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Krayz GT, Bittner S, Dhiman A, Becker JY. Electrochemistry of Quinones with Respect to their Role in Biomedical Chemistry. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2332-2343. [PMID: 34107155 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quinones are ubiquitous in nature and form one of the largest class of antitumor agents approved for clinical use. They are known to be efficient in inhibiting cancer cells growth. Under physiological conditions they can undergo non-enzymatic one-electron reduction to give the moderately toxic species of semiquinone radical-anion. Thus, electrochemical study of quinones might provide a basic knowledge on semi-quinone radicals formation in both in vivo and in vitro under different media. Several processes are outlined briefly and discussed in the present article. Previously we investigated the electrochemical and spectral properties of ω-N-quinonyl amino acids. Such quinone-bearing peptides are known to be cytotoxic and of potential clinical significance. We were able to prove that the ω-amino quinonyl compounds are very effective in producing stable semiquinone radicals. Moreover, a direct relation was found between the first reduction potentials of the quinonyl moiety and their reactivity towards the ω-amino acids. In order to increase our knowledge of such amino quinonyl compounds and enlarge the arsenal of such cytotoxic compounds, a series of N,N-diquinonyl amines (1-6) bearing an internal proton (stems from the NH moiety) were synthesized. Their electron-transfer capabilities were probed by cyclic voltammetry measurements, in dichloromethane. It was found that the acidic NH group linking the two quinonyl moieties undergoes an initial electrochemical reduction step and generates a nitride anion. This step is followed by further reductions to yield quasi-stable semiquinone radicals and polyanions, Since these acidic diquinones (1-6) serve also as a source of internal proton donors even in non-polar medium, they might cause protonation of basic radical-anions and polyanion intermediates during the various electrochemical stages. The processes are demonstrated and discussed by analyzing different mechanistic schemes. The successful generation of relatively stable semiquinone radicals is a prerequisite for the manifestation of site directed antitumor activity by these bis-quinonyl amino derivatives. Based on the values of their redox potentials some of them could be promising candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Temtsin Krayz
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Shmuel Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Anand Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - James Y Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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2
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A review on various analytical methods for determination of anthracyclines and their metabolites as anti–cancer chemotherapy drugs in different matrices over the last four decades. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Messerli MA, Sarkar A. Advances in Electrochemistry for Monitoring Cellular Chemical Flux. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4984-5002. [PMID: 31057100 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190506111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transport of organic and inorganic molecules, along with inorganic ions across the plasma membrane results in chemical fluxes that reflect the cellular function in healthy and diseased states. Measurement of these chemical fluxes enables the characterization of protein function and transporter stoichiometry, characterization of a single cell and embryo viability prior to implantation, and screening of pharmaceutical agents. Electrochemical sensors emerge as sensitive and non-invasive tools for measuring chemical fluxes immediately outside the cells in the boundary layer, that are capable of monitoring a diverse range of transported analytes including inorganic ions, gases, neurotransmitters, hormones, and pharmaceutical agents. Used on their own or in combination with other methods, these sensors continue to expand our understanding of the function of rare cells and small tissues. Advances in sensor construction and detection strategies continue to improve sensitivity under physiological conditions, diversify analyte detection, and increase throughput. These advances will be discussed in the context of addressing technical challenges to measuring chemical flux in the boundary layer of cells and measuring the resultant changes to the chemical concentration in the bulk media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Messerli
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. United States
| | - Anyesha Sarkar
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. United States
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Sheth DB, Gratzl M. Electrochemical mapping of oxygenation in the three-dimensional multicellular tumour hemi-spheroid. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 475:20180647. [PMID: 31236040 PMCID: PMC6545061 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood capillaries deliver oxygen and nutrients to surrounding micro-regions of tissue and carry away metabolic waste. In normal tissue, capillaries are close enough to keep all the cells viable. In solid tumours, the capillary system is chaotic and typical inter-capillary distances are larger than in normal tissue. Therefore, hypoxic regions develop. Drug molecules may not reach these areas at concentrations above the lethal level. The combined effect of low drug concentrations and local hypoxia, often exacerbated by acidity, leads to therapy failure. To better understand the interplay between hypoxia and poor drug penetration, oxygenation needs to be assessed in different areas of inter-capillary tissue. The multicellular tumour spheroid is a well-established three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of the capillary microenvironment. It is used to mimic nascent tumours and micro-metastases as well. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that dynamic intra-spheroidal oxygen maps can be obtained at the 3D multicellular tumour hemi-spheroid (MCH) using a non-invasive microelectrode array. The same oxygen distributions exist inside the equivalent but less accessible full spheroid. The MCH makes high throughput-high content analysis of spheroids feasible and thus can assist studies on basic cancer biology, drug development and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miklόs Gratzl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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5
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Application of bioactive cyclic oligosaccharide on the detection of doxorubicin hydrochloride in unprocessed human plasma sample: A new platform towards efficient chemotherapy. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Electrochemical sensing of doxorubicin in unprocessed whole blood, cell lysate, and human plasma samples using thin film of poly-arginine modified glassy carbon electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:790-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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A new kinetic–mechanistic approach to elucidate electrooxidation of doxorubicin hydrochloride in unprocessed human fluids using magnetic graphene based nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:638-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Vajdle O, Zbiljić J, Tasić B, Jović D, Guzsvány V, Djordjevic A. Voltammetric behavior of doxorubicin at a renewable silver-amalgam film electrode and its determination in human urine. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Ensafi AA, Heydari-Bafrooei E, Rezaei B. On the Use of Amperometry for Real Time Assessment of Drug-Release Profile from Therapeutic Nanoparticles. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Lei T, Manchanda R, Fernandez-Fernandez A, Huang YC, Wright D, McGoron AJ. Thermal and pH Sensitive Multifunctional Polymer Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. RSC Adv 2014; 4:17959-17968. [PMID: 24999382 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we prepared novel poly(Glycerol malate co-dodecanedioate) (PGMD) NPs containing an imaging/hyperthermia agent (IR820) and a chemotherapeutic agent (doxorubicin, DOX). The PGMD polymer was prepared by thermal condensation. IR820 and DOX loaded PGMD NPs were prepared using the single oil emulsion technique. The size of the NPs measured was around 150 nm. Drug loading efficiency of DOX and IR820 was around 4% and 8%, respectively. An acidic environment (pH=5.0) induced higher DOX release as compared to pH=7.4. DOX release was also enhanced by exposure to laser, which increased the temperature to 42°C. Cytotoxicity of the drug loaded NPs was comparable in MES-SA but was higher in Dx5 cells compared to free drug (p<0.05). The combination of hyperthermia and chemotherapy improved cytotoxicity in both cell lines. The NP formulation significantly improved the plasma half-life of IR820 in mice after tail vein injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Lei
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA ; Cirle, 1951 NW 7 Ave, Suite 13106, Miami, FL, 33136
| | - Romila Manchanda
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA ; Department of Basic and Applied Sciences. Galgotias University, UP, 201308, India
| | - Alicia Fernandez-Fernandez
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA ; Physical Therapy Department, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Dr., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Yen-Chih Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Douglas Wright
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Anthony J McGoron
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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11
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Guin PS, Das S, Mandal PC. Electrochemical Reduction of Quinones in Different Media: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/816202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The electron transfer reactions involving quinones, hydroquinones, and catechols are very important in many areas of chemistry, especially in biological systems. The therapeutic efficiency as well as toxicity of anthracycline anticancer drugs, a class of anthraquinones, is governed by their electrochemical properties. Other quinones serve as important functional moiety in various biological systems like electron-proton carriers in the respiratory chain and their involvement in photosynthetic electron flow systems. The present paper summarizes literatures on the reduction of quinones in different solvents under various conditions using different electrochemical methods. The influence of different reaction conditions including pH of the media, nature of supporting electrolytes, nature of other additives, intramolecular or intermolecular hydrogen bonding, ion pair formation, polarity of the solvents, stabilization of the semiquinone and quinone dianion, catalytic property, and adsorption at the electrode surface, are discussed and relationships between reaction conditions and products formed have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Sarathi Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Shibpur Dinobundhoo Institution (College), 412/1 G. T. Road (South), Howrah 711102, India
| | - Saurabh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - P. C. Mandal
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF-Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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12
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Więckowska A, Jabłonowska E, Rogalska E, Bilewicz R. Structuring of supported hybrid phospholipid bilayers on electrodes with phospholipase A2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9716-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Ona T, Shibata J. Advanced dynamic monitoring of cellular status using label-free and non-invasive cell-based sensing technology for the prediction of anticancer drug efficacy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2505-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Tang Y, Lei T, Manchanda R, Nagesetti A, Fernandez-Fernandez A, Srinivasan S, McGoron AJ. Simultaneous Delivery of Chemotherapeutic and Thermal-Optical Agents to Cancer Cells by a Polymeric (PLGA) Nanocarrier: An In Vitro Study. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2242-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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15
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Mora L, Chumbimuni-Torres KY, Clawson C, Hernandez L, Zhang L, Wang J. Real-time electrochemical monitoring of drug release from therapeutic nanoparticles. J Control Release 2009; 140:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Gratzl M, Yi C, Bright GR. Continuous and quantitative delivery of molecules into individual cells with a diffusional microburet. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9310-5. [PMID: 19551948 PMCID: PMC2771867 DOI: 10.1021/ac801670m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct delivery of molecules into the cytosol of live cells is required in many areas of biology and clinical research. Molecules of interest include indicator dyes, biomolecules, and pharmacological agents. In this work we describe continuous delivery of molecules into single cells using a diffusional microburet, DMB. The DMB is a pulled glass micropipette with a fine tip that contains a microscopic plug made of a hydrogel such as agar or polyacrylamide. This plug prevents flow but allows diffusive delivery of the molecule of interest from the DMB body into the cytosol, driven by its concentration gradient. This leads to a scheme of sustained intracellular dosing that is highly reproducible and quantifiable yet does not require the addition of solution volume to the cell. Potential loss of biomolecules from the cytosol through the plug of the DMB can be greatly reduced by proper choice of the pore size and tortuosity of the hydrogel in the DMB tip. The intracellular concentration of fluorescent molecules during delivery can be obtained calibration free. In this work we demonstrate dosing of Lucifer Yellow CH, LY, a charged fluorescent dye, into individual a7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells with a DMB. New types of quantitative analytical experiments on single live cells that the DMB technology enables are titration of intracellular ions and ligands, binding sites, and efflux pathways such as those that are involved in drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Gratzl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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17
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Nair SP, Gratzl M. Effects of sampling rate on the interpretation of cellular transport measurements. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7684-9. [PMID: 18781816 DOI: 10.1021/ac800842m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensing techniques are increasingly used to study biological processes by monitoring concentration changes of the molecule of interest close to cells. The measured concentration is the result of cellular transport across the cell membrane and diffusion of the released molecules from the cells to the sensing electrode. The objective of such experiments is to understand the cellular processes underlying the observed changes in concentration. Thus, the influence of mass transport on the measured concentration trace has to be removed. This is done by deconvolution of the impulse response function of diffusion from the concentration data. We have recently observed that measuring concentration at a sampling rate that satisfies the Nyquist criterion for the observed concentration dynamics may not be sufficient to correctly reconstruct cellular flux. This is because the impulse response function of diffusion also has to be represented with sufficient temporal resolution. We discuss this problem here using the example of monitoring drug efflux from a monolayer of cancer cells with microvoltammetry, and chloride secretion from an epithelial cell monolayer monitored with an ion-selective electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha P Nair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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18
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Sheth D, Suresh G, Yang J, Ladas T, Zorman C, Gratzl M. MEMS Device to Monitor Biological Oxygen Uptake at Arrays of Single Cells and Small Cell Clusters. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Nair S, Kashyap R, Laboisse CL, Hopfer U, Gratzl M. Time resolved secretion of chloride from a monolayer of mucin-secreting epithelial cells. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2007; 37:411-9. [PMID: 17968537 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-007-0226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Short-circuit current (Isc) measurement is used to quantify transepithelial ion flux. This technique provides a direct measure of net charge transport across a cell monolayer. Isc however, lacks chemical selectivity. Chemically resolved ion fluxes may be much greater than Isc, and differ in different biological processes. This work describes a novel experimental approach and deconvolution method to obtain temporally resolved ion fluxes at epithelial cell monolayers. HT29-Cl.16E cells, a sub clone of the human colonic cancer cell line HT29 was used as a model cell line to validate this approach in the context of epithelial transport studies. This cell line is known to secrete chloride in response to purinergic stimulation. Changes in chloride concentration after stimulation with 1 mM ATP plus 50 nM phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA) are recorded with a chloride ion-selective electrode (ISE) at a short distance (approximately 50 microm) from the monolayer. The recorded concentrations are transformed to corresponding chloride flux across the monolayer using a deconvolution algorithm for extracellular mass transport based on minimization of the shape error function (Nair and Gratzl in Anal Chem 77:2875-2888, 2005). Simultaneous voltage clamp yields the associated net electrical charge flux (Isc). The dynamics of Cl(-) flux did correlate with that of the electrical flux, but was found to be greater in amplitude. This suggests that Cl(-) may not be the only ion secreted. The method of simultaneously assessing ionic and electrical fluxes with a temporal resolution of seconds provides unique information about the dynamics of solute fluxes across the apical membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha Nair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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20
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Zhou C, Shen P, Cheng Y. Quantitative study of the drug efflux kinetics from sensitive and MDR human breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1011-20. [PMID: 17451883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major impediment to effective chemotherapy in human cancer, in which P-glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance-Associated protein figure prominently. Design and exploitation of novel clinical MDR inhibitors is greatly hindered by a lack of understanding of drug efflux dynamics in drug-sensitive and resistant cells. The aim of our study was to provide a microelectrode method for measuring the multidrug transporter mediated efflux of doxorubicin as well as a corresponding data analysis method for quantifying the efflux kinetic parameters. We performed experiments using carbon fiber microelectrode to detect doxorubicin efflux from a monolayer of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and derived MDR cells (MCF-7/ADR), established a material transport model and proposed a novel inverse method to quantitatively characterize the diffusion dynamics. The kinetic parameters of doxorubicin efflux from MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells in the presence or absence of MDR inhibitors were estimated. Our investigations showed the average initial doxorubicin efflux rate of MCF-7/ADR that was 5.2 times faster than of MCF-7. After treatment by tetramethylpyrazine or verapamil, the drug efflux rate of the MCF-7/ADR cells was reduced by about half that of those without inhibitors. The novel methodology presented suggests new and expanded applications for computer-aided reconstruction of the drug efflux process, microelectrode design, and high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Zhou
- Pharmaceutical and Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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21
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Bard AJ, Li X, Zhan W. Chemically imaging living cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:461-72. [PMID: 16797958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is useful in probing and characterizing interfaces at high resolution. In this paper, the general principles of this technique are described and several applications of SECM to biological systems, particularly to living cells, is discussed, along with several example systems. Thiodione was detected and monitored electrochemically during the treatment of hepatocytes with cytotoxic menadione. The antimicrobial effects of silver(I) was followed by SECM through bacterial respiration. Living HeLa cells were shown to accumulate ferrocencemethanol (FcMeOH) and generated positive feedback for FcMeOH oxidation that can be further used to monitor the cell viability. Finally, individual giant liposomes, as cell models, with encapsulated redox compounds were successfully probed by SECM. In general SECM has the advantage of very high spatial resolution and versatility, especially for the detection of electroactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen J Bard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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22
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Komorsky-Lovrić S. Redox kinetics of adriamycin adsorbed on the surface of graphite and mercury electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2006; 69:82-7. [PMID: 16443398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics of the surface redox reactions of adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride) adsorbed on paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode (PIGE) and on mercury electrode is measured by square-wave voltammetry. In 0.9 mol/L KNO3 buffered to pH 4.65, the standard electrode reaction rate constants of the first quinone/hydroquinone redox couple (see Scheme 2) on PIGE and mercury are k(s1)=49+/-12 s(-1) and k(s1)=147+/-36 s(-1), respectively. Under the same conditions, the standard rate constant of the second redox couple on the PIGE is smaller than 4 s(-1) and the electron transfer coefficient of the reduction is alpha2=0.35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebojka Komorsky-Lovrić
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research Ruder Bosković Institute, P.O. Box 180 10002, Zagreb, Croatia.
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23
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Song M, Zhang R, Dai Y, Gao F, Chi H, Lv G, Chen B, Wang X. The in vitro inhibition of multidrug resistance by combined nanoparticulate titanium dioxide and UV irradition. Biomaterials 2006; 27:4230-8. [PMID: 16600364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of drug-resistant (especially, multidrug-resistant (MDR)) tumor cells is a major obstacle to the success of chemotherapy; thus, the development of effective anti-MDR agents plays an important role in the tumor therapy. In this report, the considerable effect of nano-TiO2 and UV illumination on the drug resistance of target cancer cells has been explored, and the fresh evidence from the fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy as well as electrochemical studies demonstrates the significant enhancement effect of nano-TiO2 to the drug uptake by drug-resistant leukemia cells. Besides, it is also observed that the combination of the nano-TiO2 and UV irradiation with the accompanying anticancer drug daunorubicin could provoke some considerable changes of the cell membrane of the target leukemia cells, which indicates that nano-TiO2 could not only increase the drug accumulation in target cancer cells, but also act as an effective anti-MDR agent to inhibit the relative drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics, Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory, and Zhongda Hospital, School of Clinic Medical, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
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Mauzeroll J, Bard AJ, Owhadian O, Monks TJ. Menadione metabolism to thiodione in hepatoblastoma by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17582-7. [PMID: 15601769 PMCID: PMC539751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407613101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of menadione on hepatocytes was studied by using the substrate generation/tip collection mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy by exposing the cells to menadione and detecting the menadione-S-glutathione conjugate (thiodione) that is formed during the cellular detoxication process and is exported from the cell by an ATP-dependent pump. This efflux was electrochemically detected and allowed scanning electrochemical microscopy monitoring and imaging of single cells and groups of highly confluent live cells. Based on a constant flux model, approximately 6 x 10(6) molecules of thiodione per cell per second are exported from monolayer cultures of Hep G2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Nair S, Gratzl M. Anomalies of deconvolution via discrete Fourier transform: a case study on assessing transport at live cell preparations. Trends Analyt Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(04)00601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mauzeroll J, Bard AJ. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of menadione-glutathione conjugate export from yeast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7862-7. [PMID: 15148374 PMCID: PMC419522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402556101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), which is toxic to yeast cells, and its expulsion as a glutathione complex were studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy. The progression of the in vitro reaction between menadione and glutathione was monitored electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry and correlated with the spectroscopic (UV-visible) behavior. By observing the scanning electrochemical microscope tip current of yeast cells suspended in a menadione-containing solution, the export of the conjugate from the cells with time could be measured. Similar experiments were performed on immobilized yeast cell aggregates stressed by a menadione solution. From the export of the menadione-glutathione conjugate detected at a 1-microm-diameter electrode situated 10 microm from the cells, a flux of about 30,000 thiodione molecules per second per cell was extracted. Numerical simulations based on an explicit finite difference method further revealed that the observation of a constant efflux of thiodione from the cells suggested the rate was limited by the uptake of menadione and that the efflux through the glutathione-conjugate pump was at least an order of magnitude faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Cakir S, Biçer E, Coşkun E, Cakir O. Electrochemical monitoring of the interaction of doxorubicin with nicotinamide and Fe(III) ions under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Bioelectrochemistry 2003; 60:11-9. [PMID: 12893305 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(03)00040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of doxorubicin with Fe(III) ions and nicotinamide (NA) has been followed by square-wave voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry and UV-VIS. spectroscopy techniques at aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Fe(III)-doxorubicin complex gives a 1-electron reversible step at -0.494 V and a shoulder at 580 nm. Further, the Fe(III)-doxorubicin complex was found to be more stable at aerobic conditions. In the presence of NA, an intermediate (NA-Fe(III)-DQ) forms at -0.462 V under aerobic conditions. Because of the formation of this intermediate, nicotinamide may reduce the cardiotoxic effect of doxorubicin and cause to its detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cakir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nineteen May University, 55139 Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey.
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Mirkin MV, Liu B, Rotenberg SA. Probing redox activity of human breast cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Methods Enzymol 2002; 352:112-22. [PMID: 12125340 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)52012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
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Liu B, Rotenberg SA, Mirkin MV. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of living cells: different redox activities of nonmetastatic and metastatic human breast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9855-60. [PMID: 10963658 PMCID: PMC27604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.18.9855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2000] [Accepted: 06/30/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been widely used to monitor physiologically important molecules in biological systems. This report describes the first application of the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) to probe the redox activity of individual living cells. The possibilities of measuring the rate and investigating the pathway of transmembrane charge transfer are demonstrated. By this approach, significant differences are detected in the redox responses given by nonmotile, nontransformed human breast epithelial cells, breast cells with a high level of motility (engendered by overexpression of protein kinase Calpha), and highly metastatic breast cancer cells. SECM analysis of the three cell lines reveals reproducible differences with respect to the kinetics of charge transfer by several redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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Kertesz V, Chambers JQ, Mullenix AN. Chronoamperometry of surface-confined redox couples. Application to daunomycin adsorbed on hanging mercury drop electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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