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Liu JJ, Wang ZY, Jiang BB, Gao SQ, Lin YW. Protective effect of thymoquinone on glycation of human myoglobin induced by d-ribose. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127016. [PMID: 37741485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycation and the subsequent accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in proteins are factors underlying long-term pathogenesis in diabetes. The study of protein glycation is crucial for elucidating their relationship with diabetes mellitus and related disorders. This study explores the interaction between d-ribose and human myoglobin (HMb), as well as the protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on glycation. A time-dependent in-vitro glycation study was performed to investigate the mechanism of d-ribose-induced structural interference of HMb in the absence and presence of TQ. Spectroscopic and proteomic analysis indicated that the presence of TQ significantly reduced the total amount of AGEs while maintaining structural characteristics of HMb. 14 glycated sites on HMb were further identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after incubation with d-ribose for 12 h, predominantly interacting with lysine residues. TQ was found to disrupt this interaction, reducing the glycated sites from 14 to 12 sites and the percentage of glycated peptides from 26.50 % to 12.97 %. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the degree of glycation at the same sites. In summary, our findings suggest that TQ has the potential to act as an anti-glycation agent and provide a comprehensive understanding underlying the inhibition mechanism of glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Hunan Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
| | - Zhan-Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Bin-Bin Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shu-Qin Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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2
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Biophysical changes in methylglyoxal modified fibrinogen and its role in the immunopathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:199-214. [PMID: 34999047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite gets generated during glucose oxidation and lipid peroxidation, which contributes to glycation. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins mediated by hyperglycemia results in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated secondary complications via the generation of AGEs. Under in vitro conditions, MG altered the tertiary structure of fibrinogen. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS) studies confirmed the generation of N-(carboxymethyl) lysine, N-(carboxyethyl) lysine, hydroimidazolone, pentosidine and argpyrimidine in the modified protein. The altered fibrinogen structure upon glycation was further confirmed by confocal microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR). MG-Fib was found to be more immunogenic, as compared to its native analogue, in the immunological studies conducted on experimental rabbits. Our results reflect the presence of neo-antigenic determinants on modified fibrinogen. Competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suggested the presence of neo-epitopes with marked immunogenicity eliciting specific immune response. Binding studies on purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) confirmed the enhanced and specific immunogenicity of MG-Fib. Studies on interaction of MG-Fib with the circulating auto-antibodies from T2DM patients showed high affinity of serum antibodies toward MG-Fib. This study suggests a potent role of glycoxidatively modified fibrinogen in the generation of auto-immune response in T2DM patients.
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3
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Banerjee S. Biophysical and mass spectrometry based characterization of methylglyoxal-modified myoglobin: Role of advanced glycation end products in inducing protein structural alterations. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2165-2172. [PMID: 34774865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive α-dicarbonyl compound which reacts with proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). MG-induced AGE (MAGE) formation is particularly significant in diabetic condition. In the current study, we have undertaken a time-dependant characterization of MG-modified myoglobin following incubation of the heme protein with the α-dicarbonyl compound for different time periods. Interestingly, mass spectrometric studies indicated modifications at two specific lysine residues, Lys-87 and Lys-133. The AGE adducts identified at Lys-87 were carboxymethyllysine and carboxyethyllysine, while those detected at Lys-133 included pyrraline-carboxymethyllysine and carboxyethyllysine, respectively. Far-UV CD studies revealed a decrease in the native α-helical content of the heme protein gradually with increasing time of MG incubation. In addition, MG modification was found to induce changes in tertiary structure as well as surface hydrophobicity of the heme protein. MG-derived AGE adducts thus appear to alter the structure of Mb considerably. Considering the increased level of MG in diabetic condition, the current study appears physiologically relevant in terms of understanding AGE-mediated protein modification and subsequent structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradipta Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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4
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Modification with N-benzylisatin restricts stress-induced aggregation of hen egg white lysozyme: Anti-amyloidogenic property of isatin derivative with possible clinical implications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:341-349. [PMID: 34310996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) is a structural homolog of human lysozyme and is widely used as a model protein to investigate protein aggregation. The effect of N-benzylisatin on stress-induced aggregation of HEWL has been investigated in the present study. Interaction of the isatin derivative with HEWL induced changes in protein secondary and tertiary structural conformation as evident from different biophysical and spectroscopic studies. In addition, modification with N-benzylisatin was found to increase the conformational stability of HEWL and afford considerable resistance to the protein to stress-induced aggregation as indicated from subsequent experimental studies, including thioflavin T fluorescence, microscopic imaging and dynamic light scattering analysis. Protein modification was analysed and confirmed by MALDI-TOF and ESI-MS studies. The results highlight possible clinical implications of isatin derivative in the treatment of protein misfolding and conformational disorders.
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5
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Costa KB, Leite HR, Garcia BCC, Ottone VO, Mendonça GDR, Cordeiro PJ, Chaves PR, Deus FA, Tossige-Gomes R, Coimbra CC, Rocha-Vieira E. Storage Duration Affects the Quantification of Oxidative Stress Markers in the Gastrocnemius, Heart, and Brain of Mice Submitted to a Maximum Exercise. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 20:3-11. [PMID: 34252291 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of sample storage duration on the quantification of oxidative stress markers in the gastrocnemius, heart, and brain of mice submitted to a maximum swimming exercise. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), protein carbonyl derivatives, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were quantified in fresh tissues and in samples stored at -80°C for 1, 3, or 6 months, from exercised (n = 13) and nonexercised mice (n = 13). Except for protein carbonyl derivatives in the heart, the exercise resulted in the modification of all markers in all fresh-evaluated samples (p < 0.001). The storage duration did not modify the effect of exercise on protein carbonyl derivatives and TAC. TBARS was stable for 3 months in the gastrocnemius and for 1 month in frozen heart and brain. Accordingly, the exercise effect on TBARS levels observed in fresh samples was absent in the gastrocnemius frozen for 6 months (p = 0.98) and in the heart and brain frozen for 3 months (p = 0.07 and 0.28, respectively) or more (p = 0.21 for heart and p > 0.99 for brain). In addition, CAT and SOD activities were reduced by storage duration in all tissues evaluated (p < 0.05). Our findings show that sample storage duration alters the quantification of oxidative stress markers in mice submitted to maximum exercise, and its effect is tissue and marker dependent. Some recommendations to achieve more accurate and reproducible data in the exercise physiology and oxidative stress markers field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine B Costa
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Hercules R Leite
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Bruna C C Garcia
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Vinicius O Ottone
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Gabriela D R Mendonça
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Patrício J Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia R Chaves
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Franciele A Deus
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Rosalina Tossige-Gomes
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Candido C Coimbra
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduacão e Pesquisa em Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
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6
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Bolje A, Gobec S. Analytical Techniques for Structural Characterization of Proteins in Solid Pharmaceutical Forms: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040534. [PMID: 33920461 PMCID: PMC8070348 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins as biopharmaceuticals have emerged as a very important class of drugs for the treatment of many diseases. However, they are less stable compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. Their long-term stability in solid forms, which is critical for product performance, depends heavily on the retention of the native protein structure during the lyophilization (freeze-drying) process and, thereafter, in the solid state. Indeed, the biological function of proteins is directly related to the tertiary and secondary structure. Besides physical stability and biological activity, conformational stability (three-dimensional structure) is another important aspect when dealing with protein pharmaceuticals. Moreover, denaturation as loss of higher order structure is often a precursor to aggregation or chemical instability. Careful study of the physical and chemical properties of proteins in the dried state is therefore critical during biopharmaceutical drug development to deliver a final drug product with built-in quality that is safe, high-quality, efficient, and affordable for patients. This review provides an overview of common analytical techniques suitable for characterizing pharmaceutical protein powders, providing structural, and conformational information, as well as insights into dynamics. Such information can be very useful in formulation development, where selecting the best formulation for the drug can be quite a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoša Bolje
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +386-147-69500 (A.B.); +386-147-69585 (S.G.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +386-147-69500 (A.B.); +386-147-69585 (S.G.)
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7
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Lee YH, Kim K, Lee JH, Kim HJ. Protection of Alcohol Dehydrogenase against Freeze-Thaw Stress by Ice-Binding Proteins Is Proportional to Their Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Property. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120638. [PMID: 33322085 PMCID: PMC7764648 DOI: 10.3390/md18120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) have ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity. IRI property has been extensively utilized for the cryopreservation of different types of cells and tissues. Recent reports demonstrated that IRI can also play a significant role in protecting proteins from freezing damage during freeze-thaw cycles. In this study, we hypothesized that the protective capability of IBPs on proteins against freeze-thaw damage is proportional to their IRI activity. Hence we used two IBPs: one with higher IRI activity (LeIBP) and the other with lower activity (FfIBP). Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was used as a freeze-labile model protein. IBPs and ADH were mixed, frozen at -20 °C, and thawed repeatedly. The structure of ADH was assessed using fluorescence emission spectra probed by 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate over the repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The activity was monitored at 340 nm spectrophotometrically. Fluorescence data and activity clearly indicated that ADH without IBP was freeze-labile. However, ADH maintained about 70% residual activity after five repeated cycles at a minimal concentration of 0.1 mg mL-1 of high IRI-active LeIBP, but only 50% activity at 4 mg mL-1 of low active FfIBP. These results showed that the protection of proteins from freeze-thaw stress by IBPs is proportional to their IRI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Kitae Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (K.K.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (K.K.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-629-5587
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8
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Banerjee S. Effect of glyoxal and 1-methylisatin on stress-induced fibrillation of Hen Egg White Lysozyme: Insight into the anti-amyloidogenic property of the compounds with possible therapeutic implications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1552-1561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Ross ML, Kunkel J, Long S, Asuri P. Combined Effects of Confinement and Macromolecular Crowding on Protein Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228516. [PMID: 33198190 PMCID: PMC7697604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Confinement and crowding have been shown to affect protein fates, including folding, functional stability, and their interactions with self and other proteins. Using both theoretical and experimental studies, researchers have established the independent effects of confinement or crowding, but only a few studies have explored their effects in combination; therefore, their combined impact on protein fates is still relatively unknown. Here, we investigated the combined effects of confinement and crowding on protein stability using the pores of agarose hydrogels as a confining agent and the biopolymer, dextran, as a crowding agent. The addition of dextran further stabilized the enzymes encapsulated in agarose; moreover, the observed increases in enhancements (due to the addition of dextran) exceeded the sum of the individual enhancements due to confinement and crowding. These results suggest that even though confinement and crowding may behave differently in how they influence protein fates, these conditions may be combined to provide synergistic benefits for protein stabilization. In summary, our study demonstrated the successful use of polymer-based platforms to advance our understanding of how in vivo like environments impact protein function and structure.
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10
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Banerjee S. Methylglyoxal modification reduces the sensitivity of hen egg white lysozyme to stress-induced aggregation: Insight into the anti-amyloidogenic property of α-dicarbonyl compound. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:5474-5487. [PMID: 31814530 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1702589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The reactive α-oxoaldehyde, methylglyoxal reacts with different proteins to form Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) through Maillard reaction. Its level increases significantly in diabetic condition. Here, we have investigated the effect of different concentrations of methylglyoxal (200-400 µM) on the monomeric protein, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) following incubation for 3 weeks. Reaction of methylglyoxal with HEWL induced considerable changes in tertiary structure of the protein, but no significant alteration in secondary structure, as evident from different spectroscopic and biophysical studies. Interestingly, methylglyoxal modification was found to enhance the thermal stability of the protein and reduce its sensitivity to stress-induced aggregation. Finally, peptide mass fingerprinting revealed modification of arginine (Arg-45, Arg-14, Arg-68 or Arg-72) and lysine (Lys-116) residues of the protein to AGE adducts, namely, hydroimidazolone, tetrahydropyrimidine, and carboxyethyllysine. Methylglyoxal-derived AGE adducts (MAGE) appear to be responsible for the observed changes in protein. As demonstrated in the present study, the findings may highlight a possible therapeutic potential of the α-oxoaldehyde against protein misfolding and conformational disorder.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradipta Banerjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata, India
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11
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Davis JE, Alghanmi A, Gundampati RK, Jayanthi S, Fields E, Armstrong M, Weidling V, Shah V, Agrawal S, Koppolu BP, Zaharoff DA, Kumar TKS. Probing the role of proline -135 on the structure, stability, and cell proliferation activity of human acidic fibroblast growth factor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 654:115-125. [PMID: 30031837 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human acidic fibroblast growth factor 1 (hFGF1) is a protein intricately involved in cell growth and tissue repair. In this study, we investigate the effect(s) of understanding the role of a conserved proline (P135), located in the heparin binding pocket, on the structure, stability, heparin binding affinity, and cell proliferation activity of hFGF1. Substitution of proline-135 with a positively charged lysine (P135K) resulted in partial destabilization of the protein; however, the overall structural integrity of the protein was maintained upon substitution of proline-135 with either a negative charge (P135E) or a polar amino acid (P135Q). Interestingly, upon heparin binding, an increase in thermal stability equivalent to that of wt-hFGF1 was observed when P135 was replaced with a positive (P135K) or a negative charge (P135E), or with a polar amino acid (P135Q). Surprisingly, introduction of negative charge in the heparin-binding pocket at position 135 (P135E) increased hFGF1's affinity for heparin by 3-fold, while the P135K mutation, did not alter the heparin-binding affinity. However, the enhanced heparin-binding affinity of mutant P135E did not translate to an increase in cell proliferation activity. Interestingly, the P135K and P135E double mutations, P135K/R136E and P135/R136E, reduced the heparin binding affinity by ∼3-fold. Furthermore, the cell proliferation activity was increased when the charge reversal mutation R136E was paired with both P135E (P135E/R136E) and P135K (P135K/R136E). Overall, the results of this study suggest that while heparin is useful for stabilizing hFGF1 on the cell surface, this interaction is not mandatory for activation of the FGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Eberle Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Arwa Alghanmi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar Gundampati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Srinivas Jayanthi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Ellen Fields
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Monica Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Vanessa Weidling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Varun Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Shilpi Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Bhanu Prasanth Koppolu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Banerjee S. Glyoxal-induced modification enhances stability of hemoglobin and lowers iron-mediated oxidation reactions of the heme protein: An in vitro study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:494-501. [PMID: 28888546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal, a reactive α-oxoaldehyde, increases in diabetic condition. It reacts with different proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) following Maillard-like reaction. Considering the significance of AGE-mediated protein modification by glyoxal, here we have investigated the in vitro effect of the reactive α-oxoaldehyde (10, 20μM) on the heme protein hemoglobin (HbA0) (100μM) after incubation for one week at 25°C. In comparison with HbA0, glyoxal-treated HbA0 exhibited decreased absorbance around 280nm, reduced intrinsic fluorescence and lower surface hydrophobicity. Glyoxal treatment was found to increase the stability of HbA0 without significant perturbation of the secondary structure of the heme protein. In addition, H2O2-mediated iron release and subsequent iron-mediated oxidative (Fenton) reactions were found to be lower in presence of glyoxal-treated HbA0 compared to HbA0. Mass spectrometric studies revealed modification of arginine residues of HbA0 (Arg-31α, Arg-40β) to hydroimidazolone adducts. AGE-induced modifications thus appear to be associated with the observed changes of the heme protein. Considering the increased level of glyoxal in diabetes mellitus as well as its high reactivity, glyoxal-derived AGE adducts might thus be associated with modifications of the protein including physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradipta Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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13
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Bortolin RC, Gasparotto J, Vargas AR, da Silva Morrone M, Kunzler A, Henkin BS, Chaves PR, Roncato S, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF. Effects of Freeze-Thaw and Storage on Enzymatic Activities, Protein Oxidative Damage, and Immunocontent of the Blood, Liver, and Brain of Rats. Biopreserv Biobank 2017; 15:182-190. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calixto Bortolin
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rodrigues Vargas
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maurilio da Silva Morrone
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alice Kunzler
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Saldanha Henkin
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paloma Rodrigues Chaves
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Roncato
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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14
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Methylglyoxal modification enhances the stability of hemoglobin and lowers its iron-mediated oxidation reactions: An in vitro study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:1159-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Banerjee S. Methyglyoxal administration induces modification of hemoglobin in experimental rats: An in vivo study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 167:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Wyatt AR, Kumita JR, Farrawell NE, Dobson CM, Wilson MR. Alpha-2-Macroglobulin Is Acutely Sensitive to Freezing and Lyophilization: Implications for Structural and Functional Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130036. [PMID: 26103636 PMCID: PMC4477937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-2-macroglobulin is an abundant secreted protein that is of particular interest because of its diverse ligand binding profile and multifunctional nature, which includes roles as a protease inhibitor and as a molecular chaperone. The activities of alpha-2-macroglobulin are typically dependent on whether its conformation is native or transformed (i.e. adopts a more compact conformation after interactions with proteases or small nucleophiles), and are also influenced by dissociation of the native alpha-2-macroglobulin tetramer into stable dimers. Alpha-2-macroglobulin is predominately present as the native tetramer in vivo; once purified from human blood plasma, however, alpha-2-macroglobulin can undergo a number of conformational changes during storage, including transformation, aggregation or dissociation. We demonstrate that, particularly in the presence of sodium chloride or amine containing compounds, freezing and/or lyophilization of alpha-2-macroglobulin induces conformational changes with functional consequences. These conformational changes in alpha-2-macroglobulin are not always detected by standard native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but can be measured using bisANS fluorescence assays. Increased surface hydrophobicity of alpha-2-macroglobulin, as assessed by bisANS fluorescence measurements, is accompanied by (i) reduced trypsin binding activity, (ii) increased chaperone activity, and (iii) increased binding to the surfaces of SH-SY5Y neurons, in part, via lipoprotein receptors. We show that sucrose (but not glycine) effectively protects native alpha-2-macroglobulin from denaturation during freezing and/or lyophilization, thereby providing a reproducible method for the handling and long-term storage of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Wyatt
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Janet R. Kumita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie E. Farrawell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | - Mark R. Wilson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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17
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Lata K, Chattopadhyay K. Helicobacter pylori TlyA Forms Amyloid-like Aggregates with Potent Cytotoxic Activity. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3649-59. [PMID: 26015064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a potent human gastric pathogen. It is known to be associated with several gastroenteric disorders, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. The H. pylori genome encodes a gene product TlyA that has been shown to display potent membrane damaging properties and cytotoxic activity. On the basis of such properties, TlyA is considered as a potential virulence factor of H. pylori. In this study, we show that the H. pylori TlyA protein has a strong propensity to convert into the amyloid-like aggregated assemblies, upon exposure to elevated temperatures. Even at the physiological temperature of 37 °C, TlyA shows a strong amyloidogenic property. TlyA aggregates that are generated upon exposure at temperatures of ≥37 °C show prominent binding to dyes like thioflavin T and Nile Red. Transmission electron microscopy also demonstrates the presence of typical amyloid-like fibrils in the TlyA aggregates generated at 37 °C. Conversion of TlyA into the amyloid-like aggregates is found to be associated with major alterations in the secondary and tertiary structural organization of the protein. Finally, our study shows that the preformed amyloid-like aggregates of TlyA are capable of exhibiting potent cytotoxic activities against human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Altogether, such a propensity of H. pylori TlyA to convert into the amyloid-like aggregated assemblies with cytotoxic activity suggests potential implications for the virulence functionality of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Lata
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli 140306, Punjab, India
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18
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Rašković B, Popović M, Ostojić S, Anđelković B, Tešević V, Polović N. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provides an evidence of papain denaturation and aggregation during cold storage. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:238-246. [PMID: 26051646 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Papain is a cysteine protease with wide substrate specificity and many applications. Despite its widespread applications, cold stability of papain has never been studied. Here, we used differential spectroscopy to monitor thermal denaturation process. Papain was the most stabile from 45 °C to 60 °C with ΔG°321 of 13.9±0.3 kJ/mol and Tm value of 84±1 °C. After cold storage, papain lost parts of its native secondary structures elements which gave an increase of 40% of intermolecular β-sheet content (band maximum detected at frequency of 1621 cm(-1) in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum) indicating the presence of secondary structures necessary for aggregation. The presence of protein aggregates after cold storage was also proven by analytical size exclusion chromatography. After six freeze-thaw cycles around 75% of starting enzyme activity of papain was lost due to cold denaturation and aggregation of unfolded protein. Autoproteolysis of papain did not cause significant loss of the protein activity. Upon the cold storage, papain underwent structural rearrangements and aggregation that correspond to other cold denatured proteins, rather than autoproteolysis which could have the commercial importance for the growing polypeptide based industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Rašković
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12 - 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Popović
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12 - 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Ostojić
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Boban Anđelković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12 - 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vele Tešević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12 - 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalija Polović
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12 - 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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19
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Mutschler H, Wochner A, Holliger P. Freeze-thaw cycles as drivers of complex ribozyme assembly. Nat Chem 2015; 7:502-8. [PMID: 25991529 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of an RNA catalyst capable of self-replication is considered a key transition in the origin of life. However, how such replicase ribozymes emerged from the pools of short RNA oligomers arising from prebiotic chemistry and non-enzymatic replication is unclear. Here we show that RNA polymerase ribozymes can assemble from simple catalytic networks of RNA oligomers no longer than 30 nucleotides. The entropically disfavoured assembly reaction is driven by iterative freeze-thaw cycles, even in the absence of external activation chemistry. The steep temperature and concentration gradients of such cycles result in an RNA chaperone effect that enhances the otherwise only partially realized catalytic potential of the RNA oligomer pool by an order of magnitude. Our work outlines how cyclic physicochemical processes could have driven an expansion of RNA compositional and phenotypic complexity from simple oligomer pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Mutschler
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Aniela Wochner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Philipp Holliger
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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20
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Roessl U, Leitgeb S, Pieters S, De Beer T, Nidetzky B. In Situ Protein Secondary Structure Determination in Ice: Raman Spectroscopy-Based Process Analytical Tool for Frozen Storage of Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2287-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Structural alterations of hemoglobin and myoglobin by glyoxal: A comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 66:311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Kunkel J, Asuri P. Function, structure, and stability of enzymes confined in agarose gels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86785. [PMID: 24466239 PMCID: PMC3897775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Research over the past few decades has attempted to answer how proteins behave in molecularly confined or crowded environments when compared to dilute buffer solutions. This information is vital to understanding in vivo protein behavior, as the average spacing between macromolecules in the cell cytosol is much smaller than the size of the macromolecules themselves. In our study, we attempt to address this question using three structurally and functionally different model enzymes encapsulated in agarose gels of different porosities. Our studies reveal that under standard buffer conditions, the initial reaction rates of the agarose-encapsulated enzymes are lower than that of the solution phase enzymes. However, the encapsulated enzymes retain a higher percentage of their activity in the presence of denaturants. Moreover, the concentration of agarose used for encapsulation had a significant effect on the enzyme functional stability; enzymes encapsulated in higher percentages of agarose were more stable than the enzymes encapsulated in lower percentages of agarose. Similar results were observed through structural measurements of enzyme denaturation using an 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid fluorescence assay. Our work demonstrates the utility of hydrogels to study protein behavior in highly confined environments similar to those present in vivo; furthermore, the enhanced stability of gel-encapsulated enzymes may find use in the delivery of therapeutic proteins, as well as the design of novel strategies for biohybrid medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kunkel
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Wang S, Amornwittawat N, Wen X. Thermodynamic Analysis of Thermal Hysteresis: Mechanistic Insights into Biological Antifreezes. THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 2012; 53:125-130. [PMID: 22822266 PMCID: PMC3398711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) bind to ice crystal surfaces and thus inhibit the ice growth. The mechanism for how AFPs suppress freezing is commonly modeled as an adsorption-inhibition process by the Gibbs-Thomson effect. Here we develop an improved adsorption-inhibition model for AFP action based on the thermodynamics of impurity adsorption on the crystal surfaces. We demonstrate the derivation of a realistic relationship between surface protein coverage and the protein concentration. We show that the improved model provides a quantitatively better fit to the experimental antifreeze activities of AFPs from distinct structural classes, including fish and insect AFPs, in a wide range of concentrations. Our theoretical results yielded the adsorption coefficients of the AFPs on ice, suggesting that, despite the distinct difference in their antifreeze activities and structures, the affinities of the AFPs to ice are very close and the mechanism of AFP action is a kinetically controlled, reversible process. The applications of the model to more complex systems along with its potential limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
- Visiting scholar from the Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Natapol Amornwittawat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
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24
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Kim MK, Kwak HW, Lee JY, Yun HS, Kim MH, Lee KH. Effect of Lyoprotectant on the Solubility and Structure of Silk Sericin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7852/ijie.2012.25.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Curtis JE, Nanda H, Khodadadi S, Cicerone M, Lee HJ, McAuley A, Krueger S. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study of Protein Crowding in Liquid and Solid Phases: Lysozyme in Aqueous Solution, Frozen Solution, and Carbohydrate Powders. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9653-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United
States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United
States
| | - Sheila Khodadadi
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United
States
| | - Marcus Cicerone
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United
States
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Department of Analytical
and
Formulation Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Arnold McAuley
- Department of Analytical
and
Formulation Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Susan Krueger
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United
States
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26
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Printz M, Friess W. Simultaneous detection and analysis of protein aggregation and protein unfolding by size exclusion chromatography with post column addition of the fluorescent dye BisANS. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:826-37. [PMID: 22095720 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
For development and optimization of protein formulation sensitive analytical tools are required to follow both aggregation and changes in protein structure. The latter can be seen as the beginning of physical instability leading to aggregation. The focus of this work laid on the development of a novel analysis simultaneously detecting changes in protein conformation and the formation of oligomers. By adding the extrinsic fluorescent dye 4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt (BisANS) after size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and UV detection, it was possible to separate protein monomer and oligomers by size, analyze the amount of formed oligomers quantitatively using UV detection, and observe changes in protein structure of different protein species by fluorescence detection. This enabled us to distinguish between native-like and denatured oligomers and monomers formed under different stress conditions. Correspondingly, increased fluorescence reflecting partial unfolding was assigned specifically to monomer, oligomer, or both. The unfolding of monomer is not traceable by commonly used detection methods, but its monitoring may provide important information about activity and long-term stability. By adding the dye after SEC and UV detection, interferences with prior detectors are precluded, excipients are separated avoiding interferences with the protein-dye interaction and, in addition, the dye-protein interaction cannot impact the aggregation formation, as added after the separation of monomer and aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Printz
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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27
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Desfougères Y, Jardin J, Lechevalier V, Pezennec S, Nau F. Succinimidyl residue formation in hen egg-white lysozyme favors the formation of intermolecular covalent bonds without affecting its tertiary structure. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:156-66. [PMID: 21166442 DOI: 10.1021/bm101089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein chemical degradations occur naturally into living cells as soon as proteins have been synthesized. Among these modifications, deamidation of asparagine or glutamine residues has been extensively studied, whereas the intermediate state, a succinimide derivative, was poorly investigated because of the difficulty of isolating those transient species. We used an indirect method, a limited thermal treatment in the dry state at acidic pH, to produce stable cyclic imide residues in hen lysozyme molecules, enabling us to examine the structural and functional properties of so modified proteins. Five cyclic imide rings have been located at sites directly accessible to solvent and did not lead to any changes in secondary or tertiary structures. However, they altered the catalytic properties of lysozyme and significantly decreased the intrinsic stability of the molecules. Moreover, dimerization occurred during the treatment, and this phenomenon was proportional to the extent of chemical degradation. We propose that succinimide formation could be responsible for covalent bond formation under specific physicochemical conditions that could be found in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Desfougères
- Agrocampus Ouest and INRA, UMR1253 STLO, F-35042 Rennes, France.
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28
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Garber Cohen IP, Castello PR, González Flecha FL. Ice-induced partial unfolding and aggregation of an integral membrane protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:2040-7. [PMID: 20691147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the deleterious effects of ice on water-soluble proteins are well established, little is known about the freeze stability of membrane proteins. Here we explore this issue through a combined kinetic and spectroscopic approach using micellar-purified plasma membrane calcium pump as a model. The ATPase activity of this protein significantly diminished after freezing using a slow-cooling procedure, with the decrease in the activity being an exponential function of the storage time at 253K, with t(½)=3.9±0.6h. On the contrary, no significant changes on enzyme activity were detected when a fast cooling procedure was performed. Regardless of the cooling rate, successive freeze-thaw cycles produced an exponential decrease in the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity, with the number of cycles at which the activity was reduced to half being 9.2±0.3 (fast cooling) and 3.7±0.2 (slow cooling). PAGE analysis showed that neither degradation nor formation of SDS-stable aggregates of the protein takes place during protein inactivation. Instead, the inactivation process was found to be associated with the irreversible partial unfolding of the polypeptide chain, as assessed by Trp fluorescence, far UV circular dichroism, and 1-anilino-naphtalene-8-sulfonate binding. This inactive protein undergoes, in a later stage, a further irreversible transformation leading to large aggregates.
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29
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Varshney DB, Elliott JA, Gatlin LA, Kumar S, Suryanarayanan R, Shalaev EY. Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Investigation of the Anomalous Behavior of Ice During Freezing of Aqueous Systems. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6177-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900404m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant B. Varshney
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K. Pfizer Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
| | - James A. Elliott
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K. Pfizer Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
| | - Larry A. Gatlin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K. Pfizer Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
| | - Satyendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K. Pfizer Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K. Pfizer Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
| | - Evgenyi Y. Shalaev
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K. Pfizer Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and, Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
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30
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Hawe A, Sutter M, Jiskoot W. Extrinsic fluorescent dyes as tools for protein characterization. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1487-99. [PMID: 18172579 PMCID: PMC2440933 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent, extrinsic fluorescent dyes are applied in various fields of protein analysis, e.g. to characterize folding intermediates, measure surface hydrophobicity, and detect aggregation or fibrillation. The main underlying mechanisms, which explain the fluorescence properties of many extrinsic dyes, are solvent relaxation processes and (twisted) intramolecular charge transfer reactions, which are affected by the environment and by interactions of the dyes with proteins. In recent time, the use of extrinsic fluorescent dyes such as ANS, Bis-ANS, Nile Red, Thioflavin T and others has increased, because of their versatility, sensitivity and suitability for high-throughput screening. The intention of this review is to give an overview of available extrinsic dyes, explain their spectral properties, and show illustrative examples of their various applications in protein characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hawe
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Sutter
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Novartis Pharma AG, WSJ-316.4.14, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Strambini GB, Balestreri E, Galli A, Gonnelli M. Effects of Sugars and Polyols on the Stability of Azurin in Ice. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4372-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711185r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B. Strambini
- Istituto di Biofisica, and Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Balestreri
- Istituto di Biofisica, and Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alvaro Galli
- Istituto di Biofisica, and Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Gonnelli
- Istituto di Biofisica, and Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Strambini GB, Gonnelli M. Singular Efficacy of Trimethylamine N-Oxide to Counter Protein Destabilization in Ice. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3322-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bi702473g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margherita Gonnelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Bhatnagar BS, Bogner RH, Pikal MJ. Protein stability during freezing: separation of stresses and mechanisms of protein stabilization. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:505-23. [PMID: 17963151 DOI: 10.1080/10837450701481157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although proteins are often frozen during processing or freeze-dried after formulation to improve their stability, they can undergo degradation leading to losses in biological activity during the process. During freezing, the physical environment of a protein changes dramatically leading to the development of stresses that impact protein stability. Low temperature, freeze-concentration, and ice formation are the three chief stresses resulting during cooling and freezing. Because of the increase in solute concentrations, freeze-concentration could also facilitate second order reactions, crystallization of buffer or non-buffer components, phase separation, and redistribution of solutes. An understanding of these stresses is critical to the determination of when during freezing a protein suffers degradation and therefore important in the design of stabilizer systems. With the exception of a few studies, the relative contribution of various stresses to the instability of frozen proteins has not been addressed in the freeze-drying literature. The purpose of this review is to describe the various stages of freezing and examine the consequences of the various stresses developing during freezing on protein stability and to assess their relative contribution to the destabilization process. The ongoing debate on thermodynamic versus kinetic mechanisms of stabilization in frozen environments and the current state of knowledge concerning those mechanisms are also reviewed in this publication. An understanding of the relative contributions of freezing stresses coupled with the knowledge of cryoprotection mechanisms is central to the development of more rational formulation and process design of stable lyophilized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakul S Bhatnagar
- School of Pharmacy, U-3092, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Bhatnagar BS, Pikal MJ, Bogner RH. Study of the Individual Contributions of Ice Formation and Freeze-Concentration on Isothermal Stability of Lactate Dehydrogenase during Freezing. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:798-814. [PMID: 17506511 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the individual contributions of ice formation, solute concentration, temperature, and time, to irreversible protein denaturation during freezing. A temperature-step approach was used to study isothermal degradation of frozen lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The freeze-concentrate composition was determined using differential scanning calorimetry to enable preparation of solutions, without ice, of the same concentration as the freeze-concentrate, and thereby determine the role of the freeze-concentrate composition on LDH degradation. Both stabilizers employed in the study, hydroxyethyl starch and sucrose, conferred cryoprotection on LDH. While LDH stability was lower at 1.50-3.25% w/v sucrose than in the absence of sucrose, cryoprotection was restored at higher sucrose concentrations. pH shift during freezing, degree of supercooling, and excipient impurities were ruled out as causes for unusual LDH stability behavior at lower sucrose concentrations. Specific surface area measurements of the freeze-dried cakes showed that the ice surface area increased with an increase in sucrose concentration. No LDH degradation occurred in concentrated solutions, without ice, at the same composition as the freeze-concentrate in frozen systems where massive degradation was documented. Thus, ice formation is the critical destabilizing factor during freezing of LDH in sucrose:citrate buffer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakul S Bhatnagar
- School of Pharmacy, U-3092, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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35
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Santos CAD, Mazzola PG, Silva PHS, Cholewa O, Penna TCV. Preliminary Study on the Potential Utility of GFP as a Biosensor for Drug Stability in Parenteral Solutions. Biotechnol Prog 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/bp070090c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
This study presents an experimental approach, based on the change of Trp fluorescence between native and denatured states of proteins, which permits to monitor unfolding equilibria and the thermodynamic stability (DeltaG degrees ) of these macromolecules in frozen aqueous solutions. The results obtained by guanidinium chloride denaturation of the azurin mutant C112S from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the temperature range from -8 to -16 degrees C, demonstrate that the stability of the native fold may be significantly perturbed in ice depending mainly on the size of the liquid water pool (V(L)) in equilibrium with the solid phase. The data establish a threshold, around V(L)=1.5%, below which in ice DeltaG degrees decreases progressively relative to liquid state, up to 3 kcal/mole for V(L)=0.285%. The sharp dependence of DeltaG degrees on V(L) is consistent with a mechanism based on adsorption of the protein to the ice surface. The reduction in DeltaG degrees is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in m-value indicating that protein-ice interactions increase the solvent accessible surface area of the native fold or reduce that of the denatured state, or both. The method opens the possibility for examining in a more quantitative fashion the influence of various experimental conditions on the ice perturbation and in particular to test the effectiveness of numerous additives used in formulations to preserve labile pharmaco proteins.
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Piedmonte DM, Summers C, McAuley A, Karamujic L, Ratnaswamy G. Sorbitol Crystallization Can Lead to Protein Aggregation in Frozen Protein Formulations. Pharm Res 2006; 24:136-46. [PMID: 17109212 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work examines the cause of aggregation of an Fc-fusion protein formulated in sorbitol upon frozen storage for extended periods of time at -30 degrees C. MATERIALS AND METHODS We designed sub-ambient differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments to capture the effects of long-term frozen storage. The physical stability of formulation samples was monitored by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). RESULTS DSC analysis of non-frozen samples shows the expected glass transitions (Tg') at -45 degrees C for samples in sorbitol and at -32 degrees C in sucrose. In time course studies where sorbitol formulations were stored at -30 degrees C and analyzed by DSC without thawing, two endothermic transitions were observed: a melting endotherm at -20 degrees C dissipated over time, and a second endotherm at -8 degrees C was seen after approximately 2 weeks and persisted in all later time points. Protein aggregation was only seen in the samples formulated in sorbitol and stored at -30 degrees C, correlating aggregation with the aforementioned melts. CONCLUSIONS The observed melts are characteristic of crystalline substances and suggest that the sorbitol crystallizes over time. During freezing, the excipient must remain in the same phase as the protein to ensure protein stability. By crystallizing, the sorbitol is phase-separated from the protein, which leads to protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Murphy Piedmonte
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc, MS 2-1-A, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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Banerjee T, Kishore N. Binding of 8-Anilinonaphthalene Sulfonate to Dimeric and Tetrameric Concanavalin A: Energetics and Its Implications on Saccharide Binding Studied by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:7022-8. [PMID: 16571017 DOI: 10.1021/jp0563179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The binding of 8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate to concanavalin A has been investigated. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and circular dichroism studies have been performed under different experimental conditions to understand the binding quantitatively and evaluate contributions of different forces responsible for it. Isothermal titration calorimetric results of concanavalin A with ANS at pH 5.2 and 2.5, where it exists as a dimer, indicated binding heterogeneity and two classes of noninteracting sites. Enhancement of the binding constants from native to pH 2.5 suggests that the ANS binding is strongly influenced by the protein charge and the favorable alteration in the structure of concanavalin A as suggested by near-UV CD results. No binding was observed with the tetrameric form of concanavalin A, indicating shielding of sites due to dimerization of canonical dimers. The results have also demonstrated existence of a hydrophobic binding site that is distinct from the saccharide binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Gabellieri E, Strambini GB. ANS fluorescence detects widespread perturbations of protein tertiary structure in ice. Biophys J 2006; 90:3239-45. [PMID: 16461396 PMCID: PMC1432122 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.074948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Freeze-induced perturbations of the protein native fold are poorly understood owing to the difficulty of monitoring their structure in ice. Here, we report that binding of the fluorescence probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to proteins in ice can provide a general monitor of ice-induced alterations of their tertiary structure. Experiments conducted with copper-free azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mutants I7S, F110S, and C3A/C26A correlate the magnitude of the ice-induced perturbation, as inferred from the extent of ANS binding, to the plasticity of the globular fold, increasing with less stable globular folds as well as when the flexibility of the macromolecule is enhanced. The distortion of the native structure inferred from ANS binding was found to draw a parallel with the extent of irreversible denaturation by freeze-thawing, suggesting that these altered conformations play a direct role on freeze damage. ANS binding experiments, extended to a set of proteins including serum albumin, alpha-amylase, beta-galactosidase, alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver, alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast, lactic dehydrogenase, and aldolase, confirmed that a stressed condition of the native fold in the frozen state appears to be general to most proteins and pointed out that oligomers tend to be more labile than monomers presumably because the globular fold can be further destabilized by subunit dissociation. The results of this study suggest that the ANS binding method may find practical utility in testing the effectiveness of various additives employed in protein formulations as well as to devise safer freeze-drying protocols of pharmaceutical proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Gabellieri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Bhatnagar BS, Nehm SJ, Pikal MJ, Bogner RH. Post-Thaw Aging Affects Activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:1382-8. [PMID: 15858849 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-thawing is routinely used to study freezing-induced irreversible protein denaturation in the formulation characterization and development of lyophilized proteins. In most cases, the temperature profiles of the samples are not fully monitored during freeze-thawing and therefore, the sample thermal histories are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to develop experimental protocols for the study of isothermal protein degradation using a temperature-step apparatus. Freeze-thaw experiments were performed at a freezing rate of 10 degrees C/min and various thawing rates (0.5-3.3 degrees C/min) using a temperature-step apparatus. In our efforts to design validation studies, we encountered anomalies in the recovered enzyme activity data of an enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase at the end of freeze-thawing. The effect of thawing rate was studied to explain the variability in the data. In addition, post-thaw "aging" of freshly frozen and thawed samples was performed at 5 degrees C to reduce the variability in the recovered enzyme activity. Results from these experiments implicate the use of aging of dilute multimeric enzymes at the end of freeze-thawing to control the variability in enzyme assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakul S Bhatnagar
- School of Pharmacy, U2092, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CN 06269, USA
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