonzàlez-Colom R, Canales-Rodríguez EJ, Aguirre C, Guerrero-Pedraza A, Llanos-Torres M, Salvador R, Pomarol-Clotet E, Sevillano X, Martínez-Abadías N, Fatjó-Vilas M. Face-brain correlates as potential sex-specific biomarkers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2024; 339:116027. [PMID: 38954892 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Given the shared ectodermal origin and integrated development of the face and the brain, facial biomarkers emerge as potential candidates to assess vulnerability for disorders in which neurodevelopment is compromised, such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). The sample comprised 188 individuals (67 SZ patients, 46 BD patients and 75 healthy controls (HC)). Using a landmark-based approach on 3D facial reconstructions, we quantified global and local facial shape differences between SZ/BD patients and HC using geometric morphometrics. We also assessed correlations between facial and brain cortical measures. All analyses were performed separately by sex. Diagnosis explained 4.1 % - 5.9 % of global facial shape variance in males and females with SZ, and 4.5 % - 4.1 % in BD. Regarding local facial shape, we detected 43.2 % of significantly different distances in males and 47.4 % in females with SZ as compared to HC, whereas in BD the percentages decreased to 35.8 % and 26.8 %, respectively. We detected that brain area and volume significantly explained 2.2 % and 2 % of facial shape variance in the male SZ - HC sample. Our results support facial shape as a neurodevelopmental marker for SZ and BD and reveal sex-specific pathophysiological mechanisms modulating the interplay between the brain and the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Hostalet
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro González
- HER - Human-Environment Research Group, La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain
| | - Pilar Salgado-Pineda
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubèn Gonzàlez-Colom
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain
| | - Erick J Canales-Rodríguez
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Candibel Aguirre
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (CST). Hospital de Dia de Salut Mental de Terrassa, Spain
| | - Amalia Guerrero-Pedraza
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Benito Menni CASM, Germanes Hospitalàries, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Llanos-Torres
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Mare de Déu de la Mercè, Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymond Salvador
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Sevillano
- HER - Human-Environment Research Group, La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain.
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Wisetchat S, Stevens KA, Frost SR. Facial modeling and measurement based upon homologous topographical features. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304561. [PMID: 38820264 PMCID: PMC11142440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Measurement of human faces is fundamental to many applications from recognition to genetic phenotyping. While anthropometric landmarks provide a conventional set of homologous measurement points, digital scans are increasingly used for facial measurement, despite the difficulties in establishing their homology. We introduce an alternative basis for facial measurement, which 1) provides a richer information density than discrete point measurements, 2) derives its homology from shared facial topography (ridges, folds, etc.), and 3) quantifies local morphological variation following the conventions and practices of anatomical description. A parametric model that permits matching a broad range of facial variation by the adjustment of 71 parameters is demonstrated by modeling a sample of 80 adult human faces. The surface of the parametric model can be adjusted to match each photogrammetric surface mesh generally to within 1 mm, demonstrating a novel and efficient means for facial shape encoding. We examine how well this scheme quantifies facial shape and variation with respect to geographic ancestry and sex. We compare this analysis with a more conventional, landmark-based geometric morphometric (GMM) study with 43 landmarks placed on the same set of scans. Our multivariate statistical analysis using the 71 attribute values separates geographic ancestry groups and sexes with a high degree of reliability, and these results are broadly similar to those from GMM, but with some key differences that we discuss. This approach is compared with conventional, non-parametric methods for the quantification of facial shape, including generality, information density, and the separation of size and shape. Potential uses for phenotypic and dysmorphology studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawitree Wisetchat
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kent A. Stevens
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Frost
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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Goli R, Lasky S, Ray E, Chen H. Assessment of Cranial Sexual Dimorphism Using 3D Reconstruction: Implications for Gender-Affirming Surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:1231-1234. [PMID: 36914593 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As more centers offer gender-affirming procedures, dissemination of best practices is critical to ensuring quality care. This study is the first to use advanced 3-dimensional visualization software to characterize cranial differences between natal males and females, as they relate to planning for facial gender-affirming operations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on randomly selected patients with facial computed tomography imaging performed at a single institution between February 2020 and July 2021. Patients with acquired bony deformity on computed tomography or documented history of hormone replacement therapy were excluded. The images were retrieved and analyzed using advanced 3-dimensional visualization software (Vitrea). Independent sample t tests were performed to analyze variation in typically sexually dimorphic facial features between natal males and females. RESULTS We identified 50 patients (25 natal males and 25 natal females) who met the inclusion criteria. Ages ranged from 19 to 91. Natal males were found to have significantly greater frontosellar distances (difference between means, SEM: 2.7±1.2; P =0.03) and mandible volumes (difference between means, SEM: 14.0±4.2; P =0.002) than natal females. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in gonial angle, chin width, nasofrontal angle, or nasolabial angle between natal males and females. CONCLUSION In this diverse sample of natal males and females, statistical analysis revealed that the sexually dimorphic facial characteristics most relevant to the planning of facial gender-affirming surgery are frontosellar distance and mandible volume. When planning facial gender-affirming surgery, we recommend that these characteristics be considered to achieve optimum results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Goli
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sasha Lasky
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California
| | - Edward Ray
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Henry Chen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Matthews HS, Mahdi S, Penington AJ, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, Walsh S, Shriver MD, Claes P, Weinberg SM. Using data-driven phenotyping to investigate the impact of sex on 3D human facial surface morphology. J Anat 2023. [PMID: 36943032 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of sex on human facial morphology have been widely documented. Because sexual dimorphism is relevant to a variety of scientific and applied disciplines, it is imperative to have a complete and accurate account of how and where male and female faces differ. We apply a comprehensive facial phenotyping strategy to a large set of existing 3D facial surface images. We investigate facial sexual dimorphism in terms of size, shape, and shape variance. We also assess the ability to correctly assign sex based on shape, both for the whole face and for subregions. We applied a predefined data-driven segmentation to partition the 3D facial surfaces of 2446 adults into 63 hierarchically linked regions, ranging from global (whole face) to highly localized subparts. Each facial region was then analyzed with spatially dense geometric morphometrics. To describe the major modes of shape variation, principal components analysis was applied to the Procrustes aligned 3D points comprising each of the 63 facial regions. Both nonparametric and permutation-based statistics were then used to quantify the facial size and shape differences and visualizations were generated. Males were significantly larger than females for all 63 facial regions. Statistically significant sex differences in shape were also seen in all regions and the effects tended to be more pronounced for the upper lip and forehead, with more subtle changes emerging as the facial regions became more granular. Males also showed greater levels of shape variance, with the largest effect observed for the central forehead. Classification accuracy was highest for the full face (97%), while most facial regions showed an accuracy of 75% or greater. In summary, sex differences in both size and shape were present across every part of the face. By breaking the face into subparts, some shape differences emerged that were not apparent when analyzing the face as a whole. The increase in facial shape variance suggests possible evolutionary origins and may offer insights for understanding congenital facial malformations. Our classification results indicate that a high degree of accuracy is possible with only parts of the face, which may have implications for biometrics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Matthews
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soha Mahdi
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anthony J Penington
- Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
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A Geometric Morphometric Study on Sexual Dimorphism in Viscerocranium. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091333. [PMID: 36138812 PMCID: PMC9495862 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The level of sexual dimorphism manifested by human bones is an important factor for development of effective sex estimation methods. The aim of the study was to investigate the sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the viscerocranium using geometric morphometric techniques. It also aimed to explore the sex differences in distinct viscerocranial regions and to establish the most dimorphic region with regard to size and shape. Computed tomography images of 156 males and 184 females were used in the study. Three-dimensional coordinates of 31 landmarks were acquired. Five landmark configurations were constructed from the viscerocranium and its orbital, nasal, maxillary, and zygomatic region. Generalized Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis were applied to each configuration. The significance of the sex differences in size and shape was assessed and significant differences were found in all configurations. The highest accuracy was obtained from both shape and size of the whole viscerocranium. Based on size only, the highest accuracy was achieved by the nasal region. The accuracy based on shape was generally low for all configurations, but the highest result was attained by the orbital region. Hence, size is a better sex discriminator than shape.
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Correlational research on facial and clinical characteristics of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:623. [PMID: 34895185 PMCID: PMC8666025 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurodevelopmental model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that the neurodevelopmental changes in the ventral striatal circuit of the prefrontal lobe are associated with the initial symptoms of OCD. Facial morphology is one of the most consistent anatomical phenotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders, which can reflect brain structure and function. Facial deformity, an easily measured index of brain malformation, can reflect abnormal brain structure and function. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationship between clinical features and neurodevelopment of adolescents with OCD through facial morphology. METHODS The enrolled study sample comprised 40 adolescents diagnosed with OCD using the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) and 38 healthy controls (HCs). Facial photos, 21 facial diameters, and 9 facial angles were collected using image software. RESULTS In males, lower lip red height was significantly lower in OCD patients than in HCs (P < 0.025); no significant differences were observed in other facial indicators (all P > 0.025). In females, the nasolabial angle was smaller in OCD patients than in HCs (P < 0.025); no significant differences were observed in other facial indicators (all P > 0.025). The difference in lower lip red height between the OCD group and HC group was positively correlated with neutralizing symptoms (r = 0.401, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Male OCD patients had a thinner lower lip and female OCD patients had smaller nasolabial angles. The facial features of adolescents with OCD were positively correlated with lower lip redness and neutralizing symptoms.
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Tsehay B, Seyoum G. The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia: clinical clues from craniofacial dysmorphology in northwest Ethiopia, 2020. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:59. [PMID: 34587910 PMCID: PMC8480025 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neurodevelopmental speculation of schizophrenia states that the pathogenesis of schizophrenia starts with early fetal or neonatal neurocraniofacial development rather than youthful adulthood when manic signs and symptoms are evident. However, there is no direct evidence of a pre-or peri-natal lesion associated with schizophrenia, rather indirect evidence of impaired development can be seen in macroscopic anatomical variations as well as microscopic immunohistochemical anomalies. One approach to studying neurodevelopmental disturbances among schizophrenic patients is somatic physical evidence or neurodevelopmental markers. Thus Our study aimed to assess the neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia clinical clues from anthropometric assessment of craniofacial dysmorphology among schizophrenic patients in North West Ethiopia 2019–2020. Method Institutional-based comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted in Debre Markos comprehensive specialized hospitals in 190 schizophrenic patients, 190 1st-degree relatives, and 190 healthy controls. Data were collected using standard methods, entered into EpiData version 3.1, and exports to SPSS version 24 for analysis. Descriptive data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Welch ANOVA and post hoc comparison, a Games-Howell test, were conducted. Significance was set at a p-value of α = 0.05. Read back analysis was also conducted for the conclusion. Results Five hundred seventy study samples, male 375(65.8%), and female 195 (34.2%), were included in this study. The Games-Howell test revealed that the coronal arc length and sagittal arc length among schizophrenic patients were statistically significantly longer than the healthy controls (p < 0.006; p < 0.001, respectively). However, the difference between schizophrenic and healthy control regarding head circumference was marginally significant (p = 0.056). Schizophrenic patients had a significantly shorter total facial height (p < 0.001) and upper facial height (p < 0.001) than healthy controls. Regarding facial depth, schizophrenic patients had significantly shallow upper facial depth (p < 0.001), middle facial depth (p = 0.046), and lower facial depth (p < 0.001). Conclusion our finding indicated indirect evidence for disturbed craniofacial development in schizophrenia patients, and close and read back analysis of the result supported the neurodevelopmental basis of disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-021-00663-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binalfew Tsehay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Seyoum
- Department of Anatomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Assessment of the Orbital and Auricular Asymmetry in Italian and Sudanese Children: A Three-Dimensional Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the symmetry of orbital and ear soft tissues is important for aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. However, little information is available for these facial regions, especially in children. We analyzed the orbital and auricular symmetry in 418 Italian and 206 Sudanese subadult males divided into three age groups (8–11, 12–15, and 16–19 years old). Orbital and auricular height and width were measured for calculating fluctuating and directional asymmetry indices. Differences in asymmetry indices according to ethnicity and age group were assessed through the two-way ANOVA test (p < 0.01), while differences in the prevalence of right or left asymmetry according to ethnicity were assessed through the chi-square test. On average, directional asymmetry indices ranged from −2.1% to 1.1%, while fluctuating asymmetry indices ranged between 2.9% and 5.4%, corresponding to a small effect size and to 1.06–2.34 mm actual dimensions. Sudanese subjects showed a greater asymmetry for all the indices except for the fluctuating asymmetry of orbital height (p < 0.01). The directional asymmetry of auricular width increased with age. A prevalent right-side asymmetry was found for all the orbital indices (p < 0.001) in both populations, although significantly more prevalent in Sudanese individuals (over 83% for both measures), while auricular measures showed a prevalent left asymmetry exclusively in the Sudanese but with lower percentages. Aside from the limited effect size, the results proved the ethnic variability of asymmetry of orbital and auricle regions in children and suggest the need to collect more population data.
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Rostovtseva VV, Mezentseva AA, Windhager S, Butovskaya ML. Second-to-fourth digit ratio and facial shape in Buryats of Southern Siberia. Early Hum Dev 2020; 149:105138. [PMID: 32750625 PMCID: PMC7374133 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2nd-to-4th digit ratio (2D:4D) is a putative predictor of a prenatal exposure to sex hormones. 2D:4D is sexually dimorphic (males < females). Studies, linking digit ratio and full facial shapes among Europeans, show that a low 2D:4D is associated with a set of male-specific facial features. Buryats - Mongolian people from Southern Siberia - demonstrate a different pattern of facial sexual dimorphism than Europeans (narrower and more vertically elongated faces in men as opposed to women). AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between facial shape and the 2D:4D in comparison to the pattern of facial sexual dimorphism in Buryats. SUBJECTS Buryats: 88 men and 80 women aged 20 ± 2 years. OUTCOME MEASURES To assess relationship between facial shape and 2D:4D we used a geometric morphometric approach based on standardized full-face frontal photographs and direct measurements of the digit lengths among right-handed individuals. RESULTS The results revealed that 2D:4D was associated with facial morphology in Buryat men, and to a lesser extent in women. Narrower faces, elongated in the vertical direction, and a narrower lower facial outline, were characteristic of Buryat men with low 2D:4D ratios, which corresponded to the male-like facial shapes in Buryats. CONCLUSIONS In Europeans, such facial features were reported for men with a high 2D:4D, which corresponded more to female-like European facial shapes. Hence, our results show that sex-specific morphogenesis in humans is multidirectional, and that digit ratio is capable of predicting sex-specific facial traits even in populations with differing sexually-dimorphic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Rostovtseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr-t 32a, Moscow 119334, Russia,Corresponding author
| | - Anna A. Mezentseva
- Department of Ethnology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskiy pr-t 27/4, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Marina L. Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr-t 32a, Moscow 119334, Russia,National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya str. 20, Moscow 101000, Russia
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Katina S, Kelly BD, Rojas MA, Sukno FM, McDermott A, Hennessy RJ, Lane A, Whelan PF, Bowman AW, Waddington JL. Refining the resolution of craniofacial dysmorphology in bipolar disorder as an index of brain dysmorphogenesis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113243. [PMID: 32593068 PMCID: PMC7487763 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As understanding of the genetics of bipolar disorder increases, controversy endures regarding whether the origins of this illness include early maldevelopment. Clarification would be facilitated by a 'hard' biological index of fetal developmental abnormality, among which craniofacial dysmorphology bears the closest embryological relationship to brain dysmorphogenesis. Therefore, 3D laser surface imaging was used to capture the facial surface of 21 patients with bipolar disorder and 45 control subjects; 21 patients with schizophrenia were also studied. Surface images were subjected to geometric morphometric analysis in non-affine space for more incisive resolution of subtle, localised dysmorphologies that might distinguish patients from controls. Complex and more biologically informative, non-linear changes distinguished bipolar patients from control subjects. On a background of minor dysmorphology of the upper face, maxilla, midface and periorbital regions, bipolar disorder was characterised primarily by the following dysmorphologies: (a) retrusion and shortening of the premaxilla, nose, philtrum, lips and mouth (the frontonasal prominences), with (b) some protrusion and widening of the mandible-chin. The topography of facial dysmorphology in bipolar disorder indicates disruption to early development in the frontonasal process and, on embryological grounds, cerebral dysmorphogenesis in the forebrain, most likely between the 10th and 15th week of fetal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Katina
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic,Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Brendan D. Kelly
- St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co., Dublin, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mario A. Rojas
- Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland,Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Federico M. Sukno
- Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland,Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoibhinn McDermott
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robin J. Hennessy
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abbie Lane
- St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co., Dublin, Ireland,School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F. Whelan
- Centre for Image Processing & Analysis, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian W. Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John L. Waddington
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Corresponding author at: Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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11
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Rostovtseva VV, Mezentseva AA, Windhager S, Butovskaya ML. Sexual dimorphism in facial shape of modern Buryats of Southern Siberia. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23458. [PMID: 32596969 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate sexual dimorphism in the full facial shape of modern Buryats-people of Southern Siberia of Mongolian origin. METHODS For this purpose, we have used geometric morphometrics based on standardized full-face frontal photographs. This allowed us to assess and visualize differences in facial shapes between Buryat men (n = 98) and women (n = 89). To specify the facial areas, where the differences occurred, we have complemented our analysis with standard anthropometric facial parameters based on approximations to the craniofacial and mandibular landmarks and soft-tissue morphology of specific facial areas. RESULTS Our results revealed that Buryat women have a set of sexually dimorphic features similar to those reported earlier for other Asian populations (a relatively wider and vertically shorter lower face, more round visible areas of the eyes, relatively narrower noses, smaller mouths, larger [in vertical dimension] foreheads, and relatively thinner upper lips, when compared to Buryat males). At the same time, Buryat women had a specific characteristic, distinguishing them from other world populations-a significantly higher upper face width-to-height ratio (fWHR) compared to males. This indicates that the high fWHR is not a universally male feature in humans, which raises a question of underlying developmental mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly demonstrate that some elements of sexually dimorphic facial shapes may differ across populations with different genetic and ecological backgrounds, and suggest that universal mechanisms of sex-specific facial morphogenesis still need to be clarified in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna A Mezentseva
- Department of Ethnology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marina L Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Selba MC, Oechtering GU, Heng HG, DeLeon VB. The Impact of Selection for Facial Reduction in Dogs: Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Canine Cranial Shape. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:330-346. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. Selba
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Florida Gainesville Florida
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13
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Curti SM, Barla N, Bianchi FA, Di Vella G, Orto D, Ramieri GA, Verzé L. Juvenile Facial Growth and Mimicry: A Preliminary 3D Study. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1812-1816. [PMID: 30990888 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies focused on facial development during childhood have been conducted by means of 3D technology to provide modifications of anthropometric parameters. Facial mobility was also considered. This study proposed a 3D approach to facial growth changes. Facial surface data of 6 subjects were acquired in T1 (age 7-14 years) and after 7 years (T2), in rest position, and during voluntary movements, by a 3D laser scanner. Linear and angular measurements on rest position scans at T1 and T2 were compared. Each mimic scan was superimposed with the corresponding rest scan. Displacement of significant anthropometric points was measured for each facial gesture and at T1 and T2 statistically compared. Vertical measurements were those most influenced by aging. Some measurements of central facial area were consistent over time. The pattern of soft tissues displacement for each expression was consistent in T1 and T2. These results may be helpful for missing children identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Maria Curti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Niccolò Barla
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Francesca Antonella Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, S.C. Chirurgia Maxillo-facciale, "A.O. Santa Croce e Carle", via Michele Coppino 26, 12100, Cuneo, Italia
| | - Giancarlo Di Vella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Daria Orto
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, S.C. Chirurgia maxillo-facciale U, "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Guglielmo Amedeo Ramieri
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, S.C. Chirurgia maxillo-facciale U, "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Laura Verzé
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126, Torino, Italia
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14
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Tebbens M, Nota NM, Liberton NPTJ, Meijer BA, Kreukels BPC, Forouzanfar T, Verdaasdonk RM, den Heijer M. Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment Induces Facial Feminization in Transwomen and Masculinization in Transmen: Quantification by 3D Scanning and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. J Sex Med 2019; 16:746-754. [PMID: 30926514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hormone treatment induces feminization of the body in transwomen and masculinization in transmen. However, the effect of hormone treatment on facial characteristics is still unknown. AIM We aimed to study whether hormone treatment induces facial feminization and masculinization and how this potential change affects satisfaction and self-esteem. METHODS In this single-center cohort study, we included 27 transwomen and 15 transmen who received standardized hormone treatment in the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam. Facial 3-dimensional images were obtained at baseline and at 3 and 12 months. At each image, 22 facial landmarks were placed. Furthermore, the FACE-Q Satisfaction with Facial Appearance Overall and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale were obtained at the same measurement points. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures included the relative local shift of skin in millimeters in the 22 landmarks in the transverse (x-axis), coronal (y-axis), and sagittal (z-axis) anatomic axes, the color maps, and the outcomes of the questionnaires. RESULTS After 12 months, cheek tissue in transwomen increased, with 0.50 mm (95% CI 0.04-0.96) in the x-axis and 1.08 mm (95% CI 0.31-1.85) in the z-axis. Tissue in the jaws decreased with -0.60 mm (95% CI -1.28-0.08) in the x-axis and -0.18 mm (95% CI -0.03-0.33) in the y-axis. Cheek tissue in transmen decreased with -0.45 mm (95% CI -1.00-0.11) in the x-axis and -0.84 mm (95% CI -1.92-0.25) in the z-axis. These changes already started after 3 months. An increase in satisfaction with the facial appearance was found in both transwomen and transmen. There were no changes in reported self-esteem. CLINICAL IMPLICATION These results could lead to more realistic expectations of facial changes. Furthermore, our results suggest that the face continues to change for at least a year, which could suggest that performing facial feminization surgery after 1 year of hormone treatment might be too early. STRENGTH & LIMITATIONS This study is the first that provides insight into the facial changes in transgender individuals receiving hormone treatment, and it introduces an objective method to examine (small) facial changes. Our study is limited by the poor reliability of the landmarks, the difficulty of facial fixation, and the lack of gender-specific questions in the questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS Hormone treatment in transwomen induces an increase in cheek tissue and a decrease in jaw tissue. In transmen a tendency of decrease in cheek tissue and an increase in jaw tissue was found. These changes are in the direction of the desired gender. Tebbens M, Nota NM, Liberton NPTJ, et al. Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment Induces Facial Feminization in Transwomen and Masculinization in Transmen: Quantification by 3D Scanning and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. J Sex Med 2019;16:746-754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Tebbens
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke M Nota
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P T J Liberton
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Medical Technology, 3D InnovationLab, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brigitte A Meijer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Baudewijntje P C Kreukels
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Psychology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Forouzanfar
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf M Verdaasdonk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Medical Technology, 3D InnovationLab, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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15
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Lentle RG, Hulls CM. Quantifying Patterns of Smooth Muscle Motility in the Gut and Other Organs With New Techniques of Video Spatiotemporal Mapping. Front Physiol 2018; 9:338. [PMID: 29686624 PMCID: PMC5900429 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The uses and limitations of the various techniques of video spatiotemporal mapping based on change in diameter (D-type ST maps), change in longitudinal strain rate (L-type ST maps), change in area strain rate (A-type ST maps), and change in luminous intensity of reflected light (I-maps) are described, along with their use in quantifying motility of the wall of hollow structures of smooth muscle such as the gut. Hence ST-methods for determining the size, speed of propagation and frequency of contraction in the wall of gut compartments of differing geometric configurations are discussed. We also discuss the shortcomings and problems that are inherent in the various methods and the use of techniques to avoid or minimize them. This discussion includes, the inability of D-type ST maps to indicate the site of a contraction that does not reduce the diameter of a gut segment, the manipulation of axis [the line of interest (LOI)] of L-maps to determine the true axis of propagation of a contraction, problems with anterior curvature of gut segments and the use of adjunct image analysis techniques that enhance particular features of the maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Lentle
- Physiology Department, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Corrin M Hulls
- Physiology Department, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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16
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Waddington JL, Katina S, O'Tuathaigh CMP, Bowman AW. Translational Genetic Modelling of 3D Craniofacial Dysmorphology: Elaborating the Facial Phenotype of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Through the "Prism" of Schizophrenia. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2017; 4:322-330. [PMID: 29201594 PMCID: PMC5694503 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-017-0136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In the context of human developmental conditions, we review the conceptualisation of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder, the status of craniofacial dysmorphology as a clinically accessible index of brain dysmorphogenesis, the ability of genetically modified mouse models of craniofacial dysmorphology to inform on the underlying dysmorphogenic process and how geometric morphometric techniques in mutant mice can extend quantitative analysis. Recent Findings Mutant mice with disruption of neuregulin-1, a gene associated meta-analytically with risk for schizophrenia, constitute proof-of-concept studies of murine facial dysmorphology in a manner analogous to clinical studies in schizophrenia. Geometric morphometric techniques informed on the topography of facial dysmorphology and identified asymmetry therein. Summary Targeted disruption in mice of genes involved in individual components of developmental processes and analysis of resultant facial dysmorphology using geometric morphometrics can inform on mechanisms of dysmorphogenesis at levels of incisiveness not possible in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Waddington
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Stanislav Katina
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK.,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Adrian W Bowman
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
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17
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Shui W, Zhou M, Maddock S, He T, Wang X, Deng Q. A PCA-Based method for determining craniofacial relationship and sexual dimorphism of facial shapes. Comput Biol Med 2017; 90:33-49. [PMID: 28918063 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have used principal component analysis (PCA) to investigate the craniofacial relationship, as well as sex determination using facial factors. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which the choice of principal components (PCs) affects the analysis of craniofacial relationship and sexual dimorphism. In this paper, we propose a PCA-based method for visual and quantitative analysis, using 140 samples of 3D heads (70 male and 70 female), produced from computed tomography (CT) images. There are two parts to the method. First, skull and facial landmarks are manually marked to guide the model's registration so that dense corresponding vertices occupy the same relative position in every sample. Statistical shape spaces of the skull and face in dense corresponding vertices are constructed using PCA. Variations in these vertices, captured in every principal component (PC), are visualized to observe shape variability. The correlations of skull- and face-based PC scores are analysed, and linear regression is used to fit the craniofacial relationship. We compute the PC coefficients of a face based on this craniofacial relationship and the PC scores of a skull, and apply the coefficients to estimate a 3D face for the skull. To evaluate the accuracy of the computed craniofacial relationship, the mean and standard deviation of every vertex between the two models are computed, where these models are reconstructed using real PC scores and coefficients. Second, each PC in facial space is analysed for sex determination, for which support vector machines (SVMs) are used. We examined the correlation between PCs and sex, and explored the extent to which the choice of PCs affects the expression of sexual dimorphism. Our results suggest that skull- and face-based PCs can be used to describe the craniofacial relationship and that the accuracy of the method can be improved by using an increased number of face-based PCs. The results show that the accuracy of the sex classification is related to the choice of PCs. The highest sex classification rate is 91.43% using our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Shui
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Preservation and Virtual Reality for Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Mingquan Zhou
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Preservation and Virtual Reality for Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Steve Maddock
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Taiping He
- Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Xingce Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Preservation and Virtual Reality for Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qingqiong Deng
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Preservation and Virtual Reality for Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100875, China.
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18
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Stavrakos SK, Ahmed-Kristensen S. Methods of 3D data applications to inform design decisions for physical comfort. Work 2016; 55:321-334. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-162399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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19
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Stavrakos SK, Ahmed-Kristensen S, Goldman T. Using archetypes to create user panels for usability studies: Streamlining focus groups and user studies. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2016; 56:108-116. [PMID: 27184318 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Designers at the conceptual phase of products such as headphones, stress the importance of comfort, e.g. executing comfort studies and the need for a reliable user panel. This paper proposes a methodology to issue a reliable user panel to represent large populations and validates the proposed framework to predict comfort factors, such as physical fit. Data of 200 heads was analyzed by forming clusters, 9 archetypal people were identified out of a 200 people's ear database. The archetypes were validated by comparing the archetypes' responses on physical fit against those of 20 participants interacting with 6 headsets. This paper suggests a new method of selecting representative user samples for prototype testing compared to costly and time consuming methods which relied on the analysis of human geometry of large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-K Stavrakos
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - S Ahmed-Kristensen
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - T Goldman
- GN Netcom A/S (Jabra(r)), Operations and R&D, Lautrupbjerg 7, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
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20
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Tanikawa C, Zere E, Takada K. Sexual dimorphism in the facial morphology of adult humans: A three-dimensional analysis. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2015; 67:23-49. [PMID: 26617056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to demonstrate sexual dimorphism in the entire three-dimensional facial surface form of adult humans. The sample consisted of female and male groups (n=200; age range, 18-35 years). Three-dimensional images of each participant's face at rest were recorded. A total of 185 variables that described facial surface configuration features were extracted from each image. The variables were compared between the groups using t-tests, and those exhibiting P-values <0.0001 were entered into a stepwise discriminant function analysis for sex determination. Wire mesh fitting was also performed on each image to examine the facial surface morphology. The mean node coordinates of the fitted mesh were compared between the groups using t-tests. Sixty-seven of the 185 variables differed significantly between the groups, and 11 qualified for inclusion in the stepwise analysis. The female group exhibited a greater vertical height of the eye fissure, shorter postero-anterior height of the nasal tip, vertically greater supraorbital ridge, shorter lower face height relative to the total upper anterior face height, more prominent cheeks in the infraorbital region, less prominent cheeks in the buccal region, shorter vertical height of the subnasal region, a smaller nasal hump, and a smaller alar. The discriminant function analysis was 96.5% accurate overall. The wire mesh fitting results showed that the eyes, forehead, and chin were in vertically higher positions in the female group than in the male group. The cheeks and nose were more protuberant in the female group and male group, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - E Zere
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - K Takada
- Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119083, Republic of Singapore.
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21
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Sukno FM, Waddington JL, Whelan PF. 3-D Facial Landmark Localization With Asymmetry Patterns and Shape Regression from Incomplete Local Features. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2015; 45:1717-1730. [PMID: 25314716 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2014.2359056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for the automatic localization of facial landmarks that integrates nonrigid deformation with the ability to handle missing points. The algorithm generates sets of candidate locations from feature detectors and performs combinatorial search constrained by a flexible shape model. A key assumption of our approach is that for some landmarks there might not be an accurate candidate in the input set. This is tackled by detecting partial subsets of landmarks and inferring those that are missing, so that the probability of the flexible model is maximized. The ability of the model to work with incomplete information makes it possible to limit the number of candidates that need to be retained, drastically reducing the number of combinations to be tested with respect to the alternative of trying to always detect the complete set of landmarks. We demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method in the face recognition grand challenge database, where we obtain average errors of approximately 3.5 mm when targeting 14 prominent facial landmarks. For the majority of these our method produces the most accurate results reported to date in this database. Handling of occlusions and surfaces with missing parts is demonstrated with tests on the Bosphorus database, where we achieve an overall error of 4.81 and 4.25 mm for data with and without occlusions, respectively. To investigate potential limits in the accuracy that could be reached, we also report experiments on a database of 144 facial scans acquired in the context of clinical research, with manual annotations performed by experts, where we obtain an overall error of 2.3 mm, with averages per landmark below 3.4 mm for all 14 targeted points and within 2 mm for half of them. The coordinates of automatically located landmarks are made available on-line.
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22
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Lippold C, Liu X, Wangdo K, Drerup B, Schreiber K, Kirschneck C, Moiseenko T, Danesh G. Facial landmark localization by curvature maps and profile analysis. Head Face Med 2014; 10:54. [PMID: 25488063 PMCID: PMC4364336 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional landmarks of the face are important for orthodontic examination, harmony assessment and treatment planning. Currently, facial landmarks are often measured by orthodontists via direct observation and manual soft tissue image analysis. This study wants to evaluate and present an objective method for measuring selected facial landmarks based on an analysis of curvature maps and of sagittal profile obtained by a laser-scanning method. METHODS The faces of 15 people were scanned in 3D by means of the laser scanner FastSCAN™. It allowed the recording of a curvature map of the face in under a minute, which depicted the distribution of Gaussian and mean curvatures. The median-sagittal profile line of the face was localized in this map, and a mathematical analysis comprising its first and second derivatives was performed. Anatomical landmarks were identified and facial measurements performed. To assess validity the obtained data were compared with manual measurements by orthodontists by means of Lin's concordance correlation CCC coefficient and reliability was determined by consecutive measurements. RESULTS Facial landmarks, such as the soft tissue glabella and nasal tip, could be easily and accurately identified and located. Lin's CCC showed substantial agreement between digital and manual measurements for 4 of the 7 distances evaluated. Larger discrepancies were due to inadequate image quality and scanning errors. Reliability of consecutive measurements by the same operator was excellent. CONCLUSIONS In our pilot study the three-dimensional laser-scanning method FastSCAN™ allowed a reliable and accurate identification of anatomical landmarks of the face. The obtained distances between certain landmarks, such as the intercanthal distance, were largely consistent with those from manual measurements. Due to its easy and rapid implementation, the method facilitates facial analysis and could be a clinically valid alternative to manual measurements, when remaining problems in scanning accuracy can be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lippold
- />Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Xiang Liu
- />MOM, MAE, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Kim Wangdo
- />Fac Motricidade Humana, CIPER, LBMF, SPERTLAB, Univ Tecn Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, P-1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Burkhard Drerup
- />Bundesfachschule f. Orthopaedietechnik (BUFA), Schliepstraße 6, 44135 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristina Schreiber
- />Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic of Witten Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- />Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Moiseenko
- />Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gholamreza Danesh
- />Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic of Witten Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
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Mikalsen SKR, Folstad I, Yoccoz NG, Laeng B. The spectacular human nose: an amplifier of individual quality? PeerJ 2014; 2:e357. [PMID: 24765588 PMCID: PMC3994647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplifiers are signals that improve the perception of underlying differences in quality. They are cost free and advantageous to high quality individuals, but disadvantageous to low quality individuals, as poor quality is easier perceived because of the amplifier. For an amplifier to evolve, the average fitness benefit to the high quality individuals should be higher than the average cost for the low quality individuals. The human nose is, compared to the nose of most other primates, extraordinary large, fragile and easily broken—especially in male–male interactions. May it have evolved as an amplifier among high quality individuals, allowing easy assessment of individual quality and influencing the perception of attractiveness? We tested the latter by manipulating the position of the nose tip or, as a control, the mouth in facial pictures and had the pictures rated for attractiveness. Our results show that facial attractiveness failed to be influenced by mouth manipulations. Yet, facial attractiveness increased when the nose tip was artificially centered according to other facial features. Conversely, attractiveness decreased when the nose tip was displaced away from its central position. Our results suggest that our evaluation of attractiveness is clearly sensitive to the centering of the nose tip, possibly because it affects our perception of the face’s symmetry and/or averageness. However, whether such centering is related to individual quality remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivar Folstad
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø , Norway
| | | | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø , Norway
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24
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Morphometry of latent palmprints as a function of time. Sci Justice 2013; 53:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Mestre S, Veye F, Perez-Martin A, Behar T, Triboulet J, Berron N, Demattei C, Quéré I. Validation of lower limb segmental volumetry with hand-held, self-positioning three-dimensional laser scanner against water displacement. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2013; 2:39-45. [PMID: 26992967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of limb volume is helpful for the evaluation and follow-up of edema, especially in patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) or lymphedema. Water displacement (WD) is the reference method for limb volumetry but is not really suitable for clinical routine. Indirect volumetry based on circumference measurements as well as the more expansive but automatic optoelectronic techniques do not allow detailed measurement at the extremity of the limb. METHODS We used a self-positioning laser scanner with dynamic referencing for acquisition and real-time three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the lower limb volume in 30 patients with CVI, 30 patients with lymphedema, and 30 healthy controls. Two independent observers performed either one or two laser scans, whose results were tested for intra- and interobserver reproducibility and compared with WD volumetry by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and Bland and Altman graphic analysis. RESULTS Automatic volume calculation from 3D laser scanning data failed in one patient with major lymphedema. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient was 0.99 and 0.98, respectively, for intraobserver no. 1 and no. 2, 0.98 for interobserver reproducibility, and 0.98 and 0.96, respectively, for observer no. 1 and observer no. 2 vs WD comparison. The 3D laser scanning yielded 1.99% precision. Accuracy was 3.12% for observer no. 1 and 2.71% for observer no. 2, laser scanning values being 90 mL higher than WD, which could be attributed to the different posture during measurement. CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional laser scanning is accurate and reproducible, and appears suitable for the evaluation of limb volume in patients with CVI or lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Mestre
- Internal and Vascular Medicine Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France; Dysfunctions of Vascular Interfaces Laboratory EA2992, Montpellier 1, University, Montpellier and Nimes, France.
| | - Florent Veye
- Montpellier Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics, and Microelectronics, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonia Perez-Martin
- Dysfunctions of Vascular Interfaces Laboratory EA2992, Montpellier 1, University, Montpellier and Nimes, France; Vascular Medicine Clinics and Laboratory, Nimes University Hospital, Nimes, France
| | - Thomas Behar
- Internal and Vascular Medicine Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Triboulet
- Montpellier Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics, and Microelectronics, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christophe Demattei
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Public Health, and Medical Informatics, Nimes University Hospital, Nimes, France
| | - Isabelle Quéré
- Internal and Vascular Medicine Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France; Dysfunctions of Vascular Interfaces Laboratory EA2992, Montpellier 1, University, Montpellier and Nimes, France; Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM CIC 1001, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
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Sforza C, Dolci C, Tommasi DG, Pisoni L, De Menezes M, Elamin F. Three-dimensional facial distances of Northern Sudanese persons from childhood to young adulthood. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013; 42:e318-26. [PMID: 24290254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
No current age- and gender-related normative data exist for the dimensions of facial structures in Northern Sudanese subjects. In the current study information about normal sex- and age-related linear distances is provided. The three-dimensional coordinates of 14 landmarks on the facial soft tissues were obtained using a hand-held laser scanner in 653 healthy Northern Sudanese subjects (326 males and 327 females) aged 4-30 years. From the landmarks, 13 linear distances were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. All analyzed linear soft tissue facial dimensions were significantly larger in men than in women (p < 0.01), except mouth width (ch-ch), upper facial height (n-sn), mandibular body length (pg-go) and width (go-go). All measurements underwent significant modifications as a function of age (p < 0.01), with significant age × sex interactions (p < 0.01) for all linear dimensions except lower face height (sn-pg). Overall, when compared to literature data for African and Caucasoid subjects, several differences were found, pointing to the necessity of ethnic-specific data. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human facial morphology during normal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Claudia Dolci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Davide G Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Luca Pisoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Marcio De Menezes
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (Head: Prof. Chiarella Sforza), Università degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 31, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Fadil Elamin
- Khartoum Centre for Research and Medical Training (Head: Prof. Farouk Elamin), Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Oral Growth and Development (Head: Prof. Ferranti Wong), Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Fraccaro PJ, Little AC, Tigue CC, O'Connor JJM, Pisanski K, Feinberg DR. The other-species effect in human perceptions of sexual dimorphism using human and macaque faces. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.843628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sonnweber RS, Stobbe N, Zavala Romero O, Slice DE, Fieder M, Wallner B. A new method for the analysis of soft tissues with data acquired under field conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67521. [PMID: 23826315 PMCID: PMC3691197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing soft-tissue structures is particularly challenging due to the lack of homologous landmarks that can be reliably identified across time and specimens. This is particularly true when data are to be collected under field conditions. Here, we present a method that combines photogrammetric techniques and geometric morphometrics methods (GMM) to quantify soft tissues for their subsequent volumetric analysis. We combine previously developed methods for landmark data acquisition and processing with a custom program for volumetric computations. Photogrammetric methods are a particularly powerful tool for field studies as they allow for image acquisition with minimal equipment requirements and for the acquisition of the spatial coordinates of points (anatomical landmarks or others) from these images. For our method, a limited number of homologous landmarks, i.e., points that can be found on any specimen independent of space and time, and further distinctive points, which may vary over time, space and subject, are identified on two-dimensional photographs and their three-dimensional coordinates estimated using photogrammetric methods. The three-dimensional configurations are oriented by the spatial principal components (PCs) of the homologous points. Crucially, this last step orients the configuration such that x and y-information (PC1 and PC2 coordinates) constitute an anatomically-defined plane with the z-values (PC3 coordinate) in the direction of interest for volume computation. The z-coordinates are then used to estimate the volume of the tissue. We validate our method using a physical, geometric model of known dimensions and physical (wax) models designed to approximate perineal swellings in female macaques. To demonstrate the usefulness and potential of our method, we use it to estimate the volumes of Barbary macaque sexual swellings recorded in the field with video images. By analyzing both the artificial data and real monkey swellings, we validate our method's accuracy and illustrate its potential for application in important areas of biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S Sonnweber
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Sforza C, Elamin F, Tommasi DG, Dolci C, Ferrario VF. Morphometry of the soft tissues of the orbital region in Northern Sudanese persons. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 228:180.e1-11. [PMID: 23453642 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The orbital region plays a predominant role in the evaluation of the craniofacial complex. No current normative data exist for Northern Sudanese subjects. In the current study information about normal sex- and age-related dimensions of the orbital region was provided. The three-dimensional coordinates of ten landmarks on the orbital soft tissues were obtained using a hand-held laser scanner in 654 healthy Northern Sudanese subjects aged 4-30 years. From the landmarks, biocular and intercanthal widths, paired height and inclination of the orbit relative to both the true horizontal (head in natural head position) and Frankfurt plane, length and inclination of the eye fissure, the relevant ratios, were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. All analysed linear soft-tissue orbital dimensions, except intercanthal width and left orbital height, were significantly larger in men than in women (p<0.01). A significant sexual dimorphism was found also for the height-to-width ratios (larger in women in most age groups), the orbital inclinations vs. the true horizontal and Frankfurt plane (both measurements were almost always larger in men than in women), and the right side inclination of the eye fissure vs. the true horizontal (larger in women than in men), while no sex-related differences were observed for the left side inclination of the eye fissure vs. the true horizontal. All measurements but the right side inclination of the eye fissure vs. the true horizontal underwent significant modifications as a function of age, with several significant age×sex interactions. Biocular and intercanthal widths, orbital height, length of the eye fissure, all increased from childhood to young adulthood; in the second decade of life all age-related increments were larger in men than in women. Overall, when compared to literature data for African and Caucasoid subjects, several differences were found, pointing to the necessity of ethnic-specific data. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human orbital morphology during normal growth and development. Forensic applications (evaluations of traumas, craniofacial alterations, teratogenic-induced conditions, facial reconstruction, ageing of living and dead people, personal identification) may also benefit from age- and sex-based data banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiarella Sforza
- Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Jiri B, Jana V, Michal J, Jiri K, Dana H, Miroslav T, Milos C, Zdenek K, Jaroslav F, Jan J, Jiri Z, Renata P, Miroslav P. Successful early neonatal repair of cleft lip within first 8 days of life. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:1616-26. [PMID: 22906307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the children born with a cleft lip, surgery is the first step in correcting the inborn anomaly. In comparison with usually made 3-month surgery, benefits of the surgery in neonates have been reported: a very good wound healing, feeding facilitation, and good socialization of a child from neonatal age. The aims of the present study were to perform cheiloplasty in early newborns affected by the total cleft lip and palate (CLP) by the technique modified to search for optimum aesthetic result, and to assess the surgery outcome from qualitative and quantitative aspects. METHODS The operations were performed by the same surgeon in 97 neonates 1-8 days old during 2005-2008. The original technique by Tennison was modified and used. Aesthetic outcome of the surgery was evaluated according to scar visibility, and the shape and symmetry of the lip and nose. The effect of cheiloplasty on the formation of the upper jaw segments was evaluated in a sample of unilateral CLP patients using the 3D-finite element scaling analysis (FESA). We compared 3D models of dental plaster casts made prior to lip surgery (in neonates under 8 days of age) and prior to palate surgery (at 12 months of age). RESULTS Only the children in excellent health state and without an associated inborn defect were allowed to pass the operation. There were no per-operative complications (except the correction of tracheal tube position in several cases). The parents appreciated bringing home a neonate with no visible cleft. This aspect not only facilitated baby feeding, but had important positive psycho-social impact on the whole family. The wound healing and aesthetic effect of the cheiloplasty were very good. The scar was barely visible and lip and nose were symmetric in majority of children. After lip closure, the growth and approximation of jaw segments was observed. This aspect was also associated with incisors development in the anterior portion of the segment including premaxilla. CONCLUSIONS Our results show, that early neonatal lip surgery of CLP is promising technique with very good aesthetic results and important positive psychological impact on the child and its family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borsky Jiri
- Plastic Surgery Clinic, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Claes P, Walters M, Shriver MD, Puts D, Gibson G, Clement J, Baynam G, Verbeke G, Vandermeulen D, Suetens P. Sexual dimorphism in multiple aspects of 3D facial symmetry and asymmetry defined by spatially dense geometric morphometrics. J Anat 2012; 221:97-114. [PMID: 22702244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate measurement of facial sexual dimorphism is useful to understanding facial anatomy and specifically how faces influence, and have been influenced by, sexual selection. An important facial aspect is the display of bilateral symmetry, invoking the need to investigate aspects of symmetry and asymmetry separately when examining facial shape. Previous studies typically employed landmarks that provided only a sparse facial representation, where different landmark choices could lead to contrasting outcomes. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism is only tested as a difference of sample means, which is statistically the same as a difference in population location only. Within the framework of geometric morphometrics, we partition facial shape, represented in a spatially dense way, into patterns of symmetry and asymmetry, following a two-factor anova design. Subsequently, we investigate sexual dimorphism in symmetry and asymmetry patterns separately, and on multiple aspects, by examining (i) population location differences as well as differences in population variance-covariance; (ii) scale; and (iii) orientation. One important challenge in this approach is the proportionally high number of variables to observations necessitating the implementation of permutational and computationally feasible statistics. In a sample of gender-matched young adults (18-25 years) with self-reported European ancestry, we found greater variation in male faces than in women for all measurements. Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was found for the aspect of location in both symmetry and asymmetry (directional asymmetry), for the aspect of scale only in asymmetry (magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry) and, in contrast, for the aspect of orientation only in symmetry. Interesting interplays with hypotheses in evolutionary and developmental biology were observed, such as the selective nature of the force underpinning sexual dimorphism and the genetic independence of the structural patterns of fluctuating asymmetry. Additionally, insights into growth patterns of the soft tissue envelope of the face and underlying skull structure can also be obtained from the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Claes
- K.U. Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering - ESAT, Center for Processing Speech and Images - PSI, Leuven, Belgium.
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Velemínská J, Bigoni L, Krajíček V, Borský J, Šmahelová D, Cagáňová V, Peterka M. Surface facial modelling and allometry in relation to sexual dimorphism. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2012; 63:81-93. [PMID: 22425585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is responsible for a substantial part of human facial variability, the study of which is essential for many scientific fields ranging from evolution to special biomedical topics. Our aim was to analyse the relationship between size variability and shape facial variability of sexual traits in the young adult Central European population and to construct average surface models of adult males and females. The method of geometric morphometrics allowed not only the identification of dimorphic traits, but also the evaluation of static allometry and the visualisation of sexual facial differences. Facial variability in the studied sample was characterised by a strong relationship between facial size and shape of sexual dimorphic traits. Large size of face was associated with facial elongation and vice versa. Regarding shape sexual dimorphic traits, a wide, vaulted and high forehead in combination with a narrow and gracile lower face were typical for females. Variability in shape dimorphic traits was smaller in females compared to males. For female classification, shape sexual dimorphic traits are more important, while for males the stronger association is with face size. Males generally had a closer inter-orbital distance and a deeper position of the eyes in relation to the facial plane, a larger and wider straight nose and nostrils, and more massive lower face. Using pseudo-colour maps to provide a detailed schematic representation of the geometrical differences between the sexes, we attempted to clarify the reasons underlying the development of such differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
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Toma AM, Zhurov AI, Playle R, Marshall D, Rosin PL, Richmond S. The assessment of facial variation in 4747 British school children. Eur J Orthod 2011; 34:655-64. [PMID: 21934112 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjr106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify key components contributing to facial variation in a large population-based sample of 15.5-year-old children (2514 females and 2233 males). The subjects were recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Three-dimensional facial images were obtained for each subject using two high-resolution Konica Minolta laser scanners. Twenty-one reproducible facial landmarks were identified and their coordinates were recorded. The facial images were registered using Procrustes analysis. Principal component analysis was then employed to identify independent groups of correlated coordinates. For the total data set, 14 principal components (PCs) were identified which explained 82 per cent of the total variance, with the first three components accounting for 46 per cent of the variance. Similar results were obtained for males and females separately with only subtle gender differences in some PCs. Facial features may be treated as a multidimensional statistical continuum with respect to the PCs. The first three PCs characterize the face in terms of height, width, and prominence of the nose. The derived PCs may be useful to identify and classify faces according to a scale of normality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshed M Toma
- Department of Applied Clinical Research & Public Health, Dental School, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
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Automated analysis of craniofacial morphology using magnetic resonance images. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20241. [PMID: 21655288 PMCID: PMC3105012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of craniofacial morphology is of interest to scholars
working in a wide variety of disciplines, such as anthropology, developmental
biology, and medicine. T1-weighted (anatomical) magnetic resonance images (MRI)
provide excellent contrast between soft tissues. Given its three-dimensional
nature, MRI represents an ideal imaging modality for the analysis of
craniofacial structure in living individuals. Here we describe how T1-weighted
MR images, acquired to examine brain anatomy, can also be used to analyze facial
features. Using a sample of typically developing adolescents from the Saguenay
Youth Study (N = 597; 292 male, 305 female, ages: 12 to 18
years), we quantified inter-individual variations in craniofacial structure in
two ways. First, we adapted existing nonlinear registration-based morphological
techniques to generate iteratively a group-wise population average of
craniofacial features. The nonlinear transformations were used to map the
craniofacial structure of each individual to the population average. Using
voxel-wise measures of expansion and contraction, we then examined the effects
of sex and age on inter-individual variations in facial features. Second, we
employed a landmark-based approach to quantify variations in face surfaces. This
approach involves: (a) placing 56 landmarks (forehead, nose, lips, jaw-line,
cheekbones, and eyes) on a surface representation of the MRI-based group
average; (b) warping the landmarks to the individual faces using the inverse
nonlinear transformation estimated for each person; and (3) using a principal
components analysis (PCA) of the warped landmarks to identify facial features
(i.e. clusters of landmarks) that vary in our sample in a correlated fashion. As
with the voxel-wise analysis of the deformation fields, we examined the effects
of sex and age on the PCA-derived spatial relationships between facial features.
Both methods demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism in craniofacial
structure in areas such as the chin, mandible, lips, and nose.
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Sforza C, Elamin F, Rosati R, Lucchini MA, Tommasi DG, Ferrario VF. Three-dimensional assessment of nose and lip morphology in North Sudanese subjects with Down syndrome. Angle Orthod 2011; 81:107-14. [PMID: 20936962 DOI: 10.2319/042510-222.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detail the nasolabial morphologic characteristics of North Sudanese subjects with Down syndrome (DS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Nasolabial morphology was assessed three-dimensionally in 64 North Sudanese subjects with DS aged 4 to 34 years and in 682 sex- and age-matched controls. Three-dimensional facial coordinates were collected using a laser scan, and selected distances, angles, areas, and volumes were computed. Subject and reference data were compared by computing z-scores and Student's t-tests. RESULTS The nose was significantly smaller (area) in subjects with DS than in reference subjects, and it had a different shape (more flat angle of alar slope, more acute nasal tip angle). The vertical (nasal bridge length, nose height) and anteroposterior (nasal tip protrusion) dimensions were reduced, while the horizontal dimensions (alar base width, inferior widths of the nostrils) were increased. The nasolabial angle was increased. The cutaneous lip volume was significantly smaller, while the vermilion lip area was larger in the subjects with DS. The mouth and philtrum widths were significantly reduced, while the vermilion height was significantly increased. CONCLUSION Analyzed subjects with DS had a hypoplastic nose and different upper and lower lips than did reference, normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiarella Sforza
- Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Serres B, Zemmoura I, Destrieux C, Andersson F, Tauber C, Venturini G. Acquisition and interactive 3D exploration of the internal structure of a dissected specimen. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011; 2011:4461-4464. [PMID: 22255329 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a system to keep track of a destructive process such as a medical specimen dissection, from data acquisition to interactive and immersive visualization, in order to build ground truth models. Acquisition is a two-step process, first involving a 3D laser scanner to get a 3D surface, and then a high resolution camera for capturing the texture. This acquisition process is repeated at each step of the dissection, depending on the expected accuracy and the specific objects to be studied. Thanks to fiducial markers, surfaces are registered on each others. Experts can then explore data using interaction hardware in an immersive 3D visualization. An interactive labeling tool is provided to the anatomist, in order to identify regions of interest on each acquired surface. 3D objects can then be reconstructed according to the selected surfaces. We aim to produce ground truths which for instance can be used to validate data acquired with MRI. The system is applied to the specific case of white fibers reconstruction in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Serres
- LI, University François Rabelais of Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
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Hennessy RJ, Baldwin PA, Browne DJ, Kinsella A, Waddington JL. Frontonasal dysmorphology in bipolar disorder by 3D laser surface imaging and geometric morphometrics: comparisons with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010; 122:63-71. [PMID: 20554158 PMCID: PMC2941027 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Any developmental relationship between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia engenders continuing debate. As the brain and face emerge in embryological intimacy, brain dysmorphogenesis is accompanied by facial dysmorphogenesis. 3D laser surface imaging was used to capture the facial surface of 13 male and 14 female patients with bipolar disorder in comparison with 61 male and 75 female control subjects and with 37 male and 32 female patients with schizophrenia. Surface images were analysed using geometric morphometrics and 3D visualisations to identify domains of facial shape that distinguish bipolar patients from controls and bipolar patients from those with schizophrenia. Both male and female bipolar patients evidenced significant facial dysmorphology: common to male and female patients was overall facial widening, increased width of nose, narrowing of mouth and upward displacement of the chin; dysmorphology differed between male and female patients for nose length, lip thickness and tragion height. There were few morphological differences in comparison with schizophrenia patients. That dysmorphology of the frontonasal prominences and related facial regions in bipolar disorder is more similar to than different from that found in schizophrenia indicates some common dysmorphogenesis. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia might reflect similar insult(s) acting over slightly differing time-frames or slightly differing insult(s) acting over a similar time-frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J. Hennessy
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Patrizia A. Baldwin
- Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, St. Davnet's Hospital, Monaghan, Ireland
| | - David J. Browne
- Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, St. Davnet's Hospital, Monaghan, Ireland
| | - Anthony Kinsella
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John L. Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland,Cavan-Monaghan Mental Health Service, St. Davnet's Hospital, Monaghan, Ireland,Corresponding author. Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Tel.: + 353 1 402 2129; fax: + 353 1 402 2453.
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Scholtz Y, Steyn M, Pretorius E. A geometric morphometric study into the sexual dimorphism of the human scapula. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2010; 61:253-70. [PMID: 20638062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2010.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination is vital when attempting to establish identity from skeletal remains. Two approaches to sex determination exists: morphological and metrical. The aim of this paper was to use geometric morphometrics to study the shape of the scapula and its sexual dimorphism. The sample comprised 45 adult black male and 45 adult black female scapulae of known sex. The scapulae were photographed and 21 homologous landmarks were plotted to use for geometric morphometric analysis with the 'tps' series of programs, as well as the IMP package. Consensus thin-plate splines and vector plots for males and females were compared. The CVA and TwoGroup analyses indicated that significant differences exist between males and females. The lateral and medial borders of females are straighter while the supraspinous fossa is more convexly curved than that of males. More than 91% of the females and 95% of the males were correctly assigned. Hotelling's T(2)-test yielded a significant p-value of 0.00039. In addition, 100 equidistant landmarks representing the curve only were also assigned. These, however, yielded considerably poorer results. It is concluded that it is better to use homologous landmarks rather than curve data only, as it is most probable that the shape of the outline relative to the fixed homologous points on the scapula is sexually dimorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Scholtz
- Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Kau CH, Richmond S, Zhurov A, Ovsenik M, Tawfik W, Borbely P, English JD. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137:S56.e1-9; discussion S56-7. [PMID: 20381762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the use of 3-dimensional facial averages for determining morphologic differences from various population groups. METHODS We recruited 473 subjects from 5 populations. Three-dimensional images of the subjects were obtained in a reproducible and controlled environment with a commercially available stereo-photogrammetric camera capture system. Minolta VI-900 (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) and 3dMDface (3dMD LLC, Atlanta, Ga) systems were used. Each image was obtained as a facial mesh and orientated along a triangulated axis. All faces were overlaid, one on top of the other, and a complex mathematical algorithm was performed until average composite faces of 1 man and 1 woman were achieved for each subgroup. These average facial composites were superimposed based on a previously validated superimposition method, and the facial differences were quantified. RESULTS Distinct facial differences were observed among the groups. The linear differences between surface shells ranged from 0.37 to 1.00 mm for the male groups. The linear differences ranged from 0.28 and 0.87 mm for the women. The color histograms showed that the similarities in facial shells between the subgroups by sex ranged from 26.70% to 70.39% for men and 36.09% to 79.83% for women. The average linear distance from the signed color histograms for the male subgroups ranged from -6.30 to 4.44 mm. The female subgroups ranged from -6.32 to 4.25 mm. CONCLUSIONS Average faces can be efficiently and effectively created from a sample of 3-dimensional faces. Average faces can be used to compare differences in facial morphologies for various populations and sexes. Facial morphologic differences were greatest when totally different ethnic variations were compared. Facial morphologic similarities were present in comparable groups, but there were large variations in concentrated areas of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung How Kau
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Kau CH, Richmond S, Zhurov A, Ovsenik M, Tawfik W, Borbely P, English JD. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.022 share on mendeley] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of cranio-facial sexual dimorphism in a Central European sample of known sex. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2010; 61:16-32. [PMID: 20152969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an approach for estimating the sexual dimorphism of adult crania using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. The study sample consisted of 139 crania of known sex (73 males and 66 females) belonging to persons who lived during the first half of the 20th century in Bohemia. The three-dimensional co-ordinates of 82 ecto-cranial landmarks and 39 semi-landmarks covering the midsagittal curve of the cranial vault were digitised using a MicroScribe G2X contact digitiser. The purposes of the investigation were to define the regions of the cranium where sexual dimorphism is most pronounced and to investigate the effectiveness of this method for determining sex from the shape of the cranium. The results demonstrate that it is better to analyse apportionable parts of the cranium rather than the cranium as a whole. Significant sexual differences (significance was determined using multivariate analysis of variance) were noted in the shape of the midsagittal curve of the vault, upper face, the region of the nose, orbits, and palate. No differences were recorded either in the shape of the cranium as a whole or in the regions of the base and the neurocranium. The greatest accuracy in determining sex was found in the region of the upper face (100% of study subjects correctly classified) and the midsagittal curve of the vault (99% of study subjects correctly classified).
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Mutsvangwa TE, Meintjes EM, Viljoen DL, Douglas TS. Morphometric analysis and classification of the facial phenotype associated with fetal alcohol syndrome in 5- and 12-year-old children. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 152A:32-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ozsoy U, Demirel BM, Yildirim FB, Tosun O, Sarikcioglu L. Method selection in craniofacial measurements: advantages and disadvantages of 3D digitization method. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2009; 37:285-90. [PMID: 19179087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Treatment of the craniofacial malformations is a primary goal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgeons. Surgical treatment of these malformations requires accurate data. Accuracy of measurement should be a priority of scientists to prevent statistical errors and therefore to promote the comparison of the results obtained from various research groups. In the present study, we aimed to compare three different measurement techniques, which were used frequently in craniofacial measurements. METHODS A total number of 35 female and 35 male volunteer adults were included to the study. Two-dimensional (2D) photogrammetry, three-dimensional (3D) digitization and manual anthropometry methods were used for the present study. Measurements were obtained from the ear, eye, nose and face. RESULTS By comparing three methods, our findings revealed that 3D digitization method is an easy, robust, and sensitive method to obtain the data. CONCLUSIONS We think that 3D digitization method is accurate, and it can be applied to both clinical practice and research. Advantages and disadvantages of three methods are discussed with the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
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Mutsvangwa TEM, Smit J, Hoyme HE, Kalberg W, Viljoen DL, Meintjes EM, Douglas TS. Design, construction, and testing of a stereo-photogrammetric tool for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome in infants. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2009; 28:1448-1458. [PMID: 19336298 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2009.2017375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stereo-photogrammetry provides a low cost, easy to use, and noninvasive alternative to traditional facial anthropometry for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). We describe such a system for use in obtaining 3-D facial information in infants. The infant is photographed using three high resolution digital cameras simultaneously while seated in a car seat. The subject's head is enclosed in a control frame during imaging. Technical system tests, namely control frame interpolation, camera calibration reliability, and camera synchronization delay assessments were performed. Direct and stereo-photogrammetric measurements of a doll were compared. Of 275 inter-landmark distances, 100% were within a 1.5 mm error range and 92.36% within a 1 mm error range when the two modalities were compared. Stereo-photogrammetry proved to be highly precise with submillimeter error in landmark placement for all landmarks on the doll. An intra-modality comparison of inter-landmark distances using two sets of images of five subjects showed the stereo-photogrammetric system to be highly reliable, with an average 72.25% of distances within a 1 mm error range. The system has potential for large scale screening and surveillance studies for FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe E M Mutsvangwa
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 7935 Cape Town, South Africa
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Forsberg A, Kullberg J, Agartz I, Ahlström H, Johansson L, Henriksson KM. Landmark-based software for anatomical measurements: a precision study. Clin Anat 2009; 22:456-62. [PMID: 19306317 DOI: 10.1002/ca.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a software program, called Landmarker, which would aid studies of complex anatomical morphometry by simplifying the manual identification of landmarks in 3D images. We also tested its precision on routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. To understand human biological variation, there is a need to identify morphological characteristics from the exterior and the interior of human anatomy. MRI, as opposed to other radiographic methods (mainly based on X-ray techniques), supplies good soft tissue contrast, which allows for more complex assessments than what bony landmarks can provide. Because automation of this assessment is highly demanding, one of the primary goals for the new software was to enable more rapid identification of landmark sets in 3D image data. Repeat acquisition of head MRIs having a resolution of 0.94 x 0.94 x 1.20 mm3 were performed on 10 volunteers. Intra- and interoperator, as well as interacquisition variations of manual identification of exterior, craniofacial interior, and brain landmarks were studied. The average distances between landmarks were <1.8 mm, <2.3 mm, and <2.0 mm in the intra- and interoperator, and interacquisition evaluations, respectively. This study presents new software for time efficient identification of complex craniofacial landmarks in 3D MRI. To the best of our knowledge, no evaluation of software for rapid landmark-based analysis of complex anatomies from 3D MR data has yet been presented. This software may also be useful for studies in other anatomical regions and for other types of image data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Forsberg
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
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Sanfilippo PG, Cardini A, Hewitt AW, Crowston JG, Mackey DA. Optic disc morphology--rethinking shape. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:227-48. [PMID: 19520180 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Morphometrics, a branch of morphology, represents the study of size and shape components of biological form and their variation in the population. Assessment of optic disc morphology is essential in the diagnosis and management of many ophthalmic disorders. Much work has been performed to characterize size-related parameters of the optic disc; however, limited information is available on shape variation in the general population. In contrast to optic disc or cup sizes, which are conceptually meaningful variables with a defined unit of measurement, there are few metric constructs by which to quantify, visualize and interpret variation in optic disc or cup shape. This has significance in ophthalmic diseases with a genetic basis as recent evidence has suggested that optic disc shape may be heritable. Conventional optic disc shape measures of 'ovality' and 'form-factor' reduce a complex structure to a single number and eliminate information of potential diagnostic relevance from further analyses. The recent advent of 'geometric morphometrics', a branch of statistics that incorporates tools from geometry, biometrics and computer graphics in the quantitative analysis of biological forms, has enabled spatial relationships in shape data to be retained during analysis. The analytical methods employed in geometric morphometrics can be separated into two distinct groups: landmark-based (e.g. Procrustes analysis, thin-plate splines) and boundary outline techniques (e.g. Fourier analysis). In this review, we summarize current approaches to the study of optic disc morphology, discuss the underlying theory of geometric morphometrics within the context of analytical techniques and then explore the contemporary relevance of the subject matter to several biological fields. Finally we illustrate the potential application of geometric morphometrics to the specific problem of optic disc shape and glaucoma assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne St, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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Toma AM, Zhurov A, Playle R, Ong E, Richmond S. Reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks on 3D laser-scanned facial images. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009; 12:33-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oettlé A, Pretorius E, Steyn M. Geometric morphometric analysis of the use of mandibular gonial eversion in sex determination. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2009; 60:29-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Toma AM, Zhurov A, Playle R, Richmond S. A three-dimensional look for facial differences between males and females in a British-Caucasian sample aged 151/2 years old. Orthod Craniofac Res 2008; 11:180-5. [PMID: 18713155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical surface scanning accurately records the three-dimension (3D) shape of the face non-invasively. Many software programs have been developed to process and analyze the 3D data, enabling the clinicians to create average templates for groups of subjects to provide a comparison of facial shape. OBJECTIVE Differences in facial morphology of males and females were identified using a laser scan imaging technology. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study was undertaken on 380 British-Caucasian children aged 15 and a half year old, recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). 3D facial images were obtained for each individual using two high resolution Konica/Minolta laser scanners. The scan quality was assessed and any unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. Average facial templates were created for males and females, and a registration technique was used to superimpose the facial shells of males and females so that facial differences can be quantified. RESULTS Thirty unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. The final sample consisted of 350 subjects (166 females, 184 males). Females tend to have more prominent eyes and cheeks in relation to males with a maximum difference of 2.4 mm. Males tend to have more prominent noses and mouths with a maximum difference of 2.7 mm. About 31% of the facial shells match exactly (no difference), mainly in the forehead and chin regions of the face. CONCLUSIONS Differences in facial morphology can be accurately quantified and visualized using 3D imaging technology. This method of facial assessment can be recommended and applied for future research studies to assess facial soft tissue changes because of growth or healthcare intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Toma
- Department of Applied Clinical Research & Public Health (Orthodontic Department), Dental School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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