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Wu S, Jiang P, Zhang X, Mao C, Dai Y, Zhuang H, Pang Y. Understanding the Transepithelial Transport and Transbilayer Diffusion of the Antihypertensive Peptide Asn-Cys-Trp: Insights from Caco-2 Cell Monolayers and the DPPC Model Membrane. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9828-9841. [PMID: 38639269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the transport mechanism of the peptide Asn-Cys-Trp (NCW) is crucial to improving its intestinal absorption and bioavailability. This study investigated the absorption of NCW through Caco-2 cell monolayers and its interaction with the DPPC bilayers. Results revealed that after a 3 h incubation, the Papp (AP-BL) and Papp (BL-AP) values of NCW at a concentration of 5 mmol/L were (22.24 ± 4.52) × 10-7 and (6.63 ± 2.31) × 10-7 cm/s, respectively, with the transport rates of 1.59 ± 0.32 and 0.62 ± 0.20%, indicating its moderate absorption. NCW was found to be transported via PepT1 and paracellular transport pathways, as evidenced by the significant impact of Gly-Pro and cytochalasin D on the Papp values. Moreover, NCW upregulated ZO-1 mRNA expression. Further investigation of the ZO-1-mediated interaction between NCW and tight junction proteins will contribute to a better understanding of the paracellular transport mechanism of NCW. The interaction between NCW and the DPPC bilayers was predominantly driven by entropy. NCW permeated the bilayers through electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions, resulting in increased fluidity, flexibility, and disorder as well as phase transition and phase separation of the bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Chen Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Yaxi Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Yong Pang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
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2
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Tarchoun K, Soltész D, Farkas V, Lee HJ, Szabó I, Bánóczi Z. Influence of Aza-Glycine Substitution on the Internalization of Penetratin. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:477. [PMID: 38675138 PMCID: PMC11053488 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) penetratin has gained much attention over many years due to its potential role as a transporter for a broad range of cargo into cells. The modification of penetratin has been extensively investigated too. Aza-peptides are peptide analogs in which one or more of the amino residues are replaced by a semicarbazide. This substitution results in conformational restrictions and modifications in hydrogen bonding properties, which affect the structure and may lead to enhanced activity and selectivity of the modified peptide. In this work, the Trp residues of penetratin were substituted by aza-glycine or glycine residues to examine the effect of these modifications on the cellular uptake and the internalization mechanism. The substitution of Trp48 or Trp48,56 dramatically reduced the internalization, showing the importance of Trp48 in cellular uptake. Interestingly, while aza-glycine in the position of Trp56 increased the cellular uptake, Gly reduced it. The two Trp-modified derivatives showed altered internalization pathways, too. Based on our knowledge, this is the first study about the effect of aza-amino acid substitution on the cell entry of CPPs. Our results suggest that aza-amino acid insertion is a useful modification to change the internalization of a CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Tarchoun
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (K.T.); (D.S.)
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Soltész
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (K.T.); (D.S.)
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Farkas
- HUN-REN-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ho-Jin Lee
- Department of Natural Sciences, Southwest Tennessee Community College, Memphis, TN 38015, USA;
- Division of Natural and Mathematics Sciences, LeMoyne-Own College, Memphis, TN 38126, USA
| | - Ildikó Szabó
- HUN-REN-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (K.T.); (D.S.)
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Klug J, Berberián MV, López Martí JM, Mayorga LS, Del Pópolo MG. Membrane Binding Strength vs Pore Formation Cost─What Drives the Membrane Permeation of Nanoparticles Coated with Cell-Penetrating Peptides? J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:937-948. [PMID: 38232319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) enable the transport of nanoparticles through cell membranes. Using molecular simulations, we conduct an in-depth investigation into the thermodynamic forces governing the passive translocation of CPP-coated nanoparticles across lipid bilayers, contrasting their behavior with that of bare particles to dissect the contribution of the peptides. Our analysis unveils a distinctive two-stage translocation mechanism, where the adsorption energy of the particles overcomes the cost of forming a hydrophilic transmembrane pore. Proper evaluation of the translocation mechanisms is only possible when using two reaction coordinates, in particular, one that explicitly includes the density of the lipids on the binding site of the particle. An analysis of adsorption and activation free energies in terms of a simple kinetic model provides a clearer understanding of the CPP effect. Experimental validation using nonendocytic cells confirms the superior membrane permeation of CPP-coated particles. Our findings have implications for the rational design of more efficient cell-permeating particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Klug
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, ATU Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - María Victoria Berberián
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM) CONICET/UNCUYO. Centro Universitario, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
- Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB)─CONICET/UNCUYO, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina
| | - Jesús M López Martí
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina
| | - Luis S Mayorga
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM) CONICET/UNCUYO. Centro Universitario, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina
| | - Mario G Del Pópolo
- Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB)─CONICET/UNCUYO, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina
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4
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Shin HJ, Lee BK, Kang HA. Transdermal Properties of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Applications and Skin Penetration Mechanisms. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1-16. [PMID: 38079575 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) consist of 5-30 amino acids with intracellular transduction abilities and diverse physicochemical properties, origins, and sequences. Although recent developments in bioinformatics have facilitated the prediction of CPP candidates with the potential for transduction into cells, the mechanisms by which CPPs penetrate cells and various tissues have not yet been elucidated at the molecular interaction level. Recently, the skin-penetrating ability of CPPs has gained wide attention and emerged as a simple and effective strategy for the delivery of macromolecules into the skin. Studies on the skin structure have suggested that the penetration potential of CPPs is based on the molecular interactions and characteristics of the lipid lamellar structure between corneocytes in the stratum corneum. This review provides a brief overview of the general properties, transduction mechanisms, applications, and safety issues of CPPs, focusing on CPPs with transdermal properties, that are currently being used to develop therapeutics and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Je Shin
- ProCell R&D Center, ProCell Therapeutics, Inc., #1009 Ace-Twin Tower II, 273, Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08381, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kyu Lee
- ProCell R&D Center, ProCell Therapeutics, Inc., #1009 Ace-Twin Tower II, 273, Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08381, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Bennett AL, Cranford KN, Bates AL, Sabatini CR, Lee HS. A molecular dynamics study of cell-penetrating peptide transportan-10 (TP10): Binding, folding and insertion to transmembrane state in zwitterionic membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184218. [PMID: 37634858 PMCID: PMC10843101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Transportan 10 (TP10) is a 21-residue, cationic, α-helical cell-penetrating peptide that can be used as a delivery vector for various bioactive molecules. Based on recent confocal microscopy studies, it is believed that TP10 can translocate across neutral lipid membrane passively, possibly as a monomer, without the formation of permanent pore. Here, we performed extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of TP10W (Y3W variant of TP10) to find the microscopic details of binding, folding and insertion of TP10W to transmembrane state in POPC bilayer. Binding study with CHARMM36 force field showed that TP10W initially binds to the membrane surface in unstructured configuration, but it spontaneously folds into α-helical conformation under the lipid head groups. Further insertion of TP10W, changing from a surface bound state to a vertically oriented transmembrane state, was investigated via umbrella simulations. The resulting free energy profile shows a relatively small barrier between two states, suggesting a possible translocation pathway as a monomer. In fact, unbiased simulation of transmembrane TP10W revealed how a charged Lys side chain can move from one leaflet to the other without a significant free energy cost. Finally, we compared the results of TP10W simulations with those of point mutated variants (TP10W-K12A18 and TP10W-K19L) to understand the effect of charge distribution on the peptide. It was observed that such a conservative mutation can cause noticeable changes in the conformations of both surface bound and transmembrane states. The results of present study will be discussed in relation to the experimentally observed activities of TP10W against neutral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Kristen N Cranford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Austin L Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Sabatini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Hee-Seung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America.
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Gu Y, Wu L, Hameed Y, Nabi-Afjadi M. Overcoming the challenge: cell-penetrating peptides and membrane permeability. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSENSORS 2023; 2. [DOI: 10.58567/bab02010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
<p>Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing the membrane permeability of bioactive molecules, particularly in the treatment of central nervous system diseases. CPPs possess the ability to deliver a diverse array of bioactive molecules into cells using either covalent or non-covalent approaches, with a preference for non-covalent methods to preserve the biological activity of the transported molecules. By effectively traversing various physiological barriers, CPPs have exhibited significant potential in preclinical and clinical drug development. The discovery of CPPs represents a valuable solution to the challenge of limited membrane permeability of bioactive molecules and will continue to exert a crucial influence on the field of biomedical science.</p>
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gu
- The Statistics Department, The George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yasir Hameed
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Joliot A. Role of PI(4,5)P2 and Cholesterol in Unconventional Protein Secretion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:381-392. [PMID: 36988889 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Besides its protective role in the maintenance of cell homeostasis, the plasma membrane is the site of exchanges between the cell interior and the extracellular medium. To circumvent the hydrophobic barrier formed by the acyl chains of the lipid bilayer, protein channels and transporters are key players in the exchange of small hydrophilic compounds such as ions or nutrients, but they hardly account for the transport of larger biological molecules. Exchange of proteins usually relies on membrane-fusion events between vesicles and the plasma membrane. In recent years, several alternative unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways across the plasma membrane have been characterised for a specific set of secreted substrates, some of them excluding any membrane-fusion events (Dimou and Nickel, Curr Biol 28:R406-R410, 2018). One of thesbe pathways, referred as type I UPS, relies on the direct translocation of the protein across the plasma membrane and not surprisingly, lipids are essential players in this process. In this chapter, we discuss the roles of phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and cholesterol in unconventional pathways involving Engrailed-2 homeoprotein and fibroblast growth factor 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Joliot
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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8
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Hadjicharalambous A, Bournakas N, Newman H, Skynner MJ, Beswick P. Antimicrobial and Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Understanding Penetration for the Design of Novel Conjugate Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1636. [PMID: 36421280 PMCID: PMC9686638 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short oligopeptides that can penetrate the bacterial inner and outer membranes. Together with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), they are called membrane active peptides; peptides which can translocate across biological membranes. Over the last fifty years, attempts have been made to understand the molecular features that drive the interactions of membranes with membrane active peptides. This review examines the features of a membrane these peptides exploit for translocation, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of membrane active peptides which are important for translocation. Moreover, it presents examples of how these features have been used in recent years to create conjugates consisting of a membrane active peptide, called a "vector", attached to either a current or novel antibiotic, called a "cargo" or "payload". In addition, the review discusses what properties may contribute to an ideal peptide vector able to deliver cargoes across the bacterial outer membrane as the rising issue of antimicrobial resistance demands new strategies to be employed to combat this global public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hadjicharalambous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Nikolaos Bournakas
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Hector Newman
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michael J. Skynner
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Paul Beswick
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
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Ramos-Martín F, Herrera-León C, D'Amelio N. Bombyx mori Cecropin D could trigger cancer cell apoptosis by interacting with mitochondrial cardiolipin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184003. [PMID: 35850261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cecropin D is an antimicrobial peptide from Bombyx mori displaying anticancer and pro-apoptotic activities and, together with Cecropin XJ and Cecropin A, one of the very few peptides targeting esophageal cancer. Cecropin D displays poor similarity to other cecropins but a remarkable similarity in the structure and activity spectrum with Cecropin A and Cecropin XJ, offering the possibility to highlight key motifs at the base of the biological activity. In this work we show by NMR and MD simulations that Cecropin D is partially structured in solution and stabilizes its two-helix folding upon interaction with biomimetic membranes. Simulations show that Cecropin D strongly interacts with the surface of cancer cell biomimetic bilayers where it recognises the phosphatidylserine headgroup often exposed in the outer leaflet of cancerous cells by means of specific salt bridges. Cecropin D is also able to penetrate deeply in bilayers containing cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in mitochondria, causing significant destabilization in the lipid packing which might account for its pro-apoptotic activity. In bacterial membranes, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine act synergically by electrostatically attracting cecropin D and providing access to the membrane core, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ramos-Martín
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80039, France.
| | - Claudia Herrera-León
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Nicola D'Amelio
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80039, France.
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Mitusova K, Peltek OO, Karpov TE, Muslimov AR, Zyuzin MV, Timin AS. Overcoming the blood-brain barrier for the therapy of malignant brain tumor: current status and prospects of drug delivery approaches. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:412. [PMID: 36109754 PMCID: PMC9479308 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the broad development of nanotechnological approaches for cancer diagnosis and therapy, currently, there is no significant progress in the treatment of different types of brain tumors. Therapeutic molecules crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reaching an appropriate targeting ability remain the key challenges. Many invasive and non-invasive methods, and various types of nanocarriers and their hybrids have been widely explored for brain tumor treatment. However, unfortunately, no crucial clinical translations were observed to date. In particular, chemotherapy and surgery remain the main methods for the therapy of brain tumors. Exploring the mechanisms of the BBB penetration in detail and investigating advanced drug delivery platforms are the key factors that could bring us closer to understanding the development of effective therapy against brain tumors. In this review, we discuss the most relevant aspects of the BBB penetration mechanisms, observing both invasive and non-invasive methods of drug delivery. We also review the recent progress in the development of functional drug delivery platforms, from viruses to cell-based vehicles, for brain tumor therapy. The destructive potential of chemotherapeutic drugs delivered to the brain tumor is also considered. This review then summarizes the existing challenges and future prospects in the use of drug delivery platforms for the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Mitusova
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
| | - Oleksii O Peltek
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation
| | - Timofey E Karpov
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
| | - Albert R Muslimov
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, Sirius, 354340, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Zyuzin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Timin
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation.
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation.
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11
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Bechtella L, Chalouhi E, Milán Rodríguez P, Cosset M, Ravault D, Illien F, Sagan S, Carlier L, Lequin O, Fuchs PFJ, Sachon E, Walrant A. Structural Bases for the Involvement of Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate in the Internalization of the Cell-Penetrating Peptide Penetratin. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1427-1439. [PMID: 35608167 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides cross cell membranes through various parallel internalization pathways. Herein, we analyze the role of the negatively charged lipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) in the internalization of Penetratin. Contributions of both inner leaflet and outer leaflet pools of PI(4,5)P2 were revealed by quantifying the internalization of Penetratin in cells treated with PI(4,5)P2 binders. Studies on model systems showed that Penetratin has a strong affinity for PI(4,5)P2 and interacts selectively with this lipid, even in the presence of other negatively charged lipids, as demonstrated by affinity photo-crosslinking experiments. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that Penetratin induces lateral segregation in PI(4,5)P2-containing liposomes, which was confirmed by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. NMR experiments indicated that Penetratin adopts a stabilized helical conformation in the presence of PI(4,5)P2-containing membranes, with an orientation parallel to the bilayer plane, which was also confirmed by all-atom simulations. NMR and photo-crosslinking experiments also suggest a rather shallow insertion of the peptide in the membrane. Put together, our findings suggest that PI(4,5)P2 is a privileged interaction partner for Penetratin and that it plays an important role in Penetratin internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Bechtella
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Edward Chalouhi
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paula Milán Rodríguez
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marine Cosset
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Ravault
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Illien
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Carlier
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick F. J. Fuchs
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, UFR Sciences du Vivant, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Sachon
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Mass Spectrometry Sciences Sorbonne Université, MS3U platform, UFR 926, UFR 927, Paris 75005, France
| | - Astrid Walrant
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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12
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Systematic Screening of Penetratin's Protein Targets by Yeast Proteome Microarrays. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020712. [PMID: 35054898 PMCID: PMC8775591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have distinct properties to translocate across cell envelope. The key property of CPPs to translocation with attached molecules has been utilized as vehicles for the delivery of several potential drug candidates that illustrate the significant effect in in-vitro experiment but fail in in-vivo experiment due to selectively permeable nature of cell envelop. Penetratin, a well-known CPP identified from the third α-helix of Antennapedia homeodomain of Drosophila, has been widely used and studied for the delivery of bioactive molecules to treat cancers, stroke, and infections caused by pathogenic organisms. Few studies have demonstrated that penetratin directly possesses antimicrobial activities against bacterial and fungal pathogens; however, the mechanism is unknown. In this study, we have utilized the power of high-throughput Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome microarrays to screen all the potential protein targets of penetratin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome microarrays assays of penetratin followed by statistical analysis depicted 123 Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins as the protein targets of penetratin out of ~5800 Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins. To understand the target patterns of penetratin, enrichment analyses were conducted using 123 protein targets. In biological process: ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, nucleic acid metabolic process, actin filament-based process, transcription, DNA-templated, and negative regulation of gene expression are a few significantly enriched terms. Cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell-organelles are enriched terms for cellular component. Protein-protein interactions network depicted ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, cortical cytoskeleton, and histone binding, which represent the major enriched terms for the 123 protein targets of penetratin. We also compared the protein targets of penetratin and intracellular protein targets of antifungal AMPs (Lfcin B, Histatin-5, and Sub-5). The comparison results showed few unique proteins between penetratin and AMPs. Nucleic acid metabolic process and cellular component disassembly were the common enrichment terms for penetratin and three AMPs. Penetratin shows unique enrichment items that are related to DNA biological process. Moreover, motif enrichment analysis depicted different enriched motifs in the protein targets of penetratin, LfcinB, Histatin-5, and Sub-5.
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Gahan CG, Van Lehn RC, Blackwell HE, Lynn DM. Interactions of Bacterial Quorum Sensing Signals with Model Lipid Membranes: Influence of Acyl Tail Structure on Multiscale Response. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12049-12058. [PMID: 34606725 PMCID: PMC8530960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many common bacteria use amphiphilic N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) as signaling molecules to coordinate group behaviors at high cell densities. Past studies demonstrate that AHLs can adsorb to and promote the remodeling of lipid membranes in ways that could underpin cell-cell or host-cell interactions. Here, we report that changes in AHL acyl tail group length and oxidation state (e.g., the presence or absence of a 3-oxo group) can lead to differences in the interactions of eight naturally occurring AHLs in solution and in contact with model lipid membranes. Our results reveal that the presence of a 3-oxo group impacts remodeling when AHLs are placed in contact with supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) of the phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). Whereas AHLs that have 3-oxo groups generally promote the formation of microtubules, AHLs that lack 3-oxo groups generally form hemispherical caps on the surfaces of SLBs. These results are interpreted in terms of the time scales on which AHLs translocate across bilayers to relieve asymmetrical bilayer stress. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements also reveal that 3-oxo AHLs associate with DOPC bilayers to a greater extent than their non-3-oxo analogues. In contrast, we observed no monotonic relationship between AHL tail length and bilayer reformation. Finally, we observed that 3-oxo AHLs facilitate greater transport or leakage of molecular cargo across the membranes of DOPC vesicles relative to AHLs without 3-oxo groups, also suggesting increased bilayer disruption and destabilization. These fundamental studies hint at interactions and associated multiscale phenomena that may inform current interpretations of the behaviors of AHLs in biological contexts. These results could also provide guidance useful for the design of new classes of synthetic materials (e.g., sensor elements or drug delivery vehicles) that interact with or respond selectively to communities of bacteria that use 3-oxo AHLs for cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curran G Gahan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Reid C Van Lehn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Helen E Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David M Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Mink C, Strandberg E, Wadhwani P, Melo MN, Reichert J, Wacker I, Castanho MARB, Ulrich AS. Overlapping Properties of the Short Membrane-Active Peptide BP100 With (i) Polycationic TAT and (ii) α-helical Magainin Family Peptides. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:609542. [PMID: 33981626 PMCID: PMC8107365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.609542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BP100 is a short, designer-made membrane-active peptide with multiple functionalities: antimicrobial, cell-penetrating, and fusogenic. Consisting of five lysines and 6 hydrophobic residues, BP100 was shown to bind to lipid bilayers as an amphipathic α-helix, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. With these features, BP100 embodies the characteristics of two distinctly different classes of membrane-active peptides, which have been studied in detail and where the mechanism of action is better understood. On the one hand, its amphiphilic helical structure is similar to the pore forming magainin family of antimicrobial peptides, though BP100 is much too short to span the membrane. On the other hand, its length and high charge density are reminiscent of the HIV-TAT family of cell penetrating peptides, for which inverted micelles have been postulated as translocation intermediates, amongst other mechanisms. Assays were performed to test the antimicrobial and hemolytic activity, the induced leakage and fusion of lipid vesicles, and cell uptake. From these results the functional profiles of BP100, HIV-TAT, and the magainin-like peptides magainin 2, PGLa, MSI-103, and MAP were determined and compared. It is observed that the activity of BP100 resembles most closely the much longer amphipathic α-helical magainin-like peptides, with high antimicrobial activity along with considerable fusogenic and hemolytic effects. In contrast, HIV-TAT shows almost no antimicrobial, fusogenic, or hemolytic effects. We conclude that the amphipathic helix of BP100 has a similar membrane-based activity as magainin-like peptides and may have a similar mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mink
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik Strandberg
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Parvesh Wadhwani
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuel N Melo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Irene Wacker
- Cryo EM, Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Mello LR, Aguiar RB, Yamada RY, Moraes JZ, Hamley IW, Alves WA, Reza M, Ruokolainen J, Silva ER. Amphipathic design dictates self-assembly, cytotoxicity and cell uptake of arginine-rich surfactant-like peptides. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:2495-2507. [PMID: 32108843 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilicity is the most critical parameter in the self-assembly of surfactant-like peptides (SLPs), regulating the way by which hydrophobic attraction holds peptides together. Its effects go beyond supramolecular assembly and may also trigger different cell responses of bioactive peptide-based nanostructures. Herein, we investigate the self-assembly and cellular effects of nanostructures based on isomeric SLPs composed by arginine (R) and phenylalanine (F). Two amphipathic designs were studied: a diblock construct F4R4 and its bolaamphiphile analog R2F4R2. A strong sequence-dependent polymorphism emerges with appearance of globules and vesicle-like assemblies, or flat nanotapes and cylindrical micelles. The diblock construct possesses good cell penetrating capabilities and effectiveness to kill SK-MEL-28 melanoma tumor cells, in contrast to reduced intracellular uptake and low cytotoxicity exhibited by the bolaamphiphilic form. Our findings demonstrate that amphipathic design is a relevant variable for self-assembling SLPs to modulate different cellular responses and may assist in optimizing the production of nanostructures based on arginine-enriched sequences in cell penetrating and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Mello
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo B Aguiar
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil.
| | - Renata Y Yamada
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil.
| | - Jane Z Moraes
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil.
| | - Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Wendel A Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Mehedi Reza
- Nanomicroscopy Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Nanomicroscopy Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Emerson R Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil.
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16
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Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J, Chai TT, Elnagdy S, Kaczmarek K, Matsoukas J, New R, Parang K, Lopez OP, Parhiz H, Perera CO, Pickholz M, Remko M, Saviano M, Skwarczynski M, Tang Y, Wolf WM, Yoshiya T, Zabrocki J, Zielenkiewicz P, AlKhazindar M, Barriga V, Kelaidonis K, Sarasia EM, Toth I. A Global Review on Short Peptides: Frontiers and Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:E430. [PMID: 33467522 PMCID: PMC7830668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are fragments of proteins that carry out biological functions. They act as signaling entities via all domains of life and interfere with protein-protein interactions, which are indispensable in bio-processes. Short peptides include fundamental molecular information for a prelude to the symphony of life. They have aroused considerable interest due to their unique features and great promise in innovative bio-therapies. This work focusing on the current state-of-the-art short peptide-based therapeutical developments is the first global review written by researchers from all continents, as a celebration of 100 years of peptide therapeutics since the commencement of insulin therapy in the 1920s. Peptide "drugs" initially played only the role of hormone analogs to balance disorders. Nowadays, they achieve numerous biomedical tasks, can cross membranes, or reach intracellular targets. The role of peptides in bio-processes can hardly be mimicked by other chemical substances. The article is divided into independent sections, which are related to either the progress in short peptide-based theranostics or the problems posing challenge to bio-medicine. In particular, the SWOT analysis of short peptides, their relevance in therapies of diverse diseases, improvements in (bio)synthesis platforms, advanced nano-supramolecular technologies, aptamers, altered peptide ligands and in silico methodologies to overcome peptide limitations, modern smart bio-functional materials, vaccines, and drug/gene-targeted delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia;
| | - Sherif Elnagdy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - John Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
- NewDrug, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roger New
- Vaxcine (UK) Ltd., c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK;
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK;
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
| | - Octavio Paredes Lopez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA;
| | - Conrad O. Perera
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Monica Pickholz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA, UBA-CONICET), Argentina, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Milan Remko
- Remedika, Luzna 9, 85104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michele Saviano
- Institute of Crystallography (CNR), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Yefeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharma Ceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Vanessa Barriga
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | | | | | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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17
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Kim GC, Cheon DH, Lee Y. Challenge to overcome current limitations of cell-penetrating peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140604. [PMID: 33453413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The penetration of biological membranes is a prime obstacle for the delivery of pharmaceutical drugs. Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is an efficient vehicle that can deliver various cargos across the biological membranes. Since the discovery, CPPs have been rigorously studied to unveil the underlying penetrating mechanism as well as to exploit CPPs for various biomedical applications. This review will focus on the various strategies to overcome current limitations regarding stability, selectivity, and efficacy of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Chan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Ramos-Martín F, D’Amelio N. Molecular Basis of the Anticancer and Antibacterial Properties of CecropinXJ Peptide: An In Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E691. [PMID: 33445613 PMCID: PMC7826669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is an aggressive lethal malignancy causing thousands of deaths every year. While current treatments have poor outcomes, cecropinXJ (CXJ) is one of the very few peptides with demonstrated in vivo activity. The great interest in CXJ stems from its low toxicity and additional activity against most ESKAPE bacteria and fungi. Here, we present the first study of its mechanism of action based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and sequence-property alignment. Although unstructured in solution, predictions highlight the presence of two helices separated by a flexible hinge containing P24 and stabilized by the interaction of W2 with target biomembranes: an amphipathic helix-I and a poorly structured helix-II. Both MD and sequence-property alignment point to the important role of helix I in both the activity and the interaction with biomembranes. MD reveals that CXJ interacts mainly with phosphatidylserine (PS) but also with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) headgroups, both found in the outer leaflet of cancer cells, while salt bridges with phosphate moieties are prevalent in bacterial biomimetic membranes composed of PE, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL). The antibacterial activity of CXJ might also explain its interaction with mitochondria, whose phospholipid composition recalls that of bacteria and its capability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ramos-Martín
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Nicola D’Amelio
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
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19
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Gehan P, Kulifaj S, Soule P, Bodin J, Amoura M, Walrant A, Sagan S, Thiam A, Ngo K, Vivier V, Cribier S, Rodriguez N. Penetratin translocation mechanism through asymmetric droplet interface bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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In Vitro Assays: Friends or Foes of Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134719. [PMID: 32630650 PMCID: PMC7369778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is a complex and highly regulated system that is composed of lipid bilayer and proteins. One of the main functions of the cell membrane is the regulation of cell entry. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are defined as peptides that can cross the plasma membrane and deliver their cargo inside the cell. The uptake of a peptide is determined by its sequence and biophysicochemical properties. At the same time, the uptake mechanism and efficiency are shown to be dependent on local peptide concentration, cell membrane lipid composition, characteristics of the cargo, and experimental methodology, suggesting that a highly efficient CPP in one system might not be as productive in another. To better understand the dependence of CPPs on the experimental system, we present a review of the in vitro assays that have been employed in the literature to evaluate CPPs and CPP-cargos. Our comprehensive review suggests that utilization of orthogonal assays will be more effective for deciphering the true ability of CPPs to translocate through the membrane and enter the cell cytoplasm.
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21
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Liu J, Fraire JC, De Smedt SC, Xiong R, Braeckmans K. Intracellular Labeling with Extrinsic Probes: Delivery Strategies and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000146. [PMID: 32351015 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsic probes have outstanding properties for intracellular labeling to visualize dynamic processes in and of living cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Since extrinsic probes are in many cases cell-impermeable, different biochemical, and physical approaches have been used to break the cell membrane barrier for direct delivery into the cytoplasm. In this Review, these intracellular delivery strategies are discussed, briefly explaining the mechanisms and how they are used for live-cell labeling applications. Methods that are discussed include three biochemical agents that are used for this purpose-purpose-different nanocarriers, cell penetrating peptides and the pore-foraming bacterial toxin streptolysin O. Most successful intracellular label delivery methods are, however, based on physical principles to permeabilize the membrane and include electroporation, laser-induced photoporation, micro- and nanoinjection, nanoneedles or nanostraws, microfluidics, and nanomachines. The strengths and weaknesses of each strategy are discussed with a systematic comparison provided. Finally, the extrinsic probes that are reported for intracellular labeling so-far are summarized, together with the delivery strategies that are used and their performance. This combined information should provide for a useful guide for choosing the most suitable delivery method for the desired probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Technology (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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22
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Mello LR, Hamley IW, Castelletto V, Garcia BBM, Lourenço TC, Vassiliades SV, Alves WA, Han SW, Silva ER. Self-assembly and intracellular delivery of DNA by a truncated fragment derived from the Trojan peptide Penetratin. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4746-4755. [PMID: 32329496 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00347f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Penetratin is a short Trojan peptide that attracts great interest in biomedical research for its capacity to translocate biological membranes. Herein, we study in detail both self-assembly and intracellular delivery of DNA by the heptamer KIWFQNR, a truncated peptide derived from Penetratin. This shortened sequence possesses a unique design with bolaamphiphilic characteristics that preserves the longest noncationic amino acid portion found in Penetratin. These features convey amphipathicity to assist self-assembly and make it a suitable model for exploring the role of hydrophobic residues for peptide interaction and cell uptake. We show that the fragment forms peptiplexes (i.e., peptide-DNA complexes), and aggregates into long nanofibers with clear β-sheet signature. The supramolecular structure of nanofibers is likely composed of DNA cores surrounded by a peptide shell to which the double helix behaves as a template and induces fibrillization. A nucleation and growth mechanism proceeding through liquid-liquid phase separation of coacervates is proposed for describing the self-assembly of peptiplexes. We also demonstrate that peptiplexes deliver double-stranded 200 bp DNA into HeLa cells, indicating its potential for preparing non-viral vectors for oligonucleotides through noncovalent strategies. Since the main structural features of native Penetratin are conserved in this simpler fragment, our findings also highlight the role of uncharged amino acids for structuration, and thus for the ability of Penetratin to cross cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Mello
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil.
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23
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Shuma ML, Moghal MMR, Yamazaki M. Detection of the Entry of Nonlabeled Transportan 10 into Single Vesicles. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1780-1790. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhabi Lata Shuma
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamazaki
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Nanomaterials Research Division, Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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24
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Cao C, Sheng D, Li X, Xue F, Liu L, Zhong Y, Wei P, Li R, Yi T. Furin substrate as a novel cell-penetrating peptide: combining a delivery vector and an inducer of cargo release. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11872-11875. [PMID: 31528875 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02353d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) using a repeated protease (furin) substrate. This CPP can not only deliver cargo into cells but can also be cleaved by furin in cells and release the cargo. Cell-impermeable antitumor pro-apoptotic peptide KLAKLAKKLAKLAK (KLA) and chemotherapy drug chlorambucil were chosen to be delivered by the CPP into live cancer cells and their cytotoxicity was greatly enhanced for in vivo cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Danli Sheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Fengfeng Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Lingyan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yaping Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Ruohan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Tao Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
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25
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Biophysical Insight on the Membrane Insertion of an Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184441. [PMID: 31505894 PMCID: PMC6769507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that can translocate and transport cargoes into the intracellular milieu by crossing biological membranes. The mode of interaction and internalization of cell-penetrating peptides has long been controversial. While their interaction with anionic membranes is quite well understood, the insertion and behavior of CPPs in zwitterionic membranes, a major lipid component of eukaryotic cell membranes, is poorly studied. Herein, we investigated the membrane insertion of RW16 into zwitterionic membranes, a versatile CPP that also presents antibacterial and antitumor activities. Using complementary approaches, including NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and molecular dynamic simulations, we determined the high-resolution structure of RW16 and measured its membrane insertion and orientation properties into zwitterionic membranes. Altogether, these results contribute to explaining the versatile properties of this peptide toward zwitterionic lipids.
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26
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Hasan M, Moghal MMR, Saha SK, Yamazaki M. The role of membrane tension in the action of antimicrobial peptides and cell-penetrating peptides in biomembranes. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:431-448. [PMID: 31093936 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with antimicrobial and bactericidal activities and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) with activity to permeate through plasma membrane, their interactions with lipid bilayer region in plasma membrane play important roles in these functions. However, the elementary processes and mechanisms of their functions have not been clear. The single giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) method has revealed the details of elementary processes of interaction of some AMPs and CPPs with lipid vesicles. In this review, we summarize the mode of action of AMPs such as magainin 2 (Mag) and CPPs such as transportan 10 (TP10), revealed by the single GUV methods, and especially we focus on the role of membrane tension in actions of Mag and TP10 and the mechanisms of their actions. First, we explain the characteristics of the single GUV method briefly. Next, we summarize the recent view on the effect of tension on physical properties of lipid bilayers and describe the role of tension in actions of Mag and TP10. Some experimental results indicate that Mag-induced pore is a stretch-activated pore. The effect of packing of transbilayer asymmetric lipid on Mag-induced pore formation is described. On the other hand, entry of fluorescent dye, carboxyfluorescein (CF)-labeled TP10 (i.e., CF-TP10), into single GUVs without pore formation is affected by tension and high concentration of cholesterol. Pre-pore model for translocation of CF-TP10 across lipid bilayer is described. The experimental methods and their analysis described here are useful for investigation of functions of the other types of AMPs, CPPs, and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moynul Hasan
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman Moghal
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Samiron Kumar Saha
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamazaki
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Nanomaterials Research Division, Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 836 Oya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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27
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Gerbelli BB, Vassiliades SV, Rojas JEU, Pelin JNBD, Mancini RSN, Pereira WSG, Aguilar AM, Venanzi M, Cavalieri F, Giuntini F, Alves WA. Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Peptides and its Applications in Bionanotechnology. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B. Gerbelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Sandra V. Vassiliades
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Jose E. U. Rojas
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Juliane N. B. D. Pelin
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. N. Mancini
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Wallace S. G. Pereira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Andrea M. Aguilar
- Instituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo Diadema 09972270 Brazil
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata Via Cracovia, 50 00133 Roma RM Italy
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata Via Cracovia, 50 00133 Roma RM Italy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville Vitória 3010 Australia
| | - Francesca Giuntini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Wendel A. Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
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28
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Almeida C, Maniti O, Di Pisa M, Swiecicki JM, Ayala-Sanmartin J. Cholesterol re-organisation and lipid de-packing by arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides: Role in membrane translocation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210985. [PMID: 30673771 PMCID: PMC6343925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are able to transport hydrophilic molecules inside cells. To reach the cytosol, the peptide associated with a cargo must cross the plasma or the endosomal membrane. Different molecular mechanisms for peptide internalisation into cells have been proposed and it is becoming clear that the cellular internalisation mechanisms are different depending on the peptide sequence and structure and the target membrane. Herein, the penetration of three peptides into large unilamellar vesicles were studied: the homeodomain derived 16-residues penetratin, nona-arginine (R9), and a small peptide containing 6 arginine and 3 tryptophan residues (RW9). The membrane models were composed of phospholipids from natural sources containing different molecular species. We observed that among the three peptides, only the amphipathic peptide RW9 was able to cross the membrane vesicles in the liquid disordered state. The changes in the distribution of the previously characterized cholesterol-pyrene probe show that cholesterol-pyrene molecules dissociate from clusters upon membrane interaction with the three peptides and that the cholesterol environment becomes more disordered in the presence of RW9. Finally, we studied the effect of the peptides on lipid ordering on giant plasma membrane vesicles. The amphipathic peptides RW9 and its longer homologue RW16 induced lipid de-packing in plasma membrane vesicles. Overall, the data suggest that a disordered membrane favours the translocation of RW9, that the membrane cholesterol is redistributed during peptide interaction, and that the peptide amphipathic character is important to increase membrane fluidity and peptide membrane translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Almeida
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Ofelia Maniti
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Margherita Di Pisa
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Swiecicki
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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29
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Design of a novel cell-permeable chimeric peptide to promote wound healing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16279. [PMID: 30389988 PMCID: PMC6214915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes are impermeable to almost all compounds having a molecular weight greater than 500 Da. Recently, cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) as delivery vehicles have attracted great interest in the medical sector for the development of novel therapeutic agents or cosmetic products. Herein, a wound healing promoting sequence, namely Tylotoin, was covalently coupled with a cell penetrating peptide to improve the delivery of Tylotoin across cellular membranes. Indeed, internalization studies indicated that the cellular uptake of these novel peptide conjugates into keratinocytes was significantly improved accompanied by good tolerability. In a scratch wound closure assay used to investigate the wound healing capability, the most promising novel peptide chimera (Tylotoin-sC18*) was found to promote the migration of keratinocytes indicating that the fusion to Tylotoin did not cause any loss in its activity. Even more, proliferative effects on keratinocytes were observed, an important step during the wound healing process. Still more encouraging is the capability of Tylotoin-sC18* to exhibit strong antimicrobial activities since the process of wound healing is often affected by bacterial infections. Owing to their multiple functions, the novel peptide chimera may have potential as future agents for the treatment of infected wounds.
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30
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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31
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Avci FG, Akbulut BS, Ozkirimli E. Membrane Active Peptides and Their Biophysical Characterization. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030077. [PMID: 30135402 PMCID: PMC6164437 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years, an increasing number of studies have been reported on membrane active peptides. These peptides exert their biological activity by interacting with the cell membrane, either to disrupt it and lead to cell lysis or to translocate through it to deliver cargos into the cell and reach their target. Membrane active peptides are attractive alternatives to currently used pharmaceuticals and the number of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and peptides designed for drug and gene delivery in the drug pipeline is increasing. Here, we focus on two most prominent classes of membrane active peptides; AMPs and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Antimicrobial peptides are a group of membrane active peptides that disrupt the membrane integrity or inhibit the cellular functions of bacteria, virus, and fungi. Cell penetrating peptides are another group of membrane active peptides that mainly function as cargo-carriers even though they may also show antimicrobial activity. Biophysical techniques shed light on peptide–membrane interactions at higher resolution due to the advances in optics, image processing, and computational resources. Structural investigation of membrane active peptides in the presence of the membrane provides important clues on the effect of the membrane environment on peptide conformations. Live imaging techniques allow examination of peptide action at a single cell or single molecule level. In addition to these experimental biophysical techniques, molecular dynamics simulations provide clues on the peptide–lipid interactions and dynamics of the cell entry process at atomic detail. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in experimental and computational investigation of membrane active peptides with particular emphasis on two amphipathic membrane active peptides, the AMP melittin and the CPP pVEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gizem Avci
- Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, Kadikoy, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Elif Ozkirimli
- Chemical Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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32
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Hedegaard SF, Derbas MS, Lind TK, Kasimova MR, Christensen MV, Michaelsen MH, Campbell RA, Jorgensen L, Franzyk H, Cárdenas M, Nielsen HM. Fluorophore labeling of a cell-penetrating peptide significantly alters the mode and degree of biomembrane interaction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6327. [PMID: 29679078 PMCID: PMC5910404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for highly efficient macromolecular drugs, used in the treatment of many severe diseases, is continuously increasing. However, the hydrophilic character and large molecular size of these drugs significantly limit their ability to permeate across cellular membranes and thus impede the drugs in reaching their target sites in the body. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have gained attention as promising drug excipients, since they can facilitate drug permeation across cell membranes constituting a major biological barrier. Fluorophores are frequently covalently conjugated to CPPs to improve detection, however, the ensuing change in physico-chemical properties of the CPPs may alter their biological properties. With complementary biophysical techniques, we show that the mode of biomembrane interaction may change considerably upon labeling of the CPP penetratin (PEN) with a fluorophore. Fluorophore-PEN conjugates display altered modes of membrane interaction with increased insertion into the core of model cell membranes thereby exerting membrane-thinning effects. This is in contrast to PEN, which localizes along the head groups of the lipid bilayer, without affecting the thickness of the lipid tails. Particularly high membrane disturbance is observed for the two most hydrophobic PEN conjugates; rhodamine B or 1-pyrene butyric acid, as compared to the four other tested fluorophore-PEN conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Fogh Hedegaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Sobhi Derbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tania Kjellerup Lind
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Per Albin Hanssons väg 35, 214 32, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marina Robertnova Kasimova
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Symphogen A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Malene Vinther Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Høtoft Michaelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard A Campbell
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS20156, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Lene Jorgensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marité Cárdenas
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Per Albin Hanssons väg 35, 214 32, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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Islam MZ, Sharmin S, Moniruzzaman M, Yamazaki M. Elementary processes for the entry of cell-penetrating peptides into lipid bilayer vesicles and bacterial cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Zhang J, Yang W, Tan J, Ye S. In situ examination of a charged amino acid-induced structural change in lipid bilayers by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5657-5665. [PMID: 29412195 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between amino acids (AAs) and membranes represent various short-range and long-range interactions for biological phenomena; however, they are still poorly understood. In this study, we used cationic lysine and arginine as AA models, and systematically investigated the interactions between charged AAs and lipid bilayers using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) in situ and in real time. The AA-induced dynamic structural changes of the lipid bilayer were experimentally monitored using the spectral features of CD2, CD3, the lipid head phosphate, and carbonyl groups in real time. Time-dependent SFG changes in the structure of the lipid bilayer provide direct evidence for the different interactions of lysine and arginine with the membrane. It was found that the discrepancy between lysine and arginine in binding with the lipid bilayer is due to the nature of the terminal functional groups. Arginine exhibits a more drastic impact on the membrane than lysine. SFG responses of the acyl chains, phosphate groups, and carbonyl groups provide evidence that the interaction between AAs and the membrane most likely follows an electrostatics and hydrogen bond-induced defect model. This work presents an exemplary method for comprehensive investigations of interactions between membranes and other functionally significant substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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35
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Fuselier T, Wimley WC. Spontaneous Membrane Translocating Peptides: The Role of Leucine-Arginine Consensus Motifs. Biophys J 2017; 113:835-846. [PMID: 28834720 PMCID: PMC5567601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously used an orthogonal high-throughput screen to select peptides that spontaneously cross synthetic lipid bilayers without bilayer disruption. Many of the 12-residue spontaneous membrane translocating peptides (SMTPs) selected from the library contained a 5-residue consensus motif, LRLLR in positions 5-9. We hypothesized that the conserved motif could be a necessary and sufficient minimal motif for translocation. To test this and to explore the mechanism of spontaneous membrane translocation, we synthesized seven arginine placement variants of LRLLRWC and compared their membrane partitioning, translocation, and perturbation to one of the parent SMTPs, called "TP2". Several motif variant peptides translocate into synthetic vesicles with rates that are similar to TP2. However, the peptide containing the selected motif, LRLLRWC, was not the fastest; sequence context is also important for translocation efficiency. Although none of these peptides permeabilize bilayers, the motif peptides translocate faster at higher peptide to lipid ratios, suggesting that bilayer perturbation and/or cooperative interactions are important for their translocation. On the other hand, TP2 translocates slower as its concentration is increased, suggesting that TP2 translocates as a monomer and is inhibited by lateral interactions in the membrane. TP2 and the LRLLR motif peptide induce lipid translocation, suggesting that lipids chaperone them across the bilayer. The other motif peptides do not induce lipid flip-flop, suggesting an alternate mechanism. Concatenated motifs translocate slower than the motifs alone. Variants of TP2 with shorter and longer arginine side-chain analogs translocate slower than TP2. In summary, these results suggest that multiple patterns of leucine and arginine can support spontaneous membrane translocation, and that sequence context is important for the contribution of the motifs. Because motifs do not make simple, additive contributions to spontaneous translocation, rational engineering of novel SMTPs will remain difficult, providing even more reason to pursue SMTP discovery with synthetic molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Fuselier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - William C Wimley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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36
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Zhang J, Yan J, Yang Q, Yan Y, Li S, Wang L, Li C, Lei B, Yang G, He W. Arginine-modified dual emission photoluminescent nanocrystals for bioimaging at subcellular resolution. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:533-542. [PMID: 28799820 DOI: 10.1177/0885328217725203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bioimaging at a subcellular resolution to label cytoplasm and nucleus in living cell by just one photoluminescent nanoparticle has great application potential in bioresearch, preclinical diagnosis, screening, and image-guided therapy of life-threatening diseases. Herein, we report a novel arginine (Arg) functionalized ultra-small lanthanide oxyfluoride nanocrystals (LaOF) for simultaneously targeted imaging cell cytoplasm and nucleus. As-prepared Arg-modified PAA capped LaOF: 45%Ce, 15%Tb nanocrystals (LaOF:Ce,Tb@PAA@Arg) possessed high water dispersibility, ultra-small size (∼5.7 nm) and double emissions (green and red) with high quantum yield (40%). Such functionalized nanocrystals presented high cellular biocompatibility and were successfully used to label living cells with very high contrast. These functionalized nanocrystals also exhibited significantly higher photostability and brightness as compared to commercial dyes. Such the ultra-small size, high photostability and intensity, double emissions, excellent biocompatibility and targeted ability, make as-prepared functionalized nanocrystals particularly promising for cellular and subcellular bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- 1 Center for Physical Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Yan
- 2 State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingchen Yang
- 3 Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuwei Yan
- 3 Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shichao Li
- 3 Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- 4 School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- 4 School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Lei
- 2 State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guang Yang
- 5 Department of Oncology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangxiao He
- 3 Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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37
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Fan HY, Das D, Heerklotz H. "Staying Out" Rather than "Cracking In": Asymmetric Membrane Insertion of 12:0 Lysophosphocholine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11655-11663. [PMID: 27715063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between detergents and model membranes are well described by the three-stage model: saturation and solubilization boundaries divide bilayer-only, bilayer-micelle coexistence, and micelle-only ranges. An underlying assumption of the model is the equilibration of detergent between the two membrane leaflets. However, many detergents partition asymmetrically at room temperature due to slow flip-flop, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and lysolipids. In this work, we use isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to investigate the solubilization of unilamellar POPC vesicles by 12:0 lysophosphocholine (12:0 LPC). Flip-flop of 12:0 LPC occurs beyond the time scale of our experiments, which establish a characteristic nonequilibrated state with asymmetric distribution: 12:0 LPC partitions primarily into the outer leaflet. Increasing asymmetry stress in the membrane does not lead to membrane failure, i.e., "cracking in" as seen for alkyl maltosides and other surfactants; instead, it reduces further membrane insertion which leads to the "staying out" of 12:0 LPC in solution. At above the critical micellar concentration of 12:0 LPC in the presence of the membrane, micelles persist and accommodate further LPC but take up lipid from vesicles only very slowly. Ultimately, solubilization proceeds via the micellar mechanism (Kragh-Hansen et al., 1995). With a combination of demicellization and solubilization experiments, we quantify the molar ratio partition coefficient (0.6 ± 0.1 mM-1) and enthalpy of partitioning (6.1 ± 0.3 kJ·mol-1) and estimate the maximum detergent/lipid ratio reached in the outer leaflet (<0.13). Despite the inapplicability of the three-stage model to 12:0 LPC at room temperature, we are able to extract quantitative information from ITC solubilization experiments and DLS that are important for the understanding of asymmetry-dependent processes such as endocytosis and the gating of mechanosensitive channels in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Fan
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dew Das
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heiko Heerklotz
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Membrane re-arrangements and rippled phase stabilisation by the cell penetrating peptide penetratin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2584-2591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Chu X, Aydin F, Dutt M. Modeling Interactions between Multicomponent Vesicles and Antimicrobial Peptide-Inspired Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7351-7361. [PMID: 27434532 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We examine the interaction between peptide-inspired nanoparticles, or nanopins, and multicomponent vesicles using the dissipative particle dynamics simulation technique. We study the role of nanopin architecture and cholesterol concentration on the binding of the nanopins to the lipid bilayer, their insertion, and postembedding self-organization. We find the insertion to be triggered by enthalpically unfavorable interactions between the hydrophilic solvent and the lipophilic components of the nanopins. The nanopins are observed to form aggregates in solution, insert into the bilayer, and disassemble into the individual nanopins following the insertion process. We examine factors that influence the orientation of the nanopins in the host vesicle. We report the length of the hydrophilic segment of the nanopins to regulate their orientation within the clusters before the embedding process and in the bilayer, after the postinsertion disassembly of the aggregates. The orientation angle distribution for a given nanopin architecture is found to be driven by energy minimization. In addition, higher concentration of cholesterol is observed to constrain the orientation of the nanopins. We also report thermal fluctuations to induce transverse diffusion of nanopins with specific architectures. The incidence of transverse diffusion is observed to decrease with the concentration of cholesterol. Our results can provide guidelines for designing peptide-inspired nanoparticles or macromolecules that can interface with living cells to serve as sensors for applications in medicine, sustainability, and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Meenakshi Dutt
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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40
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Hirst DJ, Lee TH, Kulkarni K, Wilce JA, Aguilar MI. The impact of cell-penetrating peptides on membrane bilayer structure during binding and insertion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1841-9. [PMID: 27163492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of penetratin and a truncated analogue on the bilayer structure using dual polarisation interferometry, to simultaneously measure changes in mass per unit area and birefringence (an optical parameter representing bilayer order) with high sensitivity during the binding and dissociation from the membrane. Specifically, we studied penetratin (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK), along with a shortened and biotinylated version known as R8K-biotin (RRMKWKKK(Biotin)-NH2). Overall both peptides bound only weakly to the neutral DMPC and POPC bilayers, while much higher binding was observed for the anionic DMPC/DMPG and POPC/POPG. The binding of penetratin to gel-phase DMPC/DMPG was adequately represented by a two-state model, whereas on the fluid-phase POPC/POPG it exhibited a distinctly different binding pattern, best represented by a three-state kinetic model. However, R8K-biotin did not bind well to DMPC/DMPG and showed a more transitory and superficial binding to POPC/POPG. Comparing the modelling results for both peptides binding to POPC/POPG suggests an important role for a securely bound intermediate prior to penetratin insertion and translocation. Overall these results further elucidate the mechanism of penetratin, and provide another example of the significance of the ability of DPI to measure structural changes and the use of kinetic analysis to investigate the stages of peptide-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hirst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800,Australia
| | - Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800,Australia
| | - Ketav Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800,Australia
| | - Jacqueline A Wilce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800,Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800,Australia.
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41
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Alves ID, Carré M, Lavielle S. A Pathway Toward Tumor Cell-Selective CPPs? Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26202276 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2806-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great potential of CPPs in therapeutics and diagnosis, their application still suffers from a non-negligible drawback: a complete lack of cell-type specificity. In the innumerous routes proposed for CPP cell entry there is common agreement that electrostatic interactions between cationic CPPs and anionic components in membranes, including lipids and glycosaminoglycans, play a crucial role. Tumor cells have been shown to overexpress certain glycosaminoglycans at the cell membrane surface and to possess a higher amount of anionic lipids in their outer leaflet when compared with healthy cells. Such molecules confer tumor cell membranes an enhanced anionic character, a property that could be exploited by CPPs to preferentially target these cells. Herein, these aspects are discussed in an attempt to confer CPPs certain selectivity toward cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel D Alves
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Institut Polytechnique Bordeaux, Universite Bordeaux, All. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600, Pessac, France,
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42
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Kristensen M, Birch D, Mørck Nielsen H. Applications and Challenges for Use of Cell-Penetrating Peptides as Delivery Vectors for Peptide and Protein Cargos. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E185. [PMID: 26840305 PMCID: PMC4783919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrophilic nature of peptides and proteins renders them impermeable to cell membranes. Thus, in order to successfully deliver peptide and protein-based therapeutics across the plasma membrane or epithelial and endothelial barriers, a permeation enhancing strategy must be employed. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) constitute a promising tool and have shown applications for peptide and protein delivery into cells as well as across various epithelia and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CPP-mediated delivery of peptides and proteins may be pursued via covalent conjugation of the CPP to the cargo peptide or protein or via physical complexation obtained by simple bulk-mixing of the CPP with its cargo. Both approaches have their pros and cons, and which is the better choice likely relates to the physicochemical properties of the CPP and its cargo as well as the route of administration, the specific barrier and the target cell. Besides the physical barrier, a metabolic barrier must be taken into consideration when applying peptide-based delivery vectors, such as the CPPs, and stability-enhancing strategies are commonly employed to prolong the CPP half-life. The mechanisms by which CPPs translocate cell membranes are believed to involve both endocytosis and direct translocation, but are still widely investigated and discussed. The fact that multiple factors influence the mechanisms responsible for cellular CPP internalization and the lack of sensitive methods for detection of the CPP, and in some cases the cargo, further complicates the design and conduction of conclusive mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristensen
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ditlev Birch
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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43
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Faig A, Arthur TD, Fitzgerald PO, Chikindas M, Mintzer E, Uhrich KE. Biscationic Tartaric Acid-Based Amphiphiles: Charge Location Impacts Antimicrobial Activity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11875-11885. [PMID: 26488599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cationic amphiphiles have received increasing attention as antimicrobials given their unique ability to disrupt bacteria cell membranes. While extensive research has demonstrated that amphiphiles' hydrophobic-to-charge ratio significantly modulates antibacterial activity, less work has focused on elucidating the specific impact of charge location on amphiphile bioactivity. In this study, two series of cationic amphiphiles, termed bola-like and gemini-like, were synthesized with analogous hydrophobic-to-charge ratios yet differing charge location, and their resulting antibacterial activity was assessed. Bola-like amphiphiles exhibited preferential activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, with activity increasing with increasing hydrophobicity, whereas gemini-like amphiphiles were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with activity decreasing with increasing hydrophobicity. After identifying lead compounds from each amphiphile series (bola- and gemini-like), biophysical experiments indicated that both amphiphiles were membrane-active; notably, the lead gemini-like amphiphile exhibited a strong dependence on electrostatic interactions for membrane interaction. In contrast, the lead bola-like amphiphile exhibited a reliance on both hydrophobic and electrostatic contributions. These results demonstrate that charge location significantly impacts cationic amphiphiles' antibacterial and membrane activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Faig
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | | | | | - Michael Chikindas
- Center for Digestive Health, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Evan Mintzer
- Lander College of Arts and Sciences, Touro College , 1602 Avenue J, Brooklyn, New York 11230, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stern College , 245 Lexington Ave., Room 552, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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44
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da Silva ER, Walter MNM, Reza M, Castelletto V, Ruokolainen J, Connon CJ, Alves WA, Hamley IW. Self-Assembled Arginine-Capped Peptide Bolaamphiphile Nanosheets for Cell Culture and Controlled Wettability Surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3180-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Rodrigo da Silva
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Merlin Nathaniel Mark Walter
- Institute
of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mehedi Reza
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Valeria Castelletto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Che John Connon
- Institute
of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wendel Andrade Alves
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ian William Hamley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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45
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Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides are short, often hydrophilic peptides that get access to the intracellular milieu. They have aroused great interest both in academic and applied research. First, cellular internalization of CPPs often involves the crossing of a biological membrane (plasma or vesicular), thus challenging the view of the non-permeability of these structures to large hydrophilic molecules. Secondly, CPPs can drive the internalization of hydrophilic cargoes into cells, a rate-limiting step in the development of many therapeutic substances. Interestingly, the two most used CPPs, TAT and penetratin peptides, are derived from natural proteins, HIV Tat and Antennapedia homeoprotein, respectively. The identification of the penetratin peptide, summarized in this review, is intimately linked to the study of its parental natural protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Dupont
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, College de France, Paris, France
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46
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Di Pisa M, Chassaing G, Swiecicki JM. Translocation Mechanism(s) of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Biophysical Studies Using Artificial Membrane Bilayers. Biochemistry 2014; 54:194-207. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501392n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Di Pisa
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Chassaing
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Swiecicki
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
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47
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Jobin ML, Alves ID. On the importance of electrostatic interactions between cell penetrating peptides and membranes: A pathway toward tumor cell selectivity? Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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48
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Abstract
![]()
RNA
interference (RNAi) is an endogenous process in which small
noncoding RNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs
(miRNAs), post-transcriptionally regulate gene expressions. In general,
siRNA and miRNA/miRNA mimics are similar in nature and activity except
their origin and specificity. Although both siRNAs and miRNAs have
been extensively studied as novel therapeutics for a wide range of
diseases, the large molecular weight, anionic surface charges, instability
in blood circulation, and intracellular trafficking to the RISC after
cellular uptake have hindered the translation of these RNAs from bench
to clinic. As a result, a great variety of delivery systems have been
investigated for safe and effective delivery of small noncoding RNAs.
Among these systems, peptides, especially cationic peptides, have
emerged as a promising type of carrier due to their inherent ability
to condense negatively charged RNAs, ease of synthesis, controllable
size, and tunable structure. In this review, we will focus on three
major types of cationic peptides, including poly(l-lysine)
(PLL), protamine, and cell penetrating peptides (CPP), as well as
peptide targeting ligands that have been extensively used in RNA delivery.
The delivery strategies, applications, and limitations of these cationic
peptides in siRNA/miRNA delivery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Shukla
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
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49
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Orza A, Casciano D, Biris A. Nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery to cancer stem cells. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:191-206. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.900566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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50
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Kennedy SM, Aiken EJ, Beres KA, Hahn AR, Kamin SJ, Hagness SC, Booske JH, Murphy WL. Cationic peptide exposure enhances pulsed-electric-field-mediated membrane disruption. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92528. [PMID: 24671150 PMCID: PMC3966810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of pulsed electric fields (PEFs) to irreversibly electroporate cells is a promising approach for destroying undesirable cells. This approach may gain enhanced applicability if the intensity of the PEF required to electrically disrupt cell membranes can be reduced via exposure to a molecular deliverable. This will be particularly impactful if that reduced PEF minimally influences cells that are not exposed to the deliverable. We hypothesized that the introduction of charged molecules to the cell surfaces would create regions of enhanced transmembrane electric potential in the vicinity of each charged molecule, thereby lowering the PEF intensity required to disrupt the plasma membranes. This study will therefore examine if exposure to cationic peptides can enhance a PEF's ability to disrupt plasma membranes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We exposed leukemia cells to 40 μs PEFs in media containing varying concentrations of a cationic peptide, polyarginine. We observed the internalization of a membrane integrity indicator, propidium iodide (PI), in real time. Based on an individual cell's PI fluorescence versus time signature, we were able to determine the relative degree of membrane disruption. When using 1-2 kV/cm, exposure to >50 μg/ml of polyarginine resulted in immediate and high levels of PI uptake, indicating severe membrane disruption, whereas in the absence of peptide, cells predominantly exhibited signatures indicative of no membrane disruption. Additionally, PI entered cells through the anode-facing membrane when exposed to cationic peptide, which was theoretically expected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Exposure to cationic peptides reduced the PEF intensity required to induce rapid and irreversible membrane disruption. Critically, peptide exposure reduced the PEF intensities required to elicit irreversible membrane disruption at normally sub-electroporation intensities. We believe that these cationic peptides, when coupled with current advancements in cell targeting techniques will be useful tools in applications where targeted destruction of unwanted cell populations is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Kennedy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erik J. Aiken
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kaytlyn A. Beres
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Adam R. Hahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Samantha J. Kamin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan C. Hagness
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John H. Booske
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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