1
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Klages R. Cell migration: Beyond Brownian motion. Biophys J 2024; 123:1167-1169. [PMID: 38637988 PMCID: PMC11140459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Klages
- Centre for Complex Systems, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; London Mathematical Laboratory, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Uwamichi M, Miura Y, Kamiya A, Imoto D, Sawai S. Random walk and cell morphology dynamics in Naegleria gruberi. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1274127. [PMID: 38020930 PMCID: PMC10646312 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1274127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid cell movement and migration are wide-spread across various cell types and species. Microscopy-based analysis of the model systems Dictyostelium and neutrophils over the years have uncovered generality in their overall cell movement pattern. Under no directional cues, the centroid movement can be quantitatively characterized by their persistence to move in a straight line and the frequency of re-orientation. Mathematically, the cells essentially behave as a persistent random walker with memory of two characteristic time-scale. Such quantitative characterization is important from a cellular-level ethology point of view as it has direct connotation to their exploratory and foraging strategies. Interestingly, outside the amoebozoa and metazoa, there are largely uncharacterized species in the excavate taxon Heterolobosea including amoeboflagellate Naegleria. While classical works have shown that these cells indeed show typical amoeboid locomotion on an attached surface, their quantitative features are so far unexplored. Here, we analyzed the cell movement of Naegleria gruberi by employing long-time phase contrast imaging that automatically tracks individual cells. We show that the cells move as a persistent random walker with two time-scales that are close to those known in Dictyostelium and neutrophils. Similarities were also found in the shape dynamics which are characterized by the appearance, splitting and annihilation of the curvature waves along the cell edge. Our analysis based on the Fourier descriptor and a neural network classifier point to importance of morphology features unique to Naegleria including complex protrusions and the transient bipolar dumbbell morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Uwamichi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miura
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kamiya
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Imoto
- Second Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sawai
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Sung B, Kim DH, Kim MH, Vigolo D. Combined Effect of Matrix Topography and Stiffness on Neutrophil Shape and Motility. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101312. [PMID: 35347887 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The crawling behavior of leukocytes is driven by the cell morphology transition, which is a direct manifestation of molecular motor machinery. The topographical anisotropy and mechanical stiffness of the substrates are the main physical cues that affect leukocytes' shape generation and migratory responses. However, their combined effects on the cell morphology and motility have been poorly understood, particularly for neutrophils, which are the fastest reacting leukocytes against infections and wounds. Here, spatiotemporally correlated physical parameters are shown, which determine the neutrophil shape change during migratory processes, in response to surface topography and elasticity. Guided crawling and shape generation of individual neutrophils, activated by a uniform concentration of a chemoattractant, are analyzed by adopting elasticity-tunable micropatterning and live cell imaging techniques. Whole cell-level image analysis is performed based on a planar geometric quantification of cell shape and motility. The findings show that the pattern anisotropy and elastic modulus of the substrate induce synergic effects on the shape anisotropy, deformability, and polarization/alignment of crawling neutrophils. How the morphology-motility relationship is affected by different surface microstructures and stiffness is demonstrated. These results imply that the neutrophil shape-motility correlations can be utilized for controlling the immune cell functions with predefined physical microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baeckkyoung Sung
- KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Daniele Vigolo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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4
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Allen GM, Lee KC, Barnhart EL, Tsuchida MA, Wilson CA, Gutierrez E, Groisman A, Theriot JA, Mogilner A. Cell Mechanics at the Rear Act to Steer the Direction of Cell Migration. Cell Syst 2020; 11:286-299.e4. [PMID: 32916096 PMCID: PMC7530145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Motile cells navigate complex environments by changing their direction of travel, generating left-right asymmetries in their mechanical subsystems to physically turn. Currently, little is known about how external directional cues are propagated along the length scale of the whole cell and integrated with its force-generating apparatus to steer migration mechanically. We examine the mechanics of spontaneous cell turning in fish epidermal keratocytes and find that the mechanical asymmetries responsible for turning behavior predominate at the rear of the cell, where there is asymmetric centripetal actin flow. Using experimental perturbations, we identify two linked feedback loops connecting myosin II contractility, adhesion strength and actin network flow in turning cells that are sufficient to explain the observed cell shapes and trajectories. Notably, asymmetries in actin polymerization at the cell leading edge play only a minor role in the mechanics of cell turning-that is, cells steer from the rear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kun Chun Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erin L Barnhart
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Tsuchida
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cyrus A Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92023, USA
| | - Alexander Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92023, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.
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5
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Tsai TYC, Collins SR, Chan CK, Hadjitheodorou A, Lam PY, Lou SS, Yang HW, Jorgensen J, Ellett F, Irimia D, Davidson MW, Fischer RS, Huttenlocher A, Meyer T, Ferrell JE, Theriot JA. Efficient Front-Rear Coupling in Neutrophil Chemotaxis by Dynamic Myosin II Localization. Dev Cell 2020; 49:189-205.e6. [PMID: 31014479 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Efficient chemotaxis requires rapid coordination between different parts of the cell in response to changing directional cues. Here, we investigate the mechanism of front-rear coordination in chemotactic neutrophils. We find that changes in the protrusion rate at the cell front are instantaneously coupled to changes in retraction at the cell rear, while myosin II accumulation at the rear exhibits a reproducible 9-15-s lag. In turning cells, myosin II exhibits dynamic side-to-side relocalization at the cell rear in response to turning of the leading edge and facilitates efficient turning by rapidly re-orienting the rear. These manifestations of front-rear coupling can be explained by a simple quantitative model incorporating reversible actin-myosin interactions with a rearward-flowing actin network. Finally, the system can be tuned by the degree of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) phosphorylation, which appears to be set in an optimal range to balance persistence of movement and turning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y-C Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caleb K Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amalia Hadjitheodorou
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sunny S Lou
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hee Won Yang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julianne Jorgensen
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Felix Ellett
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Robert S Fischer
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James E Ferrell
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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6
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Kwon T, Kwon OS, Cha HJ, Sung BJ. Stochastic and Heterogeneous Cancer Cell Migration: Experiment and Theory. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16297. [PMID: 31704971 PMCID: PMC6841739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration, an essential process for normal cell development and cancer metastasis, differs from a simple random walk: the mean-square displacement (〈(Δr)2(t)〉) of cells sometimes shows non-Fickian behavior, and the spatiotemporal correlation function (G(r, t)) of cells is often non-Gaussian. We find that this intriguing cell migration should be attributed to heterogeneity in a cell population, even one with a homogeneous genetic background. There are two limiting types of heterogeneity in a cell population: cellular heterogeneity and temporal heterogeneity. Cellular heterogeneity accounts for the cell-to-cell variation in migration capacity, while temporal heterogeneity arises from the temporal noise in the migration capacity of single cells. We illustrate that both cellular and temporal heterogeneity need to be taken into account simultaneously to elucidate cell migration. We investigate the two-dimensional migration of A549 lung cancer cells using time-lapse microscopy and find that the migration of A549 cells is Fickian but has a non-Gaussian spatiotemporal correlation. We find that when a theoretical model considers both cellular and temporal heterogeneity, the model reproduces all of the anomalous behaviors of cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Seon Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Kuznetsova T, Kulahava T, Zholnerevich I, Amaegberi N, Semenkova G, Shadyro O, Arnhold J. Morphometric characteristics of neutrophils stimulated by adhesion and hypochlorite. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:317-324. [PMID: 28544986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare cell form, size and volume as well as the locomotor activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) stimulated by adhesion to glass and exposed to hypochlorous acid at non-toxic dose. After 20min of adhesion to a glass surface, volume, cell surface area and projection area of PMNLs were equaled to 143.1±21.4μm3, 288.8±28.8μm2 and 248.3±32.3μm2, respectively. Projection area of PMNLs exposed to NaOCl was noticeably enlarged as compared with control samples. The cell volume of 20min adherent cells exposed to NaOCl was enlarged in comparison with both control cells and 5min adhered exposed to NaOCl cells. NaOCl exposure induced a degranulation of PMNLs as measured by lysozyme release. Granules could be found both above the cell surface and on the substratum near the cell. The S/V ratio for PMNLs increased (from 1.52 to 2.02μm-1) with the increasing of cell activation time. But at NaOCl addition the reverse tendency was observed (from 2.10 to 1.87μm-1). In cells exposed to NaOCl the redistribution and decrease of concentration of F-actin took place. This observation supports the hypothesis that the priming of PMNLs with hypochlorous acid modifies cell motility and morphology and reflects also on other functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Kuznetsova
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatsiana Kulahava
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Ivan Zholnerevich
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Nadezda Amaegberi
- Department of Radiation Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Galina Semenkova
- Department of Radiation Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Oleg Shadyro
- Department of Radiation Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Juergen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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8
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Microfluidic platform for the quantitative analysis of leukocyte migration signatures. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4787. [PMID: 25183261 PMCID: PMC4155519 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into tissues is characteristic of inflammation. It is usually measured in vitro as the average displacement of populations of cells towards a chemokine gradient, not acknowledging other patterns of cell migration. Here, we designed and validated a microfluidic migration platform to simultaneously analyze four qualitative migration patterns: chemo-attraction, -repulsion, -kinesis and -inhibition, using single-cell quantitative metrics of direction, speed, persistence, and fraction of cells responding. We find that established chemokines C5a and IL-8 induce chemoattraction and repulsion in equal proportions, resulting in the dispersal of cells. These migration signatures are characterized by high persistence and speed and are independent of the chemokine dose or receptor expression. Furthermore, we find that twice as many T-lymphocytes migrate away than towards SDF-1 and their directional migration patterns are not persistent. Overall, our platform characterizes migratory signature responses and uncovers an avenue for precise characterization of leukocyte migration and therapeutic modulators.
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9
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Graziano BR, Weiner OD. Self-organization of protrusions and polarity during eukaryotic chemotaxis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:60-7. [PMID: 24998184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells regulate their polarity and motility in response to external chemical cues. While we know many of the linear connections that link receptors with downstream actin polymerization events, we have a much murkier understanding of the higher order positive and negative feedback loops that organize these processes in space and time. Importantly, physical forces and actin polymerization events do not simply act downstream of chemotactic inputs but are rather involved in a web of reciprocal interactions with signaling components to generate self-organizing pseudopods and cell polarity. Here we focus on recent progress and open questions in the field, including the basic unit of actin organization, how cells regulate the number and speed of protrusions, and 2D versus 3D migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Graziano
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Camley BA, Rappel WJ. Velocity alignment leads to high persistence in confined cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:062705. [PMID: 25019812 PMCID: PMC4458368 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.062705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many cell types display random motility on two-dimensional substrates but crawl persistently in a single direction when confined in a microchannel or on an adhesive micropattern. Does this imply that the motility mechanism of confined cells is fundamentally different from that of unconfined cells? We argue that both free- and confined-cell migration may be described by a generic model of cells as "velocity-aligning" active Brownian particles previously proposed to solve a completely separate problem in collective cell migration. Our model can be mapped to a diffusive escape over a barrier and analytically solved to determine the cell's orientation distribution and repolarization rate. In quasi-one-dimensional confinement, velocity-aligning cells maintain their direction for times that can be exponentially larger than their persistence time in the absence of confinement. Our results suggest an important connection between single- and collective-cell migration: high persistence in confined cells corresponds with fast alignment of velocity to cell-cell forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Camley
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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11
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Phase geometries of two-dimensional excitable waves govern self-organized morphodynamics of amoeboid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5016-21. [PMID: 23479620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218025110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In both randomly moving Dictyostelium and mammalian cells, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and F-actin are known to propagate as waves at the membrane and act to push out the protruding edge. To date, however, the relationship between the wave geometry and the patterns of amoeboid shape change remains elusive. Here, by using phase map analysis, we show that morphology dynamics of randomly moving Dictyostelium discoideum cells can be characterized by the number, topology, and position of spatial phase singularities, i.e., points that represent organizing centers of rotating waves. A single isolated singularity near the cellular edge induced a rotational protrusion, whereas a pair of singularities supported a symmetric extension. These singularities appeared by strong phase resetting due to de novo nucleation at the back of preexisting waves. Analysis of a theoretical model indicated excitability of the system that is governed by positive feedback from phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate to PI3-kinase activation, and we showed experimentally that this requires F-actin. Furthermore, by incorporating membrane deformation into the model, we demonstrated that geometries of competing waves explain most of the observed semiperiodic changes in amoeboid morphology.
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12
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Abstract
We model the motility of Dictyostelium cells in a systematic data-driven manner. We deduce a minimal dynamical model that reproduces the statistical features of experimental trajectories. These are trajectories of the centroid of the cell perimeter, which is more sensitive to pseudopod activity than the usual tracking by centroid or nucleus. Our data account for cell individuality and dictate a model that extends the cell-type specific models recently derived for mammalian cells. Two generalized Langevin equations model stochastic periodic pseudopod motion parallel and orthogonal to the amoeba's direction of motion. This motion propels the amoeba with a random periodic left-right waddle in a direction that has a long persistence time. The model fully accounts for the statistics of the experimental trajectories, including velocity power spectra and auto-correlations, non-Gaussian velocity distributions, and multiplicative noise. Thus, we find neither need nor place in our data for an interpretation in terms of anomalous diffusion. The model faithfully captures cell individuality as different parameter values in the model, and serves as a basis for integrating the local mechanics of cell motion with our observed long-term behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Edward C. Cox
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Henrik Flyvbjerg
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Abstract
The coordinated motion of a cell is fundamental to many important biological
processes such as development, wound healing, and phagocytosis. For eukaryotic
cells, such as amoebae or animal cells, the cell motility is based on crawling
and involves a complex set of internal biochemical events. A recent study
reported very interesting crawling behavior of single cell amoeba: in the
absence of an external cue, free amoebae move randomly with a noisy, yet,
discernible sequence of ‘run-and-turns’ analogous to the
‘run-and-tumbles’ of swimming bacteria. Interestingly, amoeboid
trajectories favor zigzag turns. In other words, the cells bias their crawling
by making a turn in the opposite direction to a previous turn. This property
enhances the long range directional persistence of the moving trajectories. This
study proposes that such a zigzag crawling behavior can be a general property of
any crawling cells by demonstrating that 1) microglia, which are the immune
cells of the brain, and 2) a simple rule-based model cell, which incorporates
the actual biochemistry and mechanics behind cell crawling, both exhibit similar
type of crawling behavior. Almost all legged animals walk by alternating their
feet. Similarly, all crawling cells appear to move forward by alternating the
direction of their movement, even though the regularity and degree of zigzag
preference vary from one type to the other.
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14
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Schäfer E, Westendorf C, Bodenschatz E, Beta C, Geil B, Janshoff A. Shape oscillations of Dictyostelium discoideum cells on ultramicroelectrodes monitored by impedance analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:723-726. [PMID: 21425455 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Schäfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Ambravaneswaran V, Wong IY, Aranyosi AJ, Toner M, Irimia D. Directional decisions during neutrophil chemotaxis inside bifurcating channels. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:639-47. [PMID: 20676444 PMCID: PMC3001269 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The directional migration of human neutrophils in classical chemotaxis assays is often described as a "biased random walk" implying significant randomness in speed and directionality. However, these experiments are inconsistent with in vivo observations, where neutrophils can navigate effectively through complex tissue microenvironments towards their targets. Here, we demonstrate a novel biomimetic assay for neutrophil chemotaxis using enclosed microfluidic channels. Remarkably, under these enclosed conditions, neutrophils recapitulate the highly robust and efficient navigation observed in vivo. In straight channels, neutrophils undergo sustained, unidirectional motion towards a chemoattractant source. In more complex maze-like geometries, neutrophils are able to select the most direct route over 90% of the time. Finally, at symmetric bifurcations, neutrophils split their leading edge into two sections and a "tug of war" ensues. The competition between the two new leading edges is ultimately resolved by stochastic, symmetry-breaking behavior. This behavior is suggestive of directional decision-making localized at the leading edge and a signaling role played by the cellular cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakrishnan Ambravaneswaran
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Ian Y Wong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Alexander J Aranyosi
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
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16
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Butler KL, Ambravaneswaran V, Agrawal N, Bilodeau M, Toner M, Tompkins RG, Fagan S, Irimia D. Burn injury reduces neutrophil directional migration speed in microfluidic devices. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11921. [PMID: 20689600 PMCID: PMC2912851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal injury triggers a fulminant inflammatory cascade that heralds shock, end-organ failure, and ultimately sepsis and death. Emerging evidence points to a critical role for the innate immune system, and several studies had documented concurrent impairment in neutrophil chemotaxis with these post-burn inflammatory changes. While a few studies suggest that a link between neutrophil motility and patient mortality might exist, so far, cumbersome assays have prohibited exploration of the prognostic and diagnostic significance of chemotaxis after burn injury. To address this need, we developed a microfluidic device that is simple to operate and allows for precise and robust measurements of chemotaxis speed and persistence characteristics at single-cell resolution. Using this assay, we established a reference set of migration speed values for neutrophils from healthy subjects. Comparisons with samples from burn patients revealed impaired directional migration speed starting as early as 24 hours after burn injury, reaching a minimum at 72–120 hours, correlated to the size of the burn injury and potentially serving as an early indicator for concurrent infections. Further characterization of neutrophil chemotaxis using this new assay may have important diagnostic implications not only for burn patients but also for patients afflicted by other diseases that compromise neutrophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Butler
- Surgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vijayakrishnan Ambravaneswaran
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nitin Agrawal
- Surgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maryelizabeth Bilodeau
- Surgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Surgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Tompkins
- Surgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shawn Fagan
- Surgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Surgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Barnhart EL, Allen GM, Jülicher F, Theriot JA. Bipedal locomotion in crawling cells. Biophys J 2010; 98:933-42. [PMID: 20303850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many complex cellular processes from mitosis to cell motility depend on the ability of the cytoskeleton to generate force. Force-generating systems that act on elastic cytoskeletal elements are prone to oscillating instabilities. In this work, we have measured spontaneous shape and movement oscillations in motile fish epithelial keratocytes. In persistently polarized, fan-shaped cells, retraction of the trailing edge on one side of the cell body is out of phase with retraction on the other side, resulting in periodic lateral oscillation of the cell body. We present a physical description of keratocyte oscillation in which periodic retraction of the trailing edge is the result of elastic coupling with the leading edge. Consistent with the predictions of this model, the observed frequency of oscillation correlates with cell speed. In addition, decreasing the strength of adhesion to the substrate reduces the elastic force required for retraction, causing cells to oscillate with higher frequency at relatively lower speeds. These results demonstrate that simple elastic coupling between movement at the front of the cell and movement at the rear can generate large-scale mechanical integration of cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Barnhart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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18
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Vicker MG, Grutsch JF. Dual chemotaxis signalling regulates Dictyostelium development: intercellular cyclic AMP pulses and intracellular F-actin disassembly waves induce each other. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:845-61. [PMID: 18554748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregating Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae periodically emit and relay cAMP, which regulates their chemotaxis and morphogenesis into a multicellular, differentiated organism. Cyclic AMP also stimulates F-actin assembly and chemotactic pseudopodium extension. We used actin-GFP expression to visualise for the first time intracellular F-actin assembly as a spatio-temporal indicator of cell reactions to cAMP, and thus the kinematics of cell communication, in aggregating streams. Every natural cAMP signal pulse induces an autowave of F-actin disassembly, which propagates from each cell's leading end to its trailing end at a linear rate, much slower than the calculated and measured velocities of cAMP diffusion in aggregating Dictyostelium. A sequence of transient reactions follows behind the wave, including anterior F-actin assembly, chemotactic pseudopodium extension and cell advance at the cell front and, at the back, F-actin assembly, extension of a small retrograde pseudopodium (forcing a brief cell retreat) and chemotactic stimulation of the following cell, yielding a 20s cAMP relay delay. These dynamics indicate that stream cell behaviour is mediated by a dual signalling system: a short-range cAMP pulse directed from one cell tail to an immediately following cell front and a slower, long-range wave of intracellular F-actin disassembly, each inducing the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Vicker
- Department of Biology-Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., NW2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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19
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Persistent cell motion in the absence of external signals: a search strategy for eukaryotic cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2093. [PMID: 18461173 PMCID: PMC2358978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eukaryotic cells are large enough to detect signals and then orient to them by differentiating the signal strength across the length and breadth of the cell. Amoebae, fibroblasts, neutrophils and growth cones all behave in this way. Little is known however about cell motion and searching behavior in the absence of a signal. Is individual cell motion best characterized as a random walk? Do individual cells have a search strategy when they are beyond the range of the signal they would otherwise move toward? Here we ask if single, isolated, Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium amoebae bias their motion in the absence of external cues. Methodology We placed single well-isolated Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium cells on a nutrient-free agar surface and followed them at 10 sec intervals for ∼10 hr, then analyzed their motion with respect to velocity, turning angle, persistence length, and persistence time, comparing the results to the expectation for a variety of different types of random motion. Conclusions We find that amoeboid behavior is well described by a special kind of random motion: Amoebae show a long persistence time (∼10 min) beyond which they start to lose their direction; they move forward in a zig-zag manner; and they make turns every 1–2 min on average. They bias their motion by remembering the last turn and turning away from it. Interpreting the motion as consisting of runs and turns, the duration of a run and the amplitude of a turn are both found to be exponentially distributed. We show that this behavior greatly improves their chances of finding a target relative to performing a random walk. We believe that other eukaryotic cells may employ a strategy similar to Dictyostelium when seeking conditions or signal sources not yet within range of their detection system.
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20
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Abstract
Cell movement--for example, during embryogenesis or tumor metastasis--is a complex dynamical process resulting from an intricate interplay of multiple components of the cellular migration machinery. At first sight, the paths of migrating cells resemble those of thermally driven Brownian particles. However, cell migration is an active biological process putting a characterization in terms of normal Brownian motion into question. By analyzing the trajectories of wild-type and mutated epithelial (transformed Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells, we show experimentally that anomalous dynamics characterizes cell migration. A superdiffusive increase of the mean squared displacement, non-Gaussian spatial probability distributions, and power-law decays of the velocity autocorrelations is the basis for this interpretation. Almost all results can be explained with a fractional Klein-Kramers equation allowing the quantitative classification of cell migration by a few parameters. Thereby, it discloses the influence and relative importance of individual components of the cellular migration apparatus to the behavior of the cell as a whole.
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21
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Masaki N, Miyoshi H, Tsuchiya Y. Characteristics of motive force derived from trajectory analysis of Amoeba proteus. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 230:69-74. [PMID: 17351734 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We used a monochromatic charge-coupled-device camera to observe the migration behavior of Amoeba proteus every 5 s over a time course of 10000 s in order to investigate the characteristics of its centroid movement (cell velocity) over the long term. Fourier transformation of the time series of the cell velocity revealed that its power spectrum exhibits a Lorentz type profile with a relaxation time of a few hundred seconds. Moreover, some sharp peaks were found in the power spectrum, where the ratios of any two frequencies corresponding to the peaks were expressed as simple rational numbers. Analysis of the trajectory using a Langevin equation showed that the power spectrum reflects characteristics of the cell's motive force. These results suggest that some phenomena relating to the cell's motility, such as protoplasmic streaming and the sol-gel transformation of actin filaments, which seem to be independent phenomena and have different relaxation times, interact with each other and cooperatively participate in the generation process of the motive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Masaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midoriku, Yokohama, Japan
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22
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Abstract
The concept of pilot pseudopodia is reconsidered 30 years after its inauguration (Gerisch, G., Hülser, D., Malchow, D., Wick, U., 1975. Cell communication by periodic cyclic-AMP pulses. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 272, 181-192). The original hypothesis stated that protruding pseudopodia serve as dynamic sensory organelles that aid a cell in perceiving variations of chemoattractant concentration and, consequently, in navigation during chemotaxis. This influential idea is reevaluated in the light of recent findings about the mechanisms governing chemotactic cell motility, morphology and dynamics of pseudopodia, and about molecular constituents and regulators of pseudopod extension and retraction. It is proposed that stimulation by a chemoattractant modulates speed of pseudopod protrusion and thereby increases cell elongation. Elongation further enhances chemotactic sensitivity of the cell to shallow chemoattractant gradients, reinforces cell polarization, and finally leads to suppression of lateral pseudopodia and continuation of cell migration in the gradient direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Weber
- Ruder Bosković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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23
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Viswanathan GM, Raposo EP, Bartumeus F, Catalan J, da Luz MGE. Necessary criterion for distinguishing true superdiffusion from correlated random walk processes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:011111. [PMID: 16089941 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.011111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A difficulty in interpreting phenomena related to anomalous diffusion concerns how to identify scale invariant superdiffusive from Markovian correlated random walk processes. Here we propose a criterion that can distinguish between these two kinds of random walks and describe its usefulness in interpreting real data. To do so, we estimate the correlation time tau of the orientation persistence of a general correlated random walk. If the experimentally observed random walk appears diffusive on scales larger than tau, then the data cannot support the possibility of superdiffusion. We argue that the criterion is a necessary but not sufficient condition for establishing true superdiffusive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Viswanathan
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió-AL, Brazil.
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24
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Selmeczi D, Mosler S, Hagedorn PH, Larsen NB, Flyvbjerg H. Cell motility as persistent random motion: theories from experiments. Biophys J 2005; 89:912-31. [PMID: 15951372 PMCID: PMC1366641 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental time series for trajectories of motile cells may contain so much information that a systematic analysis will yield cell-type-specific motility models. Here we demonstrate how, using human keratinocytes and fibroblasts as examples. The two resulting models reflect the cells' different roles in the organism, it seems, and show that a cell has a memory of past velocities. They also suggest how to distinguish quantitatively between various surfaces' compatibility with the two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Selmeczi
- Danish Polymer Centre, and Biosystems Department, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark
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25
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Kulkarni SS, Orth R, Ferrari M, Moldovan NI. Micropatterning of endothelial cells by guided stimulation with angiogenic factors. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 19:1401-7. [PMID: 15093211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2003.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Micropatterning technology holds significant promise in the development of micro/nanomedical devices. The precise control of cell position and migration is important in several applications. For example, the optimal design of implantable devices depends on the implant material's micro-and nano-texture, which influences the response of nearby tissue, including the microvessels. Therefore, we were interested in endothelial cell positioning and colonization on specific surface domains in the size range of microvasculature. To this end, endothelial cells were seeded in microfabricated grooves and exposed to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which plays a key role in the angiogenic response. Patterned silicon wafers with grooves of 50 microm width and depth and 150 microm groove spacing were used. Each patterned region had two semicircular ports at either end, one of which was used to seed human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) and the other to house VEGF embedded in Matrigel. After 1 week, cells were fixed and analyzed by laser scanning cytometry (LSC). Our results shows that we can control HREC seeding and positioning in surface grooves and that the speed of colonization of the grooves can be manipulated by local VEGF application. We were able to quantify this effect, showing that HREC relocate inside the grooves twice as fast in response to VEGF stimulation, compared to control conditions, at a speed of 3.14 +/- 0.01 and 1.55 +/- 0.01 microm/min, respectively. Our approach could be used towards the fabrication of "designer" substrates or devices that not only allow patterned cell growth, but also permit dynamic cell repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumant S Kulkarni
- Biomedical Engineering Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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26
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Vicker MG. Eukaryotic cell locomotion depends on the propagation of self-organized reaction-diffusion waves and oscillations of actin filament assembly. Exp Cell Res 2002; 275:54-66. [PMID: 11925105 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Actin filament (F-actin) assembly kinetics determines the locomotion and shape of crawling eukaryotic cells, but the nature of these kinetics and their determining reactions are unclear. Live BHK21 fibroblasts, mouse melanoma cells, and Dictyostelium amoebae, locomoting on glass and expressing Green Fluorescent Protein-actin fusion proteins, were examined by confocal microscopy. The cells demonstrated three-dimensional bands of F-actin, which propagated throughout the cytoplasm at rates usually ranging between 2 and 5 microm/min in each cell type and produced lamellipodia or pseudopodia at the cell boundary. F-actin's dynamic behavior and supramolecular spatial patterns resembled in detail self-organized chemical waves in dissipative, physico-chemical systems. On this basis, the present observations provide the first evidence of self-organized, and probably autocatalytic, chemical reaction-diffusion waves of reversible actin filament assembly in vertebrate cells and a comprehensive record of wave and locomotory dynamics in vegetative-stage Dictyostelium cells. The intensity and frequency of F-actin wavefronts determine locomotory cell projections and the rotating oscillatory waves, which structure the cell surface. F-actin assembly waves thus provide a fundamental, deterministic, and nonlinear mechanism of cell locomotion and shape, which complements mechanisms based exclusively on stochastic molecular reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Vicker
- Department of Biology-Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, D-28359, Germany.
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27
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Vicker MG. Reaction-diffusion waves of actin filament polymerization/depolymerization in Dictyostelium pseudopodium extension and cell locomotion. Biophys Chem 2000; 84:87-98. [PMID: 10796025 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(99)00146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface movements and the intracellular spatial patterns and dynamics of actin filament (F-actin) were investigated in living and formalin-fixed cells of Dictyostelium discoideum by confocal microscopy. Excitation waves of F-actin assembly developed and propagated several micrometers at up to 26 microm/min in cells which had been intracellularly loaded with fluorescently labeled actin monomer. Wave propagation and extinction corresponded with the initiation and attenuation of pseudopodium extension and cell advance, respectively. The identification of chemical waves was supported by the ring, sphere, spiral and scroll wave patterns, which were observed in the extensions of fixed cells stained with phalloidin-rhodamine, and by the similar, asymmetrical [F-actin] distribution in wavefronts in living and fixed cells. These F-actin patterns and dynamics in Dictyostelium provide evidence for a new supramolecular state of actin, which propagates as a self-organized, reaction-diffusion wave of reversible F-actin assembly and affects pseudopodium extension. Actin's properties of oscillation and self-organization might also fundamentally determine the nature of the eukaryotic cell's reactions of adaptation, timing and signal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Vicker
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Germany.
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28
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Ibarrondo FJ, Torres M, Coates TD. Periodic formation of nascent lamellae is driven by changes in the stable F-actin pool of polymorphonuclear neutrophils after stimulation with chemotactic peptide and cross-linking of CD18 or CD61. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1999; 44:234-47. [PMID: 10602253 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(199912)44:4<234::aid-cm2>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility and changes in cell shape are largely powered by actin polymerization and depolymerization. Eight to ten second periodic changes in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) shape were detected by video-image analysis of PMN crawling on a surface and by right angle light scattering (RALS) in suspended PMN. However, sustained RALS oscillations in suspended PMN requires pre-treatment with an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or an activator of protein kinase C. Here, we show that cross-linking of the beta(2) (CD18) or beta(3) (CD61), but not beta(1) (CD 29) integrins in the presence of a low dose of formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMLP) enables similar 8-s periodic RALS oscillations in suspended PMN in response to stimulation with two consecutive doses of chemoattractants. This effect did not appear to be due to increased surface expression of CD18 or CD61. RALS oscillations occurred in phase with 8-s oscillations in the stable F-actin pool and peaks in F-actin correlated with predominance of cells exhibiting a nascent lamella. Thus, simulation of surface attachment by CD18 and CD61 cross-linking after exposure to fMLP in suspended cells supports shape oscillations that are the result of actin-driven cyclic extension/retraction of nascent lamellae at the same frequency as the shape changes previously observed in crawling PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Ibarrondo
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Research Institute, Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90025-1752, USA
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29
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Rengan R, Omann GM. Regulation of oscillations in filamentous actin content in polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated with leukotriene B(4) and platelet-activating factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 262:479-86. [PMID: 10462500 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of neutrophils with LTB(4) or PAF results in the production of a rapidly oscillating actin polymerization/depolymerization response. Treatment of neutrophils with inhibitors of PKC prior to stimulation with ligand resulted in a masking of the F-actin oscillations. Because myosin has been shown to be a substrate for neutrophil PKC, this protein was investigated as a potential downstream mediator of F-actin oscillations. Stimulation of neutrophils with LTB(4) resulted in myosin light chain being serine phosphorylated in a PKC-dependent manner. This phosphorylation was shown to occur in a manner that is kinetically distinct from the myosin phosphorylation induced by FMLP, a potent activator of actin polymerization that alone does not induce F-actin oscillations. Additionally, disruption of intracellular actin-myosin interactions resulted in inhibition of LTB(4)- as well as PAF-induced F-actin oscillations. These data suggest that PKC and downstream phosphorylation of myosin as well as actin-myosin interaction may play roles in mediating the production of neutrophil F-actin oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rengan
- Departments of Surgery and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School and V. A. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, 48105-2399, Michigan, USA
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30
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Albrecht E, Petty HR. Cellular memory: neutrophil orientation reverses during temporally decreasing chemoattractant concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:5039-44. [PMID: 9560224 PMCID: PMC20209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell directional orientation or shape polarization is the first cellular step in neutrophil locomotion. To better understand how chemoattractants interact with cells, we studied neutrophil polarization (or shape changes) during exposure to a temporally decreasing chemoattractant signal of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) in the absence of a spatial concentration gradient. To accomplish this objective, we used a manifold of differing FMLP concentrations attached to a stopped-flow microscope chamber. Spatial gradients of a fluorescent chemotactic peptide could not be detected in the chamber by using microfluorometry. When FMLP was injected at continually increasing concentrations at 10-s intervals, the shape and relative direction of the neutrophil persisted. However, when temporally decreasing FMLP concentrations were injected, approximately 80% of the cells changed their direction with 44% of the total cells swinging about to 180 degrees +/- 15 degrees. Most of these directional changes involved dissolution of both the lamellipodium and uropod and reformation of these structures 180 degrees from their original positions. This research suggests that neutrophils reverse their morphological polarity when exposed to temporally decreasing ligand concentrations by "remembering" their ligand exposure history and relative direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albrecht
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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31
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Kindzelskii AL, Zhou MJ, Haugland RP, Boxer LA, Petty HR. Oscillatory pericellular proteolysis and oxidant deposition during neutrophil locomotion. Biophys J 1998; 74:90-7. [PMID: 9449313 PMCID: PMC1299365 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the mechanism of leukocyte migration in complex environments, model extracellular matrices were prepared using gelatin, Hanks' solution, Bodipy-BSA (fluorescent upon proteolysis), and dihydrotetramethylrosamine or hydroethidine (fluorescent upon oxidation). Using quantitative microfluorometry, neutrophil-mediated extracellular pulses of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) and pericellular proteolysis were periodically observed showing that these functions occur as quantal bursts. However, chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils, which do not produce ROMs, did not display ROM deposition. Matrices show an alternating pattern of green (proteolytic) and red (oxidative) fluorescence, indicating these functions are out of phase. Electric fields phase-matched with metabolic oscillations, which increase the amplitude of intracellular NAD(P)H oscillations, increase ROM deposition and pericellular proteolysis; this further supports the link between intracellular chemical oscillators and extracellular functions. This phase relationship may allow ROMs to inactivate protease inhibitors, followed by protease activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kindzelskii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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32
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Abstract
We review the literature on the reaction of cells to their surrounding topography. The topography may be that of surrounding cells, intercellular materials or biomaterials. The reactions include cell orientation, rates of movement, and activations of the cells. We concentrate on those papers where quantitative measurements of the reactions have been made and largely ignore those on subjective impressions. A wide range of topographies are considered but special attention is given to results on groove-ridge topographies. The question of whether the cells are reacting to the topography directly or to patterned substratum chemistry formed on the topography is discussed. The review ends with a summary of the types of prosthesis where advantage has been taken of the ability to fabricate topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Curtis
- Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK.
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33
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Kindzelskii AL, Eszes MM, Todd RF, Petty HR. Proximity oscillations of complement type 4 (alphaX beta2) and urokinase receptors on migrating neutrophils. Biophys J 1997; 73:1777-84. [PMID: 9336173 PMCID: PMC1181078 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating neutrophils utilize beta2 integrins for substrate attachment and urokinase receptors (uPAR) to focus pericellular proteolysis. Our studies show that CR3 associates with uPAR on resting cells, whereas uPAR associates with CR4 at lamellipodia of migrating cells. Using resonance energy transfer (RET) microscopy, we show that the molecular proximity between CR4 and uPAR oscillates on migrating cells, thus suggesting that CR4 molecules periodically bind/release uPAR. Cell contact with fibrinogen, endothelial cells, chemotactic factors and indomethacin, and treatment with sub-optimal doses of signal transduction inhibitors, affect the oscillations' period, amplitude, and/or waveform. The oscillations were indistinguishable in period and 180 degrees out-of-phase with cytosolic NAD(P)H autofluorescence oscillations. Thus, CR4 and CR3 identify a neutrophil's axis of migration and CR4 may restrain uPAR at lamellipodia. Oscillations in signal transduction and energy metabolism may coordinate cell adherence, local proteolysis, oxidant release, actin assembly, and cell extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kindzelskii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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34
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Abstract
Our defence against microbes depends largely on the ability of neutrophils to migrate from the blood stream to sites of infection. Although the ability of animal cells to move may be primitive, and also fundamental for a number of phenomena in biology, the cellular mechanism by which neutrophils are able to move rapidly towards the infection remains an enigma. Even though the structures of the receptors involved have been sequenced and many of the molecules involved in neutrophil adherence and traction identified, the essential mechanisms that control and regulate the neutrophil motor remain obscure. Here, an outline of the fundamental inadequacies in our current understanding is given, along with some recent developments that promise to produce some significant advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Hallett
- Molecular Signalling Group, University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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35
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Shenderov AD, Sheetz MP. Inversely correlated cycles in speed and turning in an ameba: an oscillatory model of cell locomotion. Biophys J 1997; 72:2382-9. [PMID: 9129842 PMCID: PMC1184434 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous biophysical models of ameboid crawling have described cell movement in terms of a persistent random walk. Speed and orientation were treated in the latter model as independent and temporally homogeneous stochastic processes. We show here that, at least in the case of Dictyostelium discoideum, both speed control and reorientation processes involve a deterministic, periodic component. We also show that the processes are synchronized and negatively correlated, as was suggested by earlier findings. That is, increased turning correlates with periods of slow movement. Therefore, previous models are inconsistent with the behavior of cells. Using a heuristic approach, we have developed a mathematical model that describes the statistical properties of the cell's velocity and movement of its centroid. Our observations and the model are consistent with the phenomenological description of ameboid motility as a cyclic process of pseudopod extension and retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Shenderov
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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36
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Hofer HP, Egger G, Kukovetz EM, Bratschitsch G, Steindorfer P, Schaur RJ. The influence of trauma on changes in neutrophil granulocyte function assessed by an analysis of granulocyte migration. LANGENBECKS ARCHIV FUR CHIRURGIE 1996; 381:148-54. [PMID: 8767374 DOI: 10.1007/bf00187619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of trauma on polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) migratory parameters and PMN elastase release, with the aim of tracing an acute inflammatory reaction from its very beginning to the phase of recovery. Fifteen patients who underwent monotrauma surgery, followed by uneventful healing, served as inflammation model. PMN activation was studied by measuring their readiness to migrate (TMI) and their penetration potency (DC) in a whole blood membrane filter device, in which a chemoattractant depot (FMLP) was integrated. Control chambers lacking FMLP provided parameters of the spontaneous migration. In healthy controls (n = 64), the numbers of invading PMNs decreased continuously from the outermost layer towards the interior of the filter device. FMLP did not influence the mobilization rate of PMNs immigrant from the blood into the filter, but those cells that did migrate penetrated deeper (P < 0.05). After trauma, the spontaneous and FMLP-stimulated DC was increased (P < 0.05). Trauma also tended to inhibit PMN migratory activity episodically; depression of the unspecific immune function (low TMI values) was found on the 3rd (P < 0.0001) and 12th (P < 0.01) postsurgical days. There was no correlation between the migratory parameters and the inflammation parameter, PMN elastase release. Preliminary results indicate that analyses of PMN migratory parameters by a whole blood membrane filter assay could provide a valuable adjunct in monitoring trauma-associated immunologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Hofer
- Universitätsklinik für Unfallchirugie, Graz, Osterreich
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Schienbein M, Gruler H. Chemical amplifier, self-ignition mechanism, and amoeboid cell migration. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:4183-4197. [PMID: 9963890 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Ehrengruber MU, Coates TD, Deranleau DA. Shape oscillations: a fundamental response of human neutrophils stimulated by chemotactic peptides? FEBS Lett 1995; 359:229-32. [PMID: 7867806 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00048-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils undergo periodic cytoskeletal rearrangements that lead to cycles of shape change, ultimately resulting in cell translocation. Repeated stimulation of resting neutrophils with subsaturating chemoattractant doses induced transient sinusoidal oscillations in neutrophil filamentous actin content at the second and subsequent stimulations. Oscillation frequencies increased with increasing concentration of the first stimulus. In contrast, neutrophils pretreated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor (17-hydroxy)wortmannin displayed shape oscillations with the first stimulation, and the frequencies were independent of agonist type and dose. We demonstrate that oscillations in filamentous actin, which may be critical for neutrophil motility, can be induced in untreated cells by natural peptide chemoattractants.
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