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Iliyasu MO, Musa SA, Oladele SB, Iliya AI. Amyloid-beta aggregation implicates multiple pathways in Alzheimer's disease: Understanding the mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1081938. [PMID: 37113145 PMCID: PMC10128090 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by tau pathology and accumulations of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) along with amyloid-beta (Aβ). It has been associated with neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive deficits. The current review explained the molecular mechanisms behind the implications of Aβ aggregation in AD via multiple events. Beta (β) and gamma (γ) secretases hydrolyzed amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce Aβ, which then clumps together to form Aβ fibrils. The fibrils increase oxidative stress, inflammatory cascade, and caspase activation to cause hyperphosphorylation of tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which ultimately lead to neuronal damage. Acetylcholine (Ach) degradation is accelerated by upstream regulation of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, which leads to a deficiency in neurotransmitters and cognitive impairment. There are presently no efficient or disease-modifying medications for AD. It is necessary to advance AD research to suggest novel compounds for treatment and prevention. Prospectively, it might be reasonable to conduct clinical trials with unclean medicines that have a range of effects, including anti-amyloid and anti-tau, neurotransmitter modulation, anti-neuroinflammatory, neuroprotective, and cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa O. Iliyasu
- Department of Anatomy, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Musa O. Iliyasu, ;
| | - Sunday A. Musa
- Department of Human Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sunday B. Oladele
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Chakrovorty A, Bhattacharjee B, Saxena A, Samadder A, Nandi S. Current Naturopathy to Combat Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:808-841. [PMID: 36173068 PMCID: PMC10227918 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220927121022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, which may ultimately involve cell death. The most common neurodegenerative disorder in the brain happens with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. It ultimately leads to neuronal death, thereby impairing the normal functionality of the central or peripheral nervous system. The onset and prevalence of AD involve heterogeneous etiology, either in terms of genetic predisposition, neurometabolomic malfunctioning, or lifestyle. The worldwide relevancies are estimated to be over 45 million people. The rapid increase in AD has led to a concomitant increase in the research work directed towards discovering a lucrative cure for AD. The neuropathology of AD comprises the deficiency in the availability of neurotransmitters and important neurotrophic factors in the brain, extracellular betaamyloid plaque depositions, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Current pharmaceutical interventions utilizing synthetic drugs have manifested resistance and toxicity problems. This has led to the quest for new pharmacotherapeutic candidates naturally prevalent in phytochemicals. This review aims to provide an elaborative description of promising Phyto component entities having activities against various potential AD targets. Therefore, naturopathy may combine with synthetic chemotherapeutics to longer the survival of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnob Chakrovorty
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Banani Bhattacharjee
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Aaruni Saxena
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University, Kashipur, 244713, India
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Mustafa I, Awad A, Fgaier H, Mansur A, Elkamel A. Compartmental modeling and analysis of the effect of β-amyloid on acetylcholine neurocycle via choline leakage hypothesis. Comput Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.107165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ravi SK, Narasingappa RB, Prasad M, Javagal MR, Vincent B. Cassia tora prevents Aβ 1-42 aggregation, inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity and protects against Aβ 1-42-induced cell death and oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma cells. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1151-1159. [PMID: 31655280 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's is a complex neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by extraneuronal accumulation of β-amyloid peptide. Because of its complex nature, multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) are increasingly being considered as promising anti-Alzheimer therapeutic agents. This study is aimed at determining the effects of Cassia tora ethyl acetate fraction on several Alzheimer-associated deleterious events in test tubes as well as in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cell lines. METHOD Ethyl acetate fraction of C. tora was purified by chromatography, characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, and tested for its ability to prevent Aβ 1-42 aggregation by thioflavin-T fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. We also analyzed the intracellular ROS level and cytotoxicity in SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cell lines. RESULTS The extract inhibits the formation of Aβ 1-42 aggregation from monomers and oligomers, as also acetylcholinesterase activity, Aβ 1-42 -induced cell death, and Aβ 1-42 -dependent intracellular ROS production in both SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cells. In-depth chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis of the extract revealed that the active molecules are most likely triglycerides of oleic acid (C18H34O2). CONCLUSION We demonstrate for the first time that Cassia tora fraction prevents Aβ 1-42 aggregation, inhibits acetylcholinesterase and alleviates Aβ 1-42 -induced oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma cells. We further suggest the possible use of triglycerides of oleic acid as efficient anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, A constituent College of University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh B Narasingappa
- Department of Biotechnology, A constituent College of University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mahadesh Prasad
- Department of Biochemstry, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Post Graduate Centre, Metagalli, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath R Javagal
- Department of Plantation Products, Spices and Flavour Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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Kalin TN, Kilic D, Arslan F, Colak O, Altundas A. Synthesis, molecular modeling studies, ADME prediction of arachidonic acid carbamate derivatives, and evaluation of their acetylcholinesterase activity. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:232-241. [PMID: 31758816 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of novel anandamide units containing carbamate were designed and synthesized. All the derivatives were evaluated in vitro for their inhibitory potential against the electric eel acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) and showed reversible inhibitions. The compounds 7a, 7d, 7e, and 7f are mixed inhibitors of AChE, while the compounds 7b, 7c, and 7g are uncompetitive (Ki in the range 0.93-8.86 μM). The kinetic studies revealed that compounds 7b, 7c, 7f, and 7g inhibit considerably AChE activity. Molecular docking analyses were made to evaluate the binding type and interactions of the synthesized compounds to the ligand-binding site of hAChE. It was observed that the docking results were in parallel with the in vitro results. The adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties were computed for the compounds, and were found within the acceptable range. This study suggests the compounds 7b, 7c, 7f, and 7g identified as novel reversible AChE inhibitors may be useful lead compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce N Kalin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deryanur Kilic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatma Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Colak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aliye Altundas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Awad A, Fgaier H, Mustafa I, Elkamel A, Elnashaie S. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation of the effect of medications on β-amyloid aggregates and cholinergic neurocycle. Comput Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Donepezil's Effects on Brain Functions of Patients With Alzheimer Disease: A Regional Homogeneity Study Based on Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Clin Neuropharmacol 2019; 42:42-48. [PMID: 30875345 PMCID: PMC6426347 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Donepezil is known to increase cholinergic synaptic transmission in Alzheimer disease (AD), although how it affects cortical brain activity and how it consequently affects brain functions need further clarification. To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of donepezil underlying its effect on brain function, regional homogeneity (ReHo) technology was used in this study. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study included 11 mild-to-moderate AD patients who completed 24 weeks of donepezil treatment and 11 matched healthy controls. All participants finished neuropsychological assessment and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning to compare whole-brain ReHo before and after donepezil treatment. RESULTS Significantly decreased Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale scores (P = 0.010) and increased Mini-Mental State Examination scores (P = 0.043) were observed in the AD patients. In addition, in the right gyrus rectus (P = 0.021), right precentral gyrus (P = 0.026), and left superior temporal gyrus (P = 0.043) of the AD patients, decreased ReHo was exhibited. CONCLUSION Donepezil-mediated improvement of cognitive function in AD patients is linked to spontaneous brain activities of the right gyrus rectus, right precentral gyrus, and left superior temporal gyrus, which could be used as potential biomarkers for monitoring the therapeutic effect of donepezil.
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Godoy-Reyes TM, Llopis-Lorente A, García-Fernández A, Gaviña P, Costero AM, Martínez-Máñez R, Sancenón F. Acetylcholine-responsive cargo release using acetylcholinesterase-capped nanomaterials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5785-5788. [PMID: 31041959 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped with acetylcholinesterase, through boronic ester linkages, selectively release an entrapped cargo in the presence of acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Godoy-Reyes
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Universitat de València, Spain
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Ravi SK, Ramesh BN, Mundugaru R, Vincent B. Multiple pharmacological activities of Caesalpinia crista against aluminium-induced neurodegeneration in rats: Relevance for Alzheimer's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:202-211. [PMID: 29408763 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and mainly affects cognitive function of the aged populations. Aluminium, a neurotoxic metal, has been suggested as a contributing factor of AD. Caesalpinia crista is a medicinal plant known for its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of methanolic extracts of C. crista (MECC) on aluminium-induced neurodegeneration in rats. Co-administration with MECC significantly and dose dependently ameliorated the aluminium-dependent cognitive impairment, AChE hyperactivity and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and in the frontal cortex of rat brain. Moreover, MECC reduced the neuronal injury induced by aluminium as shown by the diminution of neuron loss and pyknosis in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. From this study, it is inferred that MECC protect against aluminium-induced behavioral alterations, cognitive function, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in vivo. Therefore, this plant may serve as a source of natural products having multiple functions and could be utilized as an anti-AD preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, A Constituent College of University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Balenahalli Narasingappa Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, A Constituent College of University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Ravi Mundugaru
- Pharmacology Laboratory, SDM Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Kuthpady, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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Guo L, Tian J, Du H. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Synaptic Transmission Failure in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:1071-1086. [PMID: 27662318 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, in which multiple risk factors converge. Despite the complexity of the etiology of the disease, synaptic failure is the pathological basis of cognitive impairment, the cardinal sign of AD. Decreased synaptic density, compromised synaptic transmission, and defected synaptic plasticity are hallmark synaptic pathologies accompanying AD. However, the mechanisms by which synapses are injured in AD-related conditions have not been fully elucidated. Mitochondria are a critical organelle in neurons. The pivotal role of mitochondria in supporting synaptic function and the concomitant occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction with synaptic stress in postmortem AD brains as well as AD animal models seem to lend the credibility to the hypothesis that mitochondrial defects underlie synaptic failure in AD. This concept is further strengthened by the protective effect of mitochondrial medicine on synaptic function against the toxicity of amyloid-β, a key player in the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we focus on the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic transmission deficits in AD. Impaired mitochondrial energy production, deregulated mitochondrial calcium handling, excess mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and release play a crucial role in mediating synaptic transmission deregulation in AD. The understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in synaptic stress may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD through the protection of synaptic transmission by targeting to mitochondrial deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Valekar AH, Batule BS, Kim MI, Cho KH, Hong DY, Lee UH, Chang JS, Park HG, Hwang YK. Novel amine-functionalized iron trimesates with enhanced peroxidase-like activity and their applications for the fluorescent assay of choline and acetylcholine. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chethana KR, Senol FS, Orhan IE, Anilakumar KR, Keri RS. Cassia tora Linn.: A boon to Alzheimer's disease for its anti-amyloidogenic and cholinergic activities. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 33:43-52. [PMID: 28887919 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug discovery from natural products as alternatives for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a current trend. For which plant is an alternative for searching potential molecule for treating AD. Availability of Cassia tora as weed and abundance in nature makes it as potential source. Many plants group under Leguminosae family has potential medicinal property of which Cassia tora is an appropriate choice, to know potency against AD. Etiology of AD is described by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The Aβ42 has key major role in forming plaques by forming structures like protobirils, oligomers and final fibrilar like structures. Even at in vitro conditions, the peptides have a fibrilar like structure, which was exploited to preliminary screening of natural sources that may be effective in treating AD. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The design of the study was to unravel the potential medicinal property of Cassia tora for its antioxidant, cholinergic and aggregation inhibition activity. STUDY DESIGN We evidenced that the methanol (MeOH), n-hexane (n-hex), petroleum ether (PE) and aqueous (aq) extracts from the leaves of Cassia tora (C. tora) were investigated for their inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and anti-amyloidogenic assays. The antioxidant effect using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined using Folin-Ciocaltaeu's and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) reagents, respectively. RESULTS The methanol extract of C. tora exerted the highest inhibition against AChE (55.38 ± 2.28%) and BChE inhibition (50.02 ± 0.79%) at 100µg/ml concentration. The methanol extract was also found more active in the antioxidant test. The aggregation kinetics was monitored using thioflavin-T (ThT) assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. CONCLUSION The results showed that C. tora methanol extract is able to inhibit the Aβ42 aggregation from monomers and oligomers and also able to dis-aggregate the pre-formed fibrils. The study provides an insight on finding new natural products for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Chethana
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Fatma Sezer Senol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - K R Anilakumar
- Applied Nutrition Division, Defense Food Research Laboratory, Mysore 570011, India
| | - Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India.
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Llopis-Lorente A, Díez P, de la Torre C, Sánchez A, Sancenón F, Aznar E, Marcos MD, Martínez-Ruíz P, Martínez-Máñez R, Villalonga R. Enzyme-Controlled Nanodevice for Acetylcholine-Triggered Cargo Delivery Based on Janus Au-Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2017; 23:4276-4281. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universidat Politécnica de Valencia; Universitat de Valencia; Spain
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | - Paula Díez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Cristina de la Torre
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universidat Politécnica de Valencia; Universitat de Valencia; Spain
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | - Alfredo Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience Cantoblanco University City; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universidat Politécnica de Valencia; Universitat de Valencia; Spain
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | - Elena Aznar
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universidat Politécnica de Valencia; Universitat de Valencia; Spain
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | - María D. Marcos
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universidat Politécnica de Valencia; Universitat de Valencia; Spain
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | - Paloma Martínez-Ruíz
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universidat Politécnica de Valencia; Universitat de Valencia; Spain
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Spain
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience Cantoblanco University City; 28049 Madrid Spain
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Lloret‐Villas A, Varusai TM, Juty N, Laibe C, Le NovÈre N, Hermjakob H, Chelliah V. The Impact of Mathematical Modeling in Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Neurodegeneration: Evolving Dimensions and Future Directions. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2017; 6:73-86. [PMID: 28063254 PMCID: PMC5321808 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by the progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons. Here, we distil and discuss the current state of modeling in the area of neurodegeneration, and objectively compare the gaps between existing clinical knowledge and the mechanistic understanding of the major pathological processes implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We also discuss new directions in the field of neurodegeneration that hold potential for furthering therapeutic interventions and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lloret‐Villas
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), European Molecular Biology LaboratoryWellcome Trust Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUK
| | - TM Varusai
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), European Molecular Biology LaboratoryWellcome Trust Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUK
| | - N Juty
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), European Molecular Biology LaboratoryWellcome Trust Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUK
| | - C Laibe
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), European Molecular Biology LaboratoryWellcome Trust Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUK
| | - N Le NovÈre
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUK
| | - H Hermjakob
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), European Molecular Biology LaboratoryWellcome Trust Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUK
| | - V Chelliah
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI), European Molecular Biology LaboratoryWellcome Trust Genome Campus, HinxtonCambridgeUK
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β-Amyloid-acetylcholine molecular interaction: new role of cholinergic mediators in anti-Alzheimer therapy? Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1179-89. [PMID: 27402297 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For long time Alzheimer's disease has been attributed to a cholinergic deficit. More recently, it has been considered dependent on the accumulation of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), which promotes neuronal loss and impairs neuronal function. Results/methodology: In the present study, using biophysical and biochemical experiments we tested the hypothesis that in addition to its role as a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine may exert its action as an anti-Alzheimer agent through a direct interaction with Aβ. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that acetylcholine favors the soluble peptide conformation and exerts a neuroprotective effect against the neuroinflammatory and toxic effects of Aβ. The present paper paves the way toward the development of new polyfunctional anti-Alzheimer therapeutics capable of intervening on both the cholinergic transmission and the Aβ aggregation.
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Modeling the Interaction between β-Amyloid Aggregates and Choline Acetyltransferase Activity and Its Relation with Cholinergic Dysfunction through Two-Enzyme/Two-Compartment Model. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:923762. [PMID: 26413144 PMCID: PMC4568057 DOI: 10.1155/2015/923762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of β-amyloid aggregates on activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) which is responsible for synthesizing acetylcholine (ACh) in human brain is investigated through the two-enzyme/two-compartment (2E2C) model where the presynaptic neuron is considered as compartment 1 while both the synaptic cleft and the postsynaptic neuron are considered as compartment 2 through suggesting three different kinetic mechanisms for the inhibition effect. It is found that the incorporation of ChAT inhibition by β-amyloid aggregates into the 2E2C model is able to yield dynamic solutions for concentrations of generated β-amyloid, ACh, choline, acetate, and pH in addition to the rates of ACh synthesis and ACh hydrolysis in compartments 1 and 2. It is observed that ChAT activity needs a high concentration of β-amyloid aggregates production rate. It is found that ChAT activity is reduced significantly when neurons are exposed to high levels of β-amyloid aggregates leading to reduction in levels of ACh which is one of the most significant physiological symptoms of AD. Furthermore, the system of ACh neurocycle is dominated by the oscillatory behavior when ChAT enzyme is completely inhibited by β-amyloid. It is observed that the direct inactivation of ChAT by β-amyloid aggregates may be a probable mechanism contributing to the development of AD.
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Amyloidosis in Alzheimer's Disease: The Toxicity of Amyloid Beta (A β ), Mechanisms of Its Accumulation and Implications of Medicinal Plants for Therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:413808. [PMID: 23762130 PMCID: PMC3671299 DOI: 10.1155/2013/413808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to memory deficits and death. While the number of individuals with AD is rising each year due to the longer life expectancy worldwide, current therapy can only somewhat relieve the symptoms of AD. There is no proven medication to cure or prevent the disease, possibly due to a lack of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis. Most previous studies have accepted the “amyloid hypothesis,” in which the neuropathogenesis of AD is believed to be triggered by the accumulation of the toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the central nervous system (CNS). Lately, knowledge that may be critical to unraveling the hidden pathogenic pathway of AD has been revealed. This review concentrates on the toxicity of Aβ and the mechanism of accumulation of this toxic protein in the brain of individuals with AD and also summarizes recent advances in the study of these accumulation mechanisms together with the role of herbal medicines that could facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Wen L, Sun Z, Han C, Imene B, Tian D, Li H, Jiang L. Fabrication of Layer-by-Layer Assembled Biomimetic Nanochannels for Highly Sensitive Acetylcholine Sensing. Chemistry 2013; 19:7686-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nehru B, Bhalla P. Aluminium-induced imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant determinants in brain regions of female rats: protection by centrophenoxine. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 16:21-5. [PMID: 20021037 DOI: 10.1080/15376520500195541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the potential of centrophenoxine in modulating aluminium-induced neurotoxicity. Female Sprague Dawley rats were administered aluminium chloride orally (40 mg/kg b.w./day) for a period of 8 weeks. At the end of respective treatment, various markers of oxidative stress were determined in four different regions of brain: cerebrum cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and hypothalamus. Lipid peroxidation assay was also carried out using standard techniques. Simultaneously, the centrophenoxine group (100 mg/kg b.w./day) for 6 weeks was also run long to understand the role in ameliorating oxidative damage. A significant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase was noticed in all the four regions, the most significant being in the hypothalamus (0.603 +/- .06) and cerebrum (0.038 +/- .01). Due to aluminium toxicity, peroxidation of lipids was also found to be elevated in cerebrum (0.424 +/- .03), cerebellum (0.341 +/- .03), hypothalamus (1.018 +/- .007), and medulla oblongata (0.304 +/- .05). However, posttreatment with centrophenoxine significantly elevated the superoxide and catalase activities in different regions. In addition, lipid peroxidation status of membranes was significantly reduced after centrophenoxine posttreatment to aluminium-exposed animals. Centrophenoxine has proved to be beneficial in combating the damage caused by aluminium toxicity. However, further research is needed to have a better understanding of the molecular basis of aluminium-induced oxidative damage. In addition, the different aspects of centrophenoxine need to be unmasked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimla Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, ChandigarhIndia
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Mustafa I, Elkamel A, Chen P, Ibrahim G, Elnashaie S. Effect of cholineacetyltransferase activity and choline recycle ratio on diffusion-reaction modeling, bifurcation and chaotic behavior of acetylcholine neurocycle and their relation to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Fast sample preparation and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for assaying cell lysate acetylcholine. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Ma JY, Choo YK, Lee SH, Jeong HY, Keum KS, Choi BK, Jung KY. Seungnoidan increases cerebrocortical ATP and acetylcholine contents in ovariectomized rats. Phytother Res 2004; 17:1025-31. [PMID: 14595581 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Seungnoidan (SND), which has been widely used as a remedy for cerebroneuronal diseases in Korean folk medicine, on the cerebrocortical adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and acetylcholine (ACh) contents in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and maintained for 12 weeks to deplete ovarian steroid hormones, followed by oral administration of SND at 500 mg/kg/day for 14 weeks. SND markedly attenuated the high rate of body weight increase in OVX rats, and also reduced the decline of cerebral weight caused by ovariectomy (p < 0.05). Superfusion of SND at 50 mg/kg significantly increased the rate of cerebral blood fl ow, but did not change the mean arterial blood pressure. Deprivation of ovarian steroid hormones significantly decreased the cerebral ATP, choline and ACh contents, and these reductions were reduced by treatment of OVX rats with SND (p < 0.01). Additionally, SND also significantly elevated the cerebral choline acetyltransferase activities reduced by OVX (p < 0.01). Taken together, these results suggest that the pharmacological properties of SND may be implicated in the improvement of metabolic pathways of cerebral energy and cholinergic neurotransmitter function induced by deprivation of ovarian steroid hormones, and SND may be a promising herbal remedy for treatment of cerebral dysfunctions including dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Ma
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Seoul 135-765, Korea
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23
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Weber W, Fussenegger M. Artificial mammalian gene regulation networks-novel approaches for gene therapy and bioengineering. J Biotechnol 2002; 98:161-87. [PMID: 12141985 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed strategies for targeted molecular interventions in mammalian cells have created novel opportunities in biotechnological and biomedical research with huge economic and therapeutic impact: the design of mammalian cells with desired phenotypes for biopharmaceutical manufacturing, tissue engineering and gene therapy. These advances have been enabled by constructing artificial gene regulation systems with control modalities similar to those evolved in key regulatory networks of mammalian cells. This review highlights recurring cellular regulation strategies and artificial gene regulation technology currently in use for rational reprogramming of cellular key events including metabolism, growth, differentiation and cell death to achieve sophisticated bioprocess and therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Weber
- Institute of Biotechnology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich ETH Hoenggerberg, HPT, Switzerland
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Parnetti L, Amenta F, Gallai V. Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:2041-55. [PMID: 11589921 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper has reviewed the documentation on the clinical efficacy of choline alphoscerate, a cholinergic precursor, considered as a centrally acting parasympathomimetic drug in dementia disorders and in acute cerebrovascular disease. Thirteen published clinical trials, examining in total 4054 patients, have evaluated the use of choline alphoscerate in various forms of dementia disorders of degenerative, vascular or combined origin, such as senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) or vascular dementia (VaD) and in acute cerebrovascular diseases, such as transitory ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke. Analysis has assessed the design of each study, in particular with respect to experimental design, number of cases, duration of treatment and tests used to evaluate drug clinical efficacy. Most of the ten studies performed in dementia disorders were controlled trials versus a reference drug or placebo. Overall, 1570 patients were assessed in these studies, 854 of which in controlled trials. As detected by validated and appropriate tests, such as Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) in SDAT and Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric (SCAG) in VaD, administration of choline alphoscerate significantly improved patient clinical condition. Clinical results obtained with choline alphoscerate were superior or equivalent to those observed in control groups under active treatment and superior to the results observed in placebo groups. Analysis stresses the clear internal consistency of clinical data gathered by different experimental situations on the drug effect, especially with regard to the cognitive symptoms (memory, attention) characterising the clinical picture of adult-onset dementia disorders. The therapeutic usefulness of choline alphoscerate in relieving cognitive symptoms of chronic cerebral deterioration differentiates this drug from cholinergic precursors used in the past, such as choline and lecithin. Three uncontrolled trials were performed with choline alphoscerate in acute cerebrovascular stroke and TIA, totalling 2484 patients. The results of these trials suggest that this drug might favour functional recovery of patients with cerebral stroke and should be confirmed in future investigations aimed at establish the efficacy of the drug in achieving functional recovery of patients with acute cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Parnetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Perugia, Via E Dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy. parnetti.unipg.it
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Ma JY, Lee MY, Kim HM, Choo YK, Choi BK, Jung KY. Shibimijihwang-tang elevates intracellular ATP and choline content in the cerebral cortex of ovariectomized rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 72:77-85. [PMID: 10967457 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Shibimijihwang-tang (SJT) has been used traditionally to improve systemic blood circulation and biological energy production in patients with circulatory and neuronal diseases. The object of this study is to determine the effect of SJT extract on the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and choline content in the cerebral cortex of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Bilateral ovaries of 8-week-old rats were removed. Rats were maintained for 12 weeks to deplete ovarian steroid hormones, followed by treatment with SJT at 500 mg/kg body weight per day for 12 weeks. High rate of body weight increase in the OVX rats was markedly reduced by treatment with SJT, but the change in body weight of normal rats was not affected by it. SJT also significantly reduced the decline of cerebral weight in the OVX rats (P<0.05). Tissue glucose content in the cerebral cortex of OVX rats was significantly increased by SJT treatment (P<0.05). A decline in cerebral ATP content in OVX rats was dramatically restored by SJT administration (P<0.01), but SJT did not change the cerebral ATP content in normal rats. Cerebral choline content also declined following ovariectomy. This reduction was significantly elevated by SJT treatment (P<0.05), but SJT did not affect the change in cerebral choline in normal rats. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SJT can reduce the decrease in brain weight, cerebral ATP and choline content caused by deprivation of ovarian steroid hormones. This suggests that pharmacological properties of SJT may play a role in improvement of reduced cerebral energy production and cholinergic neurotransmitter synthesis caused by deficiency of ovarian steroid hormones in the cerebroneuronal cells of postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Ma
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Ehrenstein G, Galdzicki Z, Lange GD. A positive-feedback model for the loss of acetylcholine in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 899:283-91. [PMID: 10863547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a two-component positive-feedback system that could account for the large reduction of acetylcholine that is characteristic of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). One component is beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis of cholinergic cells, leading to a decrease in acetylcholine. The other component is an increase in the concentration of beta-amyloid in response to a decrease in acetylcholine. We describe each mechanism with a differential equation, and then solve the two equations numerically. The solution provides a description of the time course of the reduction of acetylcholine in AD patients that is consistent with epidemiological data. This model may also provide an explanation for the significant, but lesser, decrease of other neurotransmitters that is characteristic of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ehrenstein
- Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Moore CM, Frederick BB, Renshaw PF. Brain biochemistry using magnetic resonance spectroscopy: relevance to psychiatric illness in the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 12:107-17. [PMID: 10593699 DOI: 10.1177/089198879901200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows for the noninvasive study of cerebral biochemistry. It has been used to investigate cerebral metabolic changes associated with mental illness in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we will discuss the application of MRS to psychiatric illness in the elderly. Following a brief description of the basic principles of MRS, the use of phosphorus (31P) and proton (1H) MRS to enable a better understanding of normal brain aging, dementia (Alzheimer's disease, multiple subcortical infarct dementia, Down syndrome, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, age-associated memory impairment, and other dementias), major depression, and electroconvulsive therapy is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Moore
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
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Ma JY, Yang JM, Joo HJ, Lee MY, Park JH, Jung KY. Improvement of cerebral ATP and choline deficiencies by Shao-Yin-Ren Shi-Quang-Da-Bu-Tang in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 67:297-305. [PMID: 10617064 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Shao-Yin-Ren Shi-Quang-Da-Bu-Tang (SDT) has been used traditionally to improve the systemic blood circulation and biological energy production in the body. The object of this study is to determine the effect of SDT extract on the decline of cerebral adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and choline content associated with learning and memory impairments in senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 (SAM P8). Twenty-four-week old mice were orally treated with SDT at 400 mg/kg body weight per day, and continued for 12 consecutive weeks. At the termination of the treatment, the body weight of SAM P8 was markedly lower than that of the equal aged senescence-resistant prone 1 (SAM R1), but this was conspicuously recovered to the level of SAM R1 by SDT treatment. SDT also significantly reduced the decline of cerebral weight (P < 0.05). By comparison with normal mice, a spontaneous decrease of cerebral ATP was observed in the SAM P8. Two- and 6-fold increases of cerebral ATP content were found in SAM R1 and SAM P8 by SDT administration, respectively. The cerebral choline content was significantly different between SAM R1 and SAM P8 aged 36-week old (P < 0.01). SDT remarkably restored the decrease of cerebral choline content in SAM P8 (P < 0.01). Taken together, these results demonstrate that SDT can reduce the decrease of cerebral weight, and restore the decline of cerebral ATP and choline content associated with an alteration of neuronal metabolism in SAM P8 brain. This suggests that pharmacological properties of SDT may participate in improvement of declined cerebral energy production and cholinergic neurotransmitter synthesis in senile dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Ma
- Department of Herbal Medicine, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Forgon M, Farkas Z, Pákáski M, Zarándi M, Penke B. Aged synthetic human amyloid β-peptide 1-42 and related fragments induce direct acetylcholine release from rat basal forebrain tissue slices. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03542978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Allen DD, Galdzicki Z, Brining SK, Fukuyama R, Rapoport SI, Smith QR. Beta-amyloid induced increase in choline flux across PC12 cell membranes. Neurosci Lett 1997; 234:71-3. [PMID: 9347949 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid peptide is the main constituent of senile plaques and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. It has been shown to be both neurotoxic and neurotrophic in vivo, and its effects have been suggested to be mediated in part by alterations in membrane transport. In the present study, we investigated the effect of beta-amyloid (1-40) on choline transport in cultured PC12 cells. We found that exposure to 46 or 92 microM beta-amyloid (1-40) increased [14C]choline flux in PC12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas exposure to reverse sequence beta-amyloid (40-1) had no effect. If there is a similar effect in vivo, the increased beta-amyloid dependent permeability to choline could lead to depletion of cellular choline stores and could contribute to the selective vulnerability of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Allen
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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