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Anastasiadi AT, Arvaniti VZ, Hudson KE, Kriebardis AG, Stathopoulos C, D’Alessandro A, Spitalnik SL, Tzounakas VL. Exploring unconventional attributes of red blood cells and their potential applications in biomedicine. Protein Cell 2024; 15:315-330. [PMID: 38270470 PMCID: PMC11074998 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alkmini T Anastasiadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki-Zoi Arvaniti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anastasios G Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), 12243 Egaleo, Greece
| | | | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Steven L Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vassilis L Tzounakas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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2
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Gironella-Torrent M, Bergamaschi G, Sorkin R, Wuite GJL, Ritort F. Viscoelastic phenotyping of red blood cells. Biophys J 2024; 123:770-781. [PMID: 38268191 PMCID: PMC10995428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are the simplest cell types with complex dynamical and viscoelastic phenomenology. While the mechanical rigidity and the flickering noise of RBCs have been extensively investigated, an accurate determination of the constitutive equations of the relaxational kinetics is lacking. Here we measure the force relaxation of RBCs under different types of tensional and compressive extension-jump protocols by attaching an optically trapped bead to the RBC membrane. Relaxational kinetics follows linear response from 60 pN (tensional) to -20 pN (compressive) applied forces, exhibiting a triple exponential function with three well-separated timescales over four decades (0.01-100 s). While the fast timescale (τF∼0.02(1)s) corresponds to the relaxation of the membrane, the intermediate and slow timescales (τI=4(1)s; τS=70(8)s) likely arise from the cortex dynamics and the cytosol viscosity. Relaxation is highly heterogeneous across the RBC population, yet the three relaxation times are correlated, showing dynamical scaling. Finally, we find that glucose depletion and laser illumination of RBCs lead to faster triple exponential kinetics and RBC rigidification. Viscoelastic phenotyping is a promising dynamical biomarker applicable to other cell types and active systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gironella-Torrent
- Small Biosystems Lab, Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Giulia Bergamaschi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raya Sorkin
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gijs J L Wuite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Ritort
- Small Biosystems Lab, Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Wang H, Obeidy P, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Su QP, Cox CD, Ju LA. Fluorescence-coupled micropipette aspiration assay to examine calcium mobilization caused by red blood cell mechanosensing. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2022; 51:135-146. [PMID: 35286429 PMCID: PMC8964638 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli such as tension, compression, and shear stress play critical roles in the physiological functions of red blood cells (RBCs) and their homeostasis, ATP release, and rheological properties. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) mobilization reflects RBC mechanosensing as they transverse the complex vasculature. Emerging studies have demonstrated the presence of mechanosensitive Ca2+ permeable ion channels and their function has been implicated in the regulation of RBC volume and deformability. However, how these mechanoreceptors trigger Ca2+ influx and subsequent cellular responses are still unclear. Here, we introduce a fluorescence-coupled micropipette aspiration assay to examine RBC mechanosensing at the single-cell level. To achieve a wide range of cell aspirations, we implemented and compared two negative pressure adjusting apparatuses: a homemade water manometer (- 2.94 to 0 mmH2O) and a pneumatic high-speed pressure clamp (- 25 to 0 mmHg). To visualize Ca2+ influx, RBCs were pre-loaded with an intensiometric probe Cal-520 AM, then imaged under a confocal microscope with concurrent bright-field and fluorescent imaging at acquisition rates of 10 frames per second. Remarkably, we observed the related changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels immediately after aspirating individual RBCs in a pressure-dependent manner. The RBC aspirated by the water manometer only displayed 1.1-fold increase in fluorescence intensity, whereas the RBC aspirated by the pneumatic clamp showed up to threefold increase. These results demonstrated the water manometer as a gentle tool for cell manipulation with minimal pre-activation, while the high-speed pneumatic clamp as a much stronger pressure actuator to examine cell mechanosensing directly. Together, this multimodal platform enables us to precisely control aspiration and membrane tension, and subsequently correlate this with intracellular calcium concentration dynamics in a robust and reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Peyman Obeidy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Zihao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia.,School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Yunduo Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia.,Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia.,Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Qian Peter Su
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
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4
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Erythrocyte morphological symmetry analysis to detect sublethal trauma in shear flow. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23566. [PMID: 34876652 PMCID: PMC8651737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscoelastic properties of red blood cells (RBC) facilitate flexible shape change in response to extrinsic forces. Their viscoelasticity is intrinsically linked to physical properties of the cytosol, cytoskeleton, and membrane-all of which are highly sensitive to supraphysiological shear exposure. Given the need to minimise blood trauma within artificial organs, we observed RBC in supraphysiological shear through direct visualisation to gain understanding of processes leading to blood damage. Using a custom-built counter-rotating shear generator fit to a microscope, healthy red blood cells (RBC) were directly visualised during exposure to different levels of shear (10-60 Pa). To investigate RBC morphology in shear flow, we developed an image analysis method to quantify (a)symmetry of deforming ellipsoidal cells-following RBC identification and centroid detection, cell radius was determined for each angle around the circumference of the cell, and the resultant bimodal distribution (and thus RBC) was symmetrically compared. While traditional indices of RBC deformability (elongation index) remained unaltered in all shear conditions, following ~100 s of exposure to 60 Pa, the frequency of asymmetrical ellipses and RBC fragments/extracellular vesicles significantly increased. These findings indicate RBC structure is sensitive to shear history, where asymmetrical morphology may indicate sublethal blood damage in real-time shear flow.
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Fleury JB, Baulin VA. Microplastics destabilize lipid membranes by mechanical stretching. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104610118. [PMID: 34326264 PMCID: PMC8346836 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104610118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimated millions of tons of plastic are dumped annually into oceans. Plastic has been produced only for 70 y, but the exponential rise of mass production leads to its widespread proliferation in all environments. As a consequence of their large abundance globally, microplastics are also found in many living organisms including humans. While the health impact of digested microplastics on living organisms is debatable, we reveal a physical mechanism of mechanical stretching of model cell lipid membranes induced by adsorbed micrometer-sized microplastic particles most commonly found in oceans. Combining experimental and theoretical approaches, we demonstrate that microplastic particles adsorbed on lipid membranes considerably increase membrane tension even at low particle concentrations. Each particle adsorbed at the membrane consumes surface area that is proportional to the contact area between particle and the membrane. Although lipid membranes are liquid and able to accommodate mechanical stress, the relaxation time is much slower than the rate of adsorption; thus, the cumulative effect from arriving microplastic particles to the membrane leads to the global reduction of the membrane area and increase of membrane tension. This, in turn, leads to a strong reduction of membrane lifetime. The effect of mechanical stretching of microplastics on living cells membranes was demonstrated by using the aspiration micropipette technique on red blood cells. The described mechanical stretching mechanism on lipid bilayers may provide better understanding of the impact of microplastic particles in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Fleury
- Experimental Physics, Universitat des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany;
- Center for Biophysics, Universitat des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Baulin
- Departament Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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6
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Melzak KA, Spouge JL, Boecker C, Kirschhöfer F, Brenner-Weiss G, Bieback K. Hemolysis Pathways during Storage of Erythrocytes and Inter-Donor Variability in Erythrocyte Morphology. Transfus Med Hemother 2021; 48:39-47. [PMID: 33708051 DOI: 10.1159/000508711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Red blood cells (RBCs) stored for transfusions can lyse over the course of the storage period. The lysis is traditionally assumed to occur via the formation of spiculated echinocyte forms, so that cells that appear smoother are assumed to have better storage quality. We investigate this hypothesis by comparing the morphological distribution to the hemolysis for samples from different donors. Methods Red cell concentrates were obtained from a regional blood bank quality control laboratory. Out of 636 units processed by the laboratory, we obtained 26 high hemolysis units and 24 low hemolysis units for assessment of RBC morphology. The association between the morphology and the hemolysis was tested with the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test. Results Samples with high stomatocyte counts (p = 0.0012) were associated with increased hemolysis, implying that cells can lyse via the formation of stomatocytes. Conclusion RBCs can lyse without significant echinocyte formation. Lower degrees of spiculation are not a good indicator of low hemolysis when RBCs from different donors are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Melzak
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - John L Spouge
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health USA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clemens Boecker
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiss
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Flowcore Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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7
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McNamee AP, Fitzpatrick T, Tansley GD, Simmonds MJ. Sublethal Supraphysiological Shear Stress Alters Erythrocyte Dynamics in Subsequent Low-Shear Flows. Biophys J 2020; 119:2179-2189. [PMID: 33130119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood is a non-Newtonian, shear-thinning fluid owing to the physical properties and behaviors of red blood cells (RBCs). Under increased shear flow, pre-existing clusters of cells disaggregate, orientate with flow, and deform. These essential processes enhance fluidity of blood, although accumulating evidence suggests that sublethal blood trauma-induced by supraphysiological shear exposure-paradoxically increases the deformability of RBCs when examined under low-shear conditions, despite obvious decrement of cellular deformation at moderate-to-higher shear stresses. Some propose that rather than actual enhancement of cell mechanics, these observations are "pseudoimprovements" and possibly reflect altered flow and/or cell orientation, leading to methodological artifacts, although direct evidence is lacking. This study thus sought to explore RBC mechanical responses in shear flow using purpose-built laser diffractometry in tandem with direct optical visualization to address this problem. Freshly collected RBCs were exposed to a mechanical stimulus known to drastically alter cell deformability (i.e., prior shear exposure (PSE) to 100 Pa × 300 s). Samples were subsequently transferred to a custom-built slit-flow chamber that combined laser diffractometry with direct cell visualization. Cell suspensions were sheared in a stepwise manner (between 0.3 and 5.0 Pa), with each step being maintained for 15 s. Deformability and cell orientation indices were recorded for small-scatter Fraunhofer diffraction patterns and also visualized RBCs. PSE RBCs had significantly decreased visualized and laser-derived deformability at any given shear stress ≥1 Pa. Novel, to our knowledge, observations demonstrated that PSE RBCs had increased heterogeneity of direct visualized orientation with flow vector at any shear, which may be due to greater vorticity and thus instability in 5-Pa flow compared with unsheared control. These findings indicate that shear exposure and stress-strain history can alter subsequent RBC behavior in physiologically relevant low-shear flows. These findings may yield insight into microvascular disorders in recipients of mechanical circulatory support and individuals with hematological diseases that alter physical properties of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony P McNamee
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Tom Fitzpatrick
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoff D Tansley
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Simmonds
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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8
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McNamee AP, Tansley GD, Simmonds MJ. Sublethal mechanical shear stress increases the elastic shear modulus of red blood cells but does not change capillary transit velocity. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12652. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony P. McNamee
- Biorheology Research Laboratory Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - Geoff D. Tansley
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - Michael J. Simmonds
- Biorheology Research Laboratory Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
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9
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Kelley M, Cooper J, Devito D, Mushi R, Aguinaga MDP, Erenso DB. Laser trap ionization for identification of human erythrocytes with variable hemoglobin quantitation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-10. [PMID: 29851330 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.5.055005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An approach to an established technique that is potentially applicable for a more comprehensive understanding of the electrical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) is presented. Using a high-intensity gradient laser trap, RBCs can be singly trapped and consequentially ionized. The subsequent dynamics of the ionized cell allows one to calculate the charge developed and the ionization energy (IE) through a Newtonian-based analysis. RBCs with two different hemoglobin (Hb) types were ionized. The first sample was identified as carrying Hb HbAA (normal Hb) and the second one was identified as carrying HbAC (HbC trait). By analyzing the charge developed on each cell and several other related factors, we were able to discern a difference between the main Hb types contained within the individual RBC, independent of cell size. A relationship between the charge developed and the IE of the cell was also established based on the electrical properties of RBCs. Thus, we present this laser trapping technique as a study of the electrical properties of RBCs and as possible biomedical tool to be used for the differentiation of Hb types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Kelley
- Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States
| | - James Cooper
- Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States
| | - Daniel Devito
- Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States
| | - Robert Mushi
- Meharry Medical College, Meharry Sickle Cell Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, Ten, United States
| | - Maria Del Pilar Aguinaga
- Meharry Medical College, Meharry Sickle Cell Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, Ten, United States
- Meharry Medical College, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Daniel B Erenso
- Middle Tennessee State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States
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10
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Smith WJ, Tran H, Griffin JI, Jones J, Vu VP, Nilewski L, Gianneschi N, Simberg D. Lipophilic indocarbocyanine conjugates for efficient incorporation of enzymes, antibodies and small molecules into biological membranes. Biomaterials 2018; 161:57-68. [PMID: 29421563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Decoration of cell membranes with biomolecules, targeting ligands and imaging agents is an emerging strategy to improve functionality of cell-based therapies. Compared to covalent chemistry or genetic expression on the cell surface, lipid painting (i.e., incorporation of lipid-conjugated molecules into the cell bilayer) is a fast, non-damaging and less expensive approach. Previous studies demonstrated excellent incorporation and retention of distearyl indocarbocyanine dye DiI in membranes of cells in vitro and in vivo. In order to exploit the membrane stability of DiI, we synthesized an amino-DiI derivative, to which we subsequently conjugated an antibody (cetuximab), an enzyme (superoxide dismutase), and a small molecule (DyLight 800). Red blood cells have long been used as drug delivery vehicles so they were utilized as a model to study the incorporation of DiI conjugates in the plasma membrane. All the DiI constructs demonstrated fast and efficient ex vivo incorporation in the membrane of mouse RBCs, resulting in millions of exogenous molecules per RBC. Following an intravenous injection into mice, the molecules were detected on circulating RBCs for several days. DiI anchored molecules showed longer residence time in blood and significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) compared to free non-conjugated molecules. Thus, cetuximab, SOD and DyLight painted on RBC showed 5.5-fold, 6.5-fold and 78-fold increase in the AUC, respectively, compared to the non-modified molecules. Lipophilic indocarbocyanine anchors are a promising technology for incorporation of biomolecules and small molecules into biological membranes for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston J Smith
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA; Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Huy Tran
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Undergraduate Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - James I Griffin
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Jessica Jones
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Vivian P Vu
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Lizanne Nilewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Nathan Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA; Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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11
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Qiang Y, Liu J, Du E. Dynamic fatigue measurement of human erythrocytes using dielectrophoresis. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:352-362. [PMID: 28526627 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes must undergo severe deformation to pass through narrow capillaries and submicronic splenic slits for several hundred thousand times in their normal lifespan. Studies of erythrocyte biomechanics have been mainly focused on cell deformability and rheology measured from a single application of stress and mostly under a static or quasi-static state using classical biomechanical techniques, such as optical tweezers and micropipette aspiration. Dynamic behavior of erythrocytes in response to cyclic stresses that contributes to the membrane failure in blood circulation is not fully understood. This paper presents a new experimental method for dynamic fatigue analysis of erythrocytes, using amplitude modulated electrokinetic force field in a microfluidic platform. We demonstrate the capability of this new technique using a low cycle fatigue analysis of normal human erythrocytes and ATP-depleted erythrocytes. Cyclic tensile stresses are generated to induce repeated uniaxial stretching and extensional recovery of single erythrocytes. Results of morphological and biomechanical parameters of individually tracked erythrocytes show strong correlations with the number of the loading cycles. Under a same strength of electric field, after 180 stress cycles, for normal erythrocytes, maximum stretch ratio decreases from 3.80 to 2.86, characteristic time of cellular extensional recovery increases from 0.16s to 0.37s, membrane shear viscosity increases from 1.0(µN/m)s to 1.6(µN/m)s. Membrane deformation in a small number of erythrocytes becomes irreversible after large deformation for about 200 cyclic loads. ATP-depleted cells show similar trends in decreased deformation and increased characteristic time with the loading cycles. These results show proof of concept of the new microfluidics technique for dynamic fatigue analysis of human erythrocytes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Red blood cells (RBCs) experience a tremendous number of deformation in blood circulation before losing their mechanical deformability and eventually being degraded in the reticuloendothelial system. Prior efforts in RBC biomechanics have mostly focused on a single-application of stress, or quasi-static loading through physical contact to deform cell membranes, thus with limited capabilities in probing cellular dynamic responses to cyclic stresses. We present a unique electrokinetic microfluidic system for the study of dynamic fatigue behavior of RBCs subjected to cyclic loads. Our work shows quantitatively how the cyclic stretching loads cause membrane mechanical degradation and irreversibly deformed cells. This new technique can be useful to identify biomechanical markers for prediction of the mechanical stability and residual lifespan of circulating RBCs.
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13
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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Borisova E, Abakumov M, Gorin D, Avramov L, Fedosov I, Namykin A, Abdurashitov A, Serov A, Pavlov A, Zinchenko E, Lychagov V, Navolokin N, Shirokov A, Maslyakova G, Zhu D, Luo Q, Chekhonin V, Tuchin V, Kurths J. The Stress and Vascular Catastrophes in Newborn Rats: Mechanisms Preceding and Accompanying the Brain Hemorrhages. Front Physiol 2016; 7:210. [PMID: 27378933 PMCID: PMC4906045 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the time-depended scenario of stress response cascade preceding and accompanying brain hemorrhages in newborn rats using an interdisciplinary approach based on: a morphological analysis of brain tissues, coherent-domain optical technologies for visualization of the cerebral blood flow, monitoring of the cerebral oxygenation and the deformability of red blood cells (RBCs). Using a model of stress-induced brain hemorrhages (sound stress, 120 dB, 370 Hz), we studied changes in neonatal brain 2, 4, 6, 8 h after stress (the pre-hemorrhage, latent period) and 24 h after stress (the post-hemorrhage period). We found that latent period of brain hemorrhages is accompanied by gradual pathological changes in systemic, metabolic, and cellular levels of stress. The incidence of brain hemorrhages is characterized by a progression of these changes and the irreversible cell death in the brain areas involved in higher mental functions. These processes are realized via a time-depended reduction of cerebral venous blood flow and oxygenation that was accompanied by an increase in RBCs deformability. The significant depletion of the molecular layer of the prefrontal cortex and the pyramidal neurons, which are crucial for associative learning and attention, is developed as a consequence of homeostasis imbalance. Thus, stress-induced processes preceding and accompanying brain hemorrhages in neonatal period contribute to serious injuries of the brain blood circulation, cerebral metabolic activity and structural elements of cognitive function. These results are an informative platform for further studies of mechanisms underlying stress-induced brain hemorrhages during the first days of life that will improve the future generation's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Physiology of Human and Animals, Saratov State UniversitySaratov, Russia; Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Ekaterina Borisova
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maxim Abakumov
- Medico-Biological Department, Russian National Research Medical University Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Gorin
- Department of Nanotechnology, Saratov State University Saratov, Russia
| | - Latchezar Avramov
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Fedosov
- Department of Physics, Saratov State University Saratov, Russia
| | - Anton Namykin
- Department of Physics, Saratov State University Saratov, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Serov
- Department of Physiology of Human and Animals, Saratov State University Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexey Pavlov
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Saratov State Technical University Saratov, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zinchenko
- Department of Physiology of Human and Animals, Saratov State University Saratov, Russia
| | - Vlad Lychagov
- Department of Physics, Saratov State University Saratov, Russia
| | - Nikita Navolokin
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Saratov State Medical University Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexander Shirokov
- Saratov Research Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS) Saratov, Russia
| | - Galina Maslyakova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Saratov State Medical University Saratov, Russia
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Medico-Biological Department, Russian National Research Medical University Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery Tuchin
- Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Department of Physics, Saratov State UniversitySaratov, Russia; Laboratory of Biophotonics, Science Department, Tomsk State UniversityTomsk, Russia
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Department of Physics, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany; Research Domain Transdisciplinary Concepts and Methods, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchPotsdam, Germany
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14
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Urbina A, Godoy-Silva R, Hoyos M, Camacho M. Acute hydrodynamic damage induced by SPLITT fractionation and centrifugation in red blood cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Chen JZY. Structure of a micropipette-aspirated vesicle determined from the bending-energy model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:041904. [PMID: 23214612 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.041904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the system consisting of an aspirating pipette and an aspirated vesicle is investigated with fixed total vesicle volume, total vesicle surface area, and aspirated volume fraction, based on the bending-energy model. Through an energetic consideration, the usage of an aspirated volume fraction can be converted to the aspirating pressure for the determination of a phase diagram; the procedure identifies a first-order transition, between a weakly aspirated state and the strongly aspirated state, as the pressure increases. The physical properties of the system are obtained from minimization of the bending energy by an implementation of the simulated annealing Monte Carlo procedure, which searches for a minimum in a multivariable space. An analysis of the hysteresis effects indicates that the experimentally observed aspirating and releasing critical pressures are related to the location of the spinodal points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Z Y Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
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16
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Jin H, Xing X, Zhao H, Chen Y, Huang X, Ma S, Ye H, Cai J. Detection of erythrocytes influenced by aging and type 2 diabetes using atomic force microscope. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1698-702. [PMID: 20040363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological changes of erythrocytes are detected at the molecular scale, which is important to reveal the onset of diseases. Type 2 diabetes is an age-related metabolic disorder with high prevalence in elderly (or old) people. Up to now, there are no treatments to cure diabetes. Therefore, early detection and the ability to monitor the progression of type 2 diabetes are very important for developing effective therapies. Type 2 diabetes is associated with high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. These abnormalities may disturb the architecture and functions of erythrocytes at molecular scale. In this study, the aging- and diabetes-induced changes in morphological and biomechanical properties of erythrocytes are clearly characterized at nanometer scale using atomic force microscope (AFM). The structural information and mechanical properties of the cell surface membranes of erythrocytes are very important indicators for determining the healthy, diseased or aging status. So, AFM may potentially be developed into a powerful tool in diagnosing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jin
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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17
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Fernandes JC, Eaton P, Nascimento H, Belo L, Rocha S, Vitorino R, Amado F, Gomes J, Santos-Silva A, Pintado ME, Malcata FX. Effects of Chitooligosaccharides on Human Red Blood Cell Morphology and Membrane Protein Structure. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3346-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800622f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João C. Fernandes
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Peter Eaton
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Henrique Nascimento
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Luís Belo
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Susana Rocha
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Francisco Amado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Joana Gomes
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - Manuela E. Pintado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
| | - F. Xavier Malcata
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal, Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal,
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18
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Abstract
The flow-induced mechanical deformation of a human red blood cell (RBC) during thermal transition between room temperature and 42.0 degrees C is interrogated by laser tweezer experiments. Based on the experimental geometry of the deformed RBC, the surface stresses are determined with the aid of computational fluid dynamics simulation. It is found that the RBC is more deformable while heating through 37.0 degrees C to 42.0 degrees C, especially at a higher flow velocity due to a thermal-fluid effect. More importantly, the degree of RBC deformation is irreversible and becomes softer, and finally reaches a plateau (at a uniform flow velocity U > 60 microm s(-1)) after the heat treatment, which is similar to a strain-hardening dominated process. In addition, computational simulated stress is found to be dependent on the progression of thermotropic phase transition. Overall, the current study provides new insights into the highly coupled temperature and hydrodynamic effects on the biomechanical properties of human erythrocyte in a model hydrodynamic flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jinn Foo
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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19
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Peeters EAG, Oomens CWJ, Bouten CVC, Bader DL, Baaijens FPT. Mechanical and failure properties of single attached cells under compression. J Biomech 2005; 38:1685-93. [PMID: 15958226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are continuously subjected to mechanical forces under normal physiological conditions. These forces and associated cellular deformations induce a variety of biological processes. The degree of deformation depends on the mechanical properties of the cell. As most cells are anchorage dependent for normal functioning, it is important to study the mechanical properties of cells in their attached configuration. The goal of the present study was to obtain the mechanical and failure properties of attached cells. Individual, attached C2C12 mouse myoblasts were subjected to unconfined compression experiments using a recently developed loading device. The device allows global compression of the cell until cell rupture and simultaneously measures the associated forces. Cell bursting was characterized by a typical reduction in the force, referred to as the bursting force. Mean bursting forces were calculated as 8.7+/-2.5 microN at an axial strain of 72+/-4%. Visualization of the cell using confocal microscopy revealed that cell bursting was preceded by the formation of bulges at the cell membrane, which eventually led to rupturing of the cell membrane. Finite element calculations were performed to simulate the obtained force-deformation curves. A finite element mesh was built for each cell to account for its specific geometrical features. Using an axisymmetric approximation of the cell geometry, and a Neo-Hookean constitutive model, excellent agreement between predicted and measured force-deformation curves was obtained, yielding an average Young's modulus of 1.14+/-0.32 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A G Peeters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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20
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Peeters EAG, Oomens CWJ, Bouten CVC, Bader DL, Baaijens FPT. Viscoelastic properties of single attached cells under compression. J Biomech Eng 2005; 127:237-43. [PMID: 15971701 DOI: 10.1115/1.1865198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The viscoelastic properties of single, attached C2C12 myoblasts were measured using a recently developed cell loading device. The device allows global compression of an attached cell, while simultaneously measuring the associated forces. The viscoelastic properties were examined by performing a series of dynamic experiments over two frequency decades (0.1-10 Hz) and at a range of axial strains (approximately 10-40%). Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize the cell during these experiments. To analyze the experimentally obtained force-deformation curves, a nonlinear viscoelastic model was developed. The nonlinear viscoelastic model was able to describe the complete series of dynamic experiments using only a single set of parameters, yielding an elastic modulus of 2120 +/- 900 Pa for the elastic spring, an elastic modulus of 1960 +/- 1350 for the nonlinear spring, and a relaxation time constant of 0.3 +/- 0.12 s. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the global viscoelastic properties of attached cells have been quantified over such a wide range of strains. Furthermore, the experiments were performed under optimal environmental conditions and the results are, therefore, believed to reflect the viscoelastic mechanical behavior of cells, such as would be present in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel A G Peeters
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box 513, Building W-hoog 4.123, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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21
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Svetina S, Kuzman D, Waugh RE, Ziherl P, Zeks B. The cooperative role of membrane skeleton and bilayer in the mechanical behaviour of red blood cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2004; 62:107-13. [PMID: 15039011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Revised: 08/19/2003] [Accepted: 08/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) shape, behaviour and deformability can be consistently accounted for by a model for the elastic properties of the RBC membrane that includes the elasticity of the membrane skeleton in dilation and shear, and the local and nonlocal resistance of the bilayer to bending. The role of the corresponding energy terms in different RBC shape and deformation situations is analyzed. RBC shape transformations are compared to the shape transformations of phospholipid vesicles that are driven by the difference between the equilibrium areas of the bilayer leaflets (DeltaA0). It is deduced that the skeleton energy contributions play a crucial role in the formation of an echinocyte. The effect of a transformation of the natural biconcave RBC shape into an echinocyte on its resistance to entry into capillary-sized cylindrical tubes is analyzed. It is shown that, during the aspiration of an echinocyte into a pipette, there are two competing skeleton deformation effects, which arise due to skeleton density changes, one due to spicule formation and the other due to deformation induced by micropipette aspiration. Furthermore, the shift of the observed dependence of the projection length on the aspiration pressure of more crenated cells towards higher aspiration pressures can be accounted for by an increase of the equilibrium area difference DeltaA0 and consequent modification of the nonlocal contribution to the cell elastic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Svetina
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Lipiceva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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22
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Kuzman D, Svetina S, Waugh RE, Zeks B. Elastic properties of the red blood cell membrane that determine echinocyte deformability. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2003; 33:1-15. [PMID: 13680208 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-003-0337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Accepted: 06/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural biconcave shape of red blood cells (RBC) may be altered by injury or environmental conditions into a spiculated form (echinocyte). An analysis is presented of the effect of such a transformation on the resistance of RBC to entry into capillary sized cylindrical tubes. The analysis accounts for the elasticity of the membrane skeleton in dilation and shear, and the local and nonlocal resistance of the bilayer to bending, the latter corresponding to different area strains in the two leaflets of the bilayer. The shape transformation is assumed to be driven by the equilibrium area difference (delta A(0), the difference between the equilibrium areas of the bilayer leaflets), which also affects the energy of deformation. The cell shape is approximated by a parametric model. Shape parameters, skeleton shear deformation, and the skeleton density of deformed membrane relative to the skeleton density of undeformed membrane are obtained by minimization of the corresponding thermodynamic potential. Experimentally, delta A(0) is modified and the corresponding discocyte-echinocyte shape transition obtained by high-pressure aspiration into a narrow pipette, and the deformability of the resulting echinocyte is examined by whole cell aspiration into a larger pipette. We conclude that the deformability of the echinocyte can be accounted for by the mechanical behavior of the normal RBC membrane, where the equilibrium area difference delta A(0) is modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kuzman
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Lipiceva 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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23
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Abstract
A well known physiological property of erythrocytes is that they can aggregate and form a rouleau. We present a theoretical analysis of erythrocyte shapes in a long rouleau composed of cells with identical sizes. The study is based on the area difference elasticity model of lipid membranes, and takes into consideration the adhesion of curved axisymmetric membranes. The analysis predicts that the erythrocytes in the rouleau can have either a discoid or a cup-like shape. These shapes are analogous to the discoid and stomatocyte shapes of free erythrocytes. The transitions between the discoid and cup-like shapes in the rouleau are characterized. The occurrence of these transitions depends on three model parameters: the cell relative volume, the preferred difference between the areas of the membrane bilayer leaflets, and the strength of the adhesion between the membranes. The cup-like shapes are favored at small relative volumes and small preferred area differences, and the discoid shapes are favored at large values of these parameters. Increased adhesion strength enlarges the contact area between the cells, flattens the cells, and consequently promotes the discoid shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Derganc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Lipiceva 2, Slovenia.
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24
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Gifford SC, Frank MG, Derganc J, Gabel C, Austin RH, Yoshida T, Bitensky MW. Parallel microchannel-based measurements of individual erythrocyte areas and volumes. Biophys J 2003; 84:623-33. [PMID: 12524315 PMCID: PMC1302643 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a microchannel device which utilizes a novel approach to obtain area and volume measurements on many individual red blood cells. Red cells are aspirated into the microchannels much as a single red blood cell is aspirated into a micropipette. Inasmuch as there are thousands of identical microchannels with defined geometry, data for many individual red cells can be rapidly acquired, and the fundamental heterogeneity of cell membrane biophysics can be analyzed. Fluorescent labels can be used to quantify red cell surface and cytosolic features of interest simultaneously with the measurement of area and volume for a given cell. Experiments that demonstrate and evaluate the microchannel measuring capabilities are presented and potential improvements and extensions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Gifford
- Visual and Circulatory Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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25
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Li A, Seipelt H, Müller C, Shi Y, Artmann M. Effects of salicylic acid derivatives on red blood cell membranes. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1999; 85:206-11. [PMID: 10608482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1999.tb02010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salicylamide, sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid are salicylic acid derivates. They differ in their substitution on the benzene ring and may have different effects on membranes. Red blood cells were used as a prototypical cellular system regarding drug mediated plasma bilayer effects. Established photometric methods sensing tiny changes of red blood cell morphology at rest (red blood cell shape) and at very low shear forces (red blood cell stiffness, red blood cell relaxation time) were applied. The derivative induced effects were detected in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Salicylamide induced a most pronounced echinocytic shape at 5 mM. The shape effect was smaller above as well as below 5 mM. Sodium salicylate induced echinocytes with increasing concentrations showing a saturation above 10 mM. In contrast, the shape was not affected by acetylsalicylic acid. All shape changes occurred within 2 min, and were reversible. The above tendencies were in parallel to a slight red blood cell stiffening. The relaxation time continuously increased with increasing concentrations in both salicylamide and sodium salicylate, with salicylamide always acting stronger. Acetylsalicylic acid again showed no effect. We hypothesize that the observed effects of sodium salicylate and salicylamide are due to their phenolic character mediating a molecular hydrophobicity. According to the bilayer couple hypothesis this would lead to an insertion into the red blood cells outer plasma bilayer leaflet. The extension induced here would cause a positive membrane bending leading to echinocytic shapes and the observed loss of red blood cell fluidity. In contrast, the hydrophilic aspirin would penetrate and thus not affect the red blood cell plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Li
- Department of Cell Biophysics, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, Germany
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26
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Arunothayanun P, Sooksawate T, Florence AT. Extrusion of niosomes from capillaries: approaches to a pulsed delivery device. J Control Release 1999; 60:391-7. [PMID: 10425343 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe an early prototype of a pulsatile delivery system for drug containing vesicles. Nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) of average diameter 4-30 microm are extruded from glass capillaries (exit diameter, 5-10 microm), using air pressures of 0.5-5 p.s.i. The formulation of the vesicles is vital. Extrusions were affected by the size, shape, and membrane composition of the niosomes used. Spherical or polyhedral niosomes, formed by polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers with and without cholesterol, respectively, with diameters larger than the exit diameter of the capillary do not retain their membrane integrity on extrusion and were sheared to form new ultrastructures. The expulsion of single or groups of intact polystyrene microspheres or tetradecyl-beta-D-maltoside niosomes with sizes smaller than the exit diameter can be achieved readily. The stepwise release profile of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) obtained after pulsatile expulsion of groups of niosomes entrapping LHRH indicates the feasibility of this system for pulsatile delivery of vesicles, although it requires miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arunothayanun
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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27
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Artmann GM, Kelemen C, Porst D, Büldt G, Chien S. [Cellular engineering: crash tests with human erythrocytes reveal hidden properties of cellular proteins]. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 1998; 43 Suppl:446-7. [PMID: 9859436 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.1998.746073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Artmann
- Labor für Angewandte Zellbiophysik, FH Aachen-Abteilung Jülich
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28
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Artmann GM, Kelemen C, Porst D, Büldt G, Chien S. Temperature transitions of protein properties in human red blood cells. Biophys J 1998; 75:3179-83. [PMID: 9826638 PMCID: PMC1299989 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBC) undergo a sudden change from blocking to passing through 1.3 +/- 0.2-micrometer micropipettes at a transition temperature (Tc) of 36.4 degrees C. For resealed RBC ghosts this transition occurs at 28.3 degrees C (Tg). These findings are attributed to an elastomeric transition of hemoglobin from being gel-like to a fluid and to an elastomeric transition of membrane proteins such as spectrin. Spectrin shows a uniform distribution along the aspirated RBC tongue above Tg in contrast to the linear gradient below Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Artmann
- Department of Cell Biophysics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Ginsterweg 1, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.
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