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Nohmi T, Matsumoto K. Effects of DNA polymerase kappa and mismatch repair on dose-responses of chromosome aberrations induced by three oxidative genotoxins in human cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 2020; 61:193-199. [PMID: 31294882 DOI: 10.1002/em.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic carcinogens are regulated under the policy that there is no threshold or safe dose. It has been pointed out, however, that self-defense mechanisms, such as detoxification, DNA repair, and error-free translesion synthesis, may protect chromosome DNA from genotoxic insults, thereby constituting practical threshold. In this study, we examined dose responses of chromosome aberrations induced by three oxidative genotoxins, that is, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), menadione and paraquat, with or without DNA polymerase kappa (Polκ) activities and mismatch repair capacities in human cells. Polκ is involved in translesion synthesis across DNA damage and mismatch repair is responsible for correction of base-base mismatch in DNA. Polκ activity of the cells was inactivated either by point mutations in the catalytically essential amino acids (catalytically dead or CD) or by deletion of the POLK gene (knockout or KO). In the absence of mismatch repair, frequencies of chromosome aberrations induced by H2 O2 and menadione were not significantly different among CD, KO, and the wild type (WT) cells. In the presence of mismatch repair, however, cytotoxicity and clastogenicity were enhanced and Polκ modulated the sensitivity of the cells. No-observed-genotoxic-effect-levels (NOGELs) for H2 O2 and menadione were CD = KO < WT cells. In contrast, the sensitivities of the cells to paraquat were not significantly affected by the status of mismatch repair or Polκ activity. The results suggest that mismatch repair and Polκ coordinately modulate NOGELs for the clastogenicity of H2 O2 and menadione and also that DNA lesion(s) responsible for paraquat-induced chromosome aberrations are different from those induced by H2 O2 and menadione. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:193-199, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Nohmi
- Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyomu Matsumoto
- Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Martín-Montañez E, Pavia J, Valverde N, Boraldi F, Lara E, Oliver B, Hurtado-Guerrero I, Fernandez O, Garcia-Fernandez M. The S1P mimetic fingolimod phosphate regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress in neuronal cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 137:116-130. [PMID: 31035004 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod is one of the few oral drugs available for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease. The mechanism of action proposed for this drug is based in the phosphorylation of the molecule to produce its active metabolite fingolimod phosphate (FP) which, in turns, through its interaction with S1P receptors, triggers the functional sequestration of T lymphocytes in lymphoid nodes. On the other hand, part if not most of the damage produced in MS and other neurological disorders seem to be mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondria is one of the main sources of ROS. In the present work, we have evaluated the anti-oxidant profile of FP in a model of mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by menadione (Vitk3) on neuronal cultures. We provide evidence that incubation of neuronal cells with FP alleviates the Vitk3-induced toxicity, due to a decrease in mitochondrial ROS production. It also decreases regulated cell death triggered by imbalance in oxidative stress (restore values of advanced oxidation protein products and total thiol levels). Also restores mitochondrial function (cytochrome c oxidase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rate) and morphology. Furthermore, increases the expression and activity of protective factors (increases Nrf2, HO1 and Trx2 expression and GST and NQO1 activity), being some of these effects modulated by its interaction with the S1P receptor. FP seems to increase mitochondrial stability and restore mitochondrial dynamics under conditions of oxidative stress, making this drug a potential candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases other than MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain.
| | - J Pavia
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain.
| | - N Valverde
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain
| | - F Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - E Lara
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain
| | - B Oliver
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | - I Hurtado-Guerrero
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | - O Fernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain.
| | - M Garcia-Fernandez
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain.
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Babes RM, Tofolean IT, Sandu RG, Baran OE, Cosoreanu V, Ilie MT, Duta AI, Ceausescu MC, Ciucur PM, Costache S, Ganea C, Baran I. Simple discrimination of sub-cycling cells by propidium iodide flow cytometric assay in Jurkat cell samples with extensive DNA fragmentation. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:766-779. [PMID: 29417873 PMCID: PMC5969556 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1426415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukemia Jurkat T cells were analyzed for apoptosis and cell cycle by flow cytometry, using the Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) standard assay, and a simple PI staining in Triton X-100/digitonin-enriched PI/RNase buffer, respectively. Cells treated with doxorubicin or menadione displayed a very strong correlation between the apoptotic cell fraction measured by the Annexin V/PI assay, and the weight of a secondary cell population that emerged on the forward scatter (FS)/PI plot, as well as on the side scatter (SS)/PI and FL1/PI plots generated from parallel cell cycle recordings. In both cases, the Pearson correlation coefficients were >0.99. In cell cycle determinations, PI fluorescence was detected on FL3 (620/30 nm), and control samples exhibited the expected linear dependence of FL3 on FL1 (525/40 nm) signals. However, increasing doses of doxorubicin or menadione generated a growing subpopulation of cells displaying a definite right-shift on the FS/FL3, SS/FL3 and FL1/FL3 plots, as well as decreased PI fluorescence, indicative of ongoing fragmentation and loss of nuclear DNA. By gating on these events, the resulting fraction of presumably sub-cycling cells (i.e. cells with cleaved DNA, counting sub-G0/G1, sub-S and sub-G2/M cells altogether) was closely similar to the apoptotic rate assessed by Annexin V/PI labeling. Taken together, these findings suggest a possible way to recognize the entire population of cells undergoing apoptotic DNA cleavage and simultaneously determine the cell cycle distribution of non-apoptotic cells in PI-labeled cell samples with various degrees of DNA fragmentation, using a simple and reproducible multiparametric analysis of flow cytometric recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roxana Gabriela Sandu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Elena Baran
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Cosoreanu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Teodora Ilie
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Ionut Duta
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Catalina Ceausescu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paul Mihai Ciucur
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Costache
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constanta Ganea
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Baran
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. of Biophysics, 8 Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Thomas NO, Shay KP, Kelley AR, Butler JA, Hagen TM. Glutathione maintenance mitigates age-related susceptibility to redox cycling agents. Redox Biol 2016; 10:45-52. [PMID: 27687220 PMCID: PMC5040638 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated hepatocytes from young (4-6mo) and old (24-26mo) F344 rats were exposed to increasing concentrations of menadione, a vitamin K derivative and redox cycling agent, to determine whether the age-related decline in Nrf2-mediated detoxification defenses resulted in heightened susceptibility to xenobiotic insult. An LC50 for each age group was established, which showed that aging resulted in a nearly 2-fold increase in susceptibility to menadione (LC50 for young: 405μM; LC50 for old: 275μM). Examination of the known Nrf2-regulated pathways associated with menadione detoxification revealed, surprisingly, that NAD(P)H: quinone oxido-reductase 1 (NQO1) protein levels and activity were induced 9-fold and 4-fold with age, respectively (p=0.0019 and p=0.018; N=3), but glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) declined by 70% (p=0.0043; N=3). These results indicate toxicity may stem from vulnerability to lipid peroxidation instead of inadequate reduction of menadione semi-quinone. Lipid peroxidation was 2-fold higher, and GSH declined by a 3-fold greater margin in old versus young rat cells given 300µM menadione (p<0.05 and p≤0.01 respectively; N=3). We therefore provided 400µMN-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) to hepatocytes from old rats before menadione exposure to alleviate limits in cysteine substrate availability for GSH synthesis during challenge. NAC pretreatment resulted in a >2-fold reduction in cell death, suggesting that the age-related increase in menadione susceptibility likely stems from attenuated GSH-dependent defenses. This data identifies cellular targets for intervention in order to limit age-related toxicological insults to menadione and potentially other redox cycling compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Thomas
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7305, USA
| | - Kate P Shay
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA
| | - Amanda R Kelley
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7305, USA
| | - Judy A Butler
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA
| | - Tory M Hagen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7305, USA.
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Rodrigues MDN, Seminotti B, Zanatta Â, de Mello Gonçalves A, Bellaver B, Amaral AU, Quincozes-Santos A, Goodman SI, Woontner M, Souza DO, Wajner M. Higher Vulnerability of Menadione-Exposed Cortical Astrocytes of Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficient Mice to Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Cell Death: Implications for the Neurodegeneration in Glutaric Aciduria Type I. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4795-4805. [PMID: 27510504 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) show progressive cortical leukoencephalopathy whose pathogenesis is poorly known. In the present work, we exposed cortical astrocytes of wild-type (Gcdh +/+ ) and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout (Gcdh -/- ) mice to the oxidative stress inducer menadione and measured mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox homeostasis, and cell viability. Mitochondrial function (MTT and JC1-mitochondrial membrane potential assays), redox homeostasis (DCFH oxidation, nitrate and nitrite production, GSH concentrations and activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx), and cell death (propidium iodide incorporation) were evaluated in primary cortical astrocyte cultures of Gcdh +/+ and Gcdh -/- mice unstimulated and stimulated by menadione. We also measured the pro-inflammatory response (TNFα levels, IL1-β and NF-ƙB) in unstimulated astrocytes obtained from these mice. Gcdh -/- mice astrocytes were more vulnerable to menadione-induced oxidative stress (decreased GSH concentrations and altered activities of the antioxidant enzymes), mitochondrial dysfunction (decrease of MTT reduction and JC1 values), and cell death as compared with Gcdh +/+ astrocytes. A higher inflammatory response (TNFα, IL1-β and NF-ƙB) was also observed in Gcdh -/- mice astrocytes. These data indicate a higher susceptibility of Gcdh -/- cortical astrocytes to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, probably leading to cell death. It is presumed that these pathomechanisms may contribute to the cortical leukodystrophy observed in GA-I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Danyelle Nunes Rodrigues
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil
| | - Ângela Zanatta
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil
| | - Aline de Mello Gonçalves
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Woontner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento e PPG Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos N° 2600, Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90035-003, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Halilovic A, Schmedt T, Benischke AS, Hamill C, Chen Y, Santos JH, Jurkunas UV. Menadione-Induced DNA Damage Leads to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Fragmentation During Rosette Formation in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:1072-83. [PMID: 26935406 PMCID: PMC4931310 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), a leading cause of age-related corneal edema requiring transplantation, is characterized by rosette formation of corneal endothelium with ensuing apoptosis. We sought to determine whether excess of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species leads to chronic accumulation of oxidative DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, instigating cell death. RESULTS We modeled the pathognomonic rosette formation of postmitotic corneal cells by increasing endogenous cellular oxidative stress with menadione (MN) and performed a temporal analysis of its effect in normal (HCEnC, HCECi) and FECD (FECDi) cells and ex vivo specimens. FECDi and FECD ex vivo specimens exhibited extensive mtDNA and nDNA damage as detected by quantitative PCR. Exposure to MN triggered an increase in mitochondrial superoxide levels and led to mtDNA and nDNA damage, while DNA amplification was restored with NAC pretreatment. Furthermore, MN exposure led to a decrease in ΔΨm and adenosine triphosphate levels in normal cells, while FECDi exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction at baseline. Mitochondrial fragmentation and cytochrome c release were detected in FECD tissue and after MN treatment of HCEnCs. Furthermore, cleavage of caspase-9 and caspase-3 followed MN-induced cytochrome c release in HCEnCs. INNOVATION This study provides the first line of evidence that accumulation of oxidative DNA damage leads to rosette formation, loss of functionally intact mitochondria via fragmentation, and subsequent cell death during postmitotic cell degeneration of ocular tissue. CONCLUSION MN induced rosette formation, along with mtDNA and nDNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and fragmentation, leading to activation of the intrinsic apoptosis via caspase cleavage and cytochrome c release. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 1072-1083.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adna Halilovic
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI), Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thore Schmedt
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI), Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne-Sophie Benischke
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI), Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cecily Hamill
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI), Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuming Chen
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI), Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janine Hertzog Santos
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School Rutgers, Rutgers University , New Jersey
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI), Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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Kanemaru Y, Suzuki T, Niimi N, Grúz P, Matsumoto K, Adachi N, Honma M, Nohmi T. Catalytic and non-catalytic roles of DNA polymerase κ in the protection of human cells against genotoxic stresses. Environ Mol Mutagen 2015; 56:650-62. [PMID: 26031400 DOI: 10.1002/em.21961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase κ (Pol κ) is a specialized DNA polymerase involved in translesion DNA synthesis. Although its bypass activities across lesions are well characterized in biochemistry, its cellular protective roles against genotoxic insults are still elusive. To better understand the in vivo protective roles, we have established a human cell line deficient in the expression of Pol κ (KO) and another expressing catalytically dead Pol κ (CD), to examine the cytotoxic sensitivity to 11 genotoxins including ultraviolet C light (UV). These cell lines were established in a genetic background of Nalm-6-MSH+, a human lymphoblastic cell line that has high efficiency for gene targeting, and functional p53 and mismatch repair activities. We classified the genotoxins into four groups. Group 1 includes benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide, mitomycin C, and bleomycin, where the sensitivity was equally higher in KO and CD than in the cell line expressing wild-type Pol κ (WT). Group 2 includes hydrogen peroxide and menadione, where hypersensitivity was observed only in KO. Group 3 includes methyl methanesulfonate and ethyl methanesulfonate, where hypersensitivity was observed only in CD. Group 4 includes UV and three chemicals, where the chemicals exhibited similar cytotoxicity to all three cell lines. The results suggest that Pol κ not only protects cells from genotoxic DNA lesions via DNA polymerase activities, but also contributes to genome integrity by acting as a non-catalytic protein against oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide and menadione. The non-catalytic roles of Pol κ in protection against oxidative damage by hydrogen peroxide are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kanemaru
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-0064, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suzuki
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Niimi
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Petr Grúz
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kyomu Matsumoto
- Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-Shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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Deferme L, Briedé JJ, Claessen SMH, Cavill R, Kleinjans JCS. Cell line-specific oxidative stress in cellular toxicity: A toxicogenomics-based comparison between liver and colon cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:845-55. [PMID: 25800948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance between high reactive oxygen species formation and antioxidant capacity in the colon and liver has been linked to increased cancer risk. However, knowledge about possible cell line-specific oxidative stress-mechanisms is limited. To explore this further, gene expression data from a human liver and colon cell line (HepG2/Caco-2), both exposed to menadione and H2O2 at six time points (0.5-1-2-4-8 and 24h) were compared in association with cell cycle distribution. In total, 3164 unique- and 1827 common genes were identified between HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. Despite the higher number of unique genes, most oxidative stress-related genes such as CAT, OGG1, NRF2, NF-κB, GCLC, HMOX1 and GSR were differentially expressed in both cell lines. However, cell-specific regulation of genes such as KEAP1 and GCLM, or of the EMT pathway, which are of pathophysiological importance, indicates that oxidative stress induces different transcriptional effects and outcomes in the two selected cell lines. In addition, expression levels and/or -direction of common genes were often different in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells, and this led to very diverse downstream effects as confirmed by correlating pathways to cell cycle changes. Altogether, this work contributes to obtaining a better molecular understanding of cell line-specific toxicity upon exposure to oxidative stress-inducing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Deferme
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J J Briedé
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S M H Claessen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R Cavill
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Kamarehei M, Yazdanparast R. Modulation of notch signaling pathway to prevent H2O2/menadione-induced SK-N-MC cells death by EUK134. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1037-45. [PMID: 25005833 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The brain in Alzheimer's disease is under increased oxidative stress, and this may have a role in the pathogenesis and neural death in this disorder. It has been verified that numerous signaling pathways involved in neurodegenerative disorders are activated in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). EUK134, a synthetic salen-manganese antioxidant complex, has been found to possess many interesting pharmacological activities awaiting exploration. The present study is to characterize the role of Notch signaling in apoptotic cell death of SK-N-MC cells. The cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or menadione to induce oxidative stress. The free-radical scavenging capabilities of EUK134 were studied through the MTT assay, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activity assay, and glutathione (GSH) Levels. The extents of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation, and intracellular ROS levels, as markers of oxidative stress, were also studied. Our results showed that H2O2/menadione reduced GSH levels and GPx activity. However, EUK134 protected cells against ROS-induced cell death by down-regulation of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation as well as restoration of antioxidant enzymes activity. ROS induced apoptosis and increased NICD and HES1 expression. Inhibition of NICD production proved that Notch signaling is involved in apoptosis through p53 activation. Moreover, H2O2/menadione led to Numb protein down-regulation which upon EUK134 pretreatment, its level increased and subsequently prevented Notch pathway activation. We indicated that EUK134 can be a promising candidate in designing natural-based drugs for ROS-induced neurodegenerative diseases. Collectively, ROS activated Notch signaling in SK-N-MC cells leading to cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kamarehei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
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Chen J, Wong HS, Ko KM. Ursolic Acid-enriched herba cynomorii extract induces mitochondrial uncoupling and glutathione redox cycling through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation: protection against menadione cytotoxicity in h9c2 cells. Molecules 2014; 19:1576-91. [PMID: 24473214 PMCID: PMC6271489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19021576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herba Cynomorii (Cynomorium songaricum Rupr., Cynomoriaceae) is one of the most commonly used 'Yang-invigorating' tonic herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). An earlier study in our laboratory has demonstrated that HCY2, an ursolic acid-enriched fraction derived from Herba Cynomorii, increased mitochondrial ATP generation capacity (ATP-GC) and induced mitochondrial uncoupling as well as a cellular glutathione response, thereby protecting against oxidant injury in H9c2 cells. In this study, we demonstrated that pre-incubation of H9c2 cells with HCY2 increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in these cells, which is likely an event secondary to the stimulation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The suppression of mitochondrial ROS by the antioxidant dimethylthiourea abrogated the HCY2-induced enhancement of mitochondrial uncoupling and glutathione reductase (GR)-mediated glutathione redox cycling, and also protected against menadione-induced cytotoxicity. Studies using specific inhibitors of uncoupling protein and GR suggested that the HCY2-induced mitochondrial uncoupling and glutathione redox cycling play a determining role in the cytoprotection against menadione-induced oxidant injury in H9c2 cells. Experimental evidence obtained thus far supports the causal role of HCY2-induced mitochondrial ROS production in eliciting mitochondrial uncoupling and glutathione antioxidant responses, which offer cytoprotection against oxidant injury in H9c2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihang Chen
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hoi Shan Wong
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Ming Ko
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong, China.
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11
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de Sá RA, de Castro FA, Eleutherio EC, de Souza RM, da Silva JF, Pereira MD. Brazilian propolis protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells against oxidative stress. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:993-1000. [PMID: 24516431 PMCID: PMC3910222 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a natural product widely used for humans. Due to its complex composition, a number of applications (antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anesthetic, cytostatic and antioxidant) have been attributed to this substance. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic model we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effect of propolis from Guarapari against oxidative stress. Submitting a wild type (BY4741) and antioxidant deficient strains (ctt1Δ, sod1Δ, gsh1Δ, gtt1Δ and gtt2Δ) either to 15 mM menadione or to 2 mM hydrogen peroxide during 60 min, we observed that all strains, except the mutant sod1Δ, acquired tolerance when previously treated with 25 μg/mL of alcoholic propolis extract. Such a treatment reduced the levels of ROS generation and of lipid peroxidation, after oxidative stress. The increase in Cu/Zn-Sod activity by propolis suggests that the protection might be acting synergistically with Cu/Zn-Sod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. de Sá
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Frederico A.V. de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elis C.A. Eleutherio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel M. de Souza
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joaquim F.M. da Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos D. Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Gamondi O, Chapela S, Nievas I, Burgos I, Alonso M, Stella C. Idebenone treatment mediates the effect of menadione oxidative stress damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Drug Metab Lett 2012; 6:120-123. [PMID: 22974201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the damage caused by oxidative stress using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model biological system. After inducing oxidative stress with menadione, we were able to evaluate the extent of cellular oxidative stress by utilizing 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) as a marker of the presence of reactive oxygen species. Cells were grown on different carbon sources in order to compare fermentative and oxidative metabolism. Under these conditions we evaluated the effectiveness of idebenone (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-(10- hydroxydecyl)-1,4-benzoquinone) as a molecule that could relieve menadione-induced growth inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gamondi
- Departamento de Bioquimica Humana, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (INBIOMED) Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Trevisan R, Arl M, Sacchet CL, Engel CS, Danielli NM, Mello DF, Brocardo C, Maris AF, Dafre AL. Antioxidant deficit in gills of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) exposed to chlorodinitrobenzene increases menadione toxicity. Aquat Toxicol 2012; 108:85-93. [PMID: 22036013 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances in antioxidant defenses decrease cellular protection against oxidative stress and jeopardize cellular homeostasis. To knock down the antioxidant defenses of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, animals were pre-treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and further challenged with pro-oxidant menadione (MEN). CDNB pre-treatment (10 μM for 18 h) was able to consume cellular thiols in gills, decreasing GSH (53%) and decrease protein thiols (25%). CDNB pre-treatment also disrupted glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase activity in the gills, but likewise strongly induced glutathione S-transferase activity (270% increase). Surprisingly, hemocyte viability was greatly affected 24 h after CDNB removal, indicating a possible vulnerability of the oyster immune system to electrophilic attack. New in vivo approaches were established, allowing the identification of higher rates of GSH-CDNB conjugate export to the seawater and enabling the measurement of the organic peroxide consumption rate. CDNB-induced impairment in antioxidant defenses decreased the peroxide removal rate from seawater. After showing that CDNB decreased gill antioxidant defenses and increased DNA damage in hemocytes, oysters were further challenged with 1 mM MEN over 24 h. MEN treatment did not affect thiol homeostasis in gills, while CDNB pre-treated animals recovered GSH and PSH to the control level after 24 h of depuration. Interestingly, MEN intensified GSH and PSH loss and mortality in CDNB-pre-treated animals, showing a clear synergistic effect. The superoxide-generating one-electron reduction of MEN was predominant in gills and may have contributed to MEN toxicity. These results support the idea that antioxidant-depleted animals are more susceptible to oxidative attack, which can compromise survival. Data also corroborate the idea that gills are an important detoxifying organ, able to dispose of organic peroxides, induce phase II enzymes, and efficiently export GSH-CDNB conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Trevisan
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Chen J, Chua KW, Chua CC, Yu H, Pei A, Chua BHL, Hamdy RC, Xu X, Liu CF. Antioxidant activity of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone provides neuroprotection against glutamate-induced toxicity. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499:181-5. [PMID: 21651962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, plays an important role in neurological disorders. Previous studies have shown that excess glutamate can cause oxidative stress in a hippocampal HT-22 cell line. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a member of the flavonoid family, is a selective tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) agonist that has neurotrophic effects in various neurological diseases such as stroke and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we found that there is no TrkB receptor in HT-22 cells. Despite this, our data demonstrate that 7,8-DHF still protects against glutamate-induced toxicity in HT-22 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that 7,8-DHF prevents cell death through other mechanisms rather than TrkB receptors in this cell model. We further show that 7,8-DHF increases cellular glutathione levels and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production caused by glutamate in HT-22 cells. Finally, our data demonstrate that 7,8-DHF protects against hydrogen peroxide and menadione-induced cell death, suggesting that 7,8-DHF has an antioxidant effect. In summary, although 7,8-DHF is considered as a selective TrkB agonist, our results demonstrate that 7,8-DHF can still confer neuroprotection against glutamate-induced toxicity in HT-22 cells via its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215004, PR China
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Luukkonen J, Liimatainen A, Höytö A, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. Pre-exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields modifies menadione-induced genotoxic effects in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18021. [PMID: 21448285 PMCID: PMC3063216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) are generated by power lines and various electric appliances. They have been classified as possibly carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, but a mechanistic explanation for carcinogenic effects is lacking. A previous study in our laboratory showed that pre-exposure to ELF MF altered cancer-relevant cellular responses (cell cycle arrest, apoptosis) to menadione-induced DNA damage, but it did not include endpoints measuring actual genetic damage. In the present study, we examined whether pre-exposure to ELF MF affects chemically induced DNA damage level, DNA repair rate, or micronucleus frequency in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Exposure to 50 Hz MF was conducted at 100 µT for 24 hours, followed by chemical exposure for 3 hours. The chemicals used for inducing DNA damage and subsequent micronucleus formation were menadione and methyl methanesulphonate (MMS). Pre-treatment with MF enhanced menadione-induced DNA damage, DNA repair rate, and micronucleus formation in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Although the results with MMS indicated similar effects, the differences were not statistically significant. No effects were observed after MF exposure alone. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm our previous findings showing that pre-exposure to MFs as low as 100 µT alters cellular responses to menadione, and show that increased genotoxicity results from such interaction. The present findings also indicate that complementary data at several chronological points may be critical for understanding the MF effects on DNA damage, repair, and post-repair integrity of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Luukkonen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Razinger J, Drinovec L, Zrimec A. Real-time visualization of oxidative stress in a floating macrophyte Lemna minor L. exposed to cadmium, copper, menadione, and AAPH. Environ Toxicol 2010; 25:573-580. [PMID: 19551893 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-sensitive digital imaging system was employed to visualize oxidative stress in intact L. minor plants exposed to Cd, Cu, menadione, AAPH, and ascorbate in real time. The increase of ROS production was assessed by measuring the rate of fluorescence intensity increases of the test medium supplemented with a fluorescing probe (dichlorofluorescein diacetate). The addition of 100 μM CdCl₂ or 100 μM CuSO₄ to the growth medium resulted in a significant increase of medium fluorescence. Additionally, CuSO₄ caused a significantly higher fluorescence intensity than CdCl₂ did. A strong positive correlation (R² = 0.99) between menadione concentration and fluorescence intensity was observed. The positive correlation between AAPH concentration and fluorescence intensity was not as strong as in the case of menadione (R² = 0.81). Menadione induced a stronger oxidative stress than similar concentration of AAPH. The addition of 100 μM ascorbate to L. minor treated with 50 μM menadione significantly reduced the fluorescence intensity increase. A linear trend of the fluorescence increase was observed in all treatments, indicating that chemical-induced oxidative stress is a gradual process and that the applied concentrations of the chemicals caused a constant increased production of ROS with different intensities, depending on the treatment. This is the combined result of a gradual diminishing of antioxidant reserves and accumulating oxidative damage. The observed rates of ROS production were slower than those in the studies using cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Razinger
- Institute of Physical Biology, Toplarniška 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The function of the lysosomal degradative pathway of autophagy in cellular injury is unclear, because findings in nonhepatic cells have implicated autophagy as both a mediator of cell death and as a survival response. Autophagic function is impaired in steatotic and aged hepatocytes, suggesting that in these settings hepatocellular injury may be altered by the decrease in autophagy. To delineate the specific function of autophagy in the hepatocyte injury response, the effects of menadione-induced oxidative stress were examined in the RALA255-10G rat hepatocyte line when macroautophagy was inhibited by a short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of the autophagy gene atg5. Loss of macroautophagy sensitized cells to apoptotic and necrotic death from normally nontoxic concentrations of menadione. Loss of macroautophagy led to overactivation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signaling pathway that induced cell death. Death occurred from activation of the mitochondrial death pathway with cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Sensitization to death from menadione occurred despite up-regulation of other forms of autophagy in compensation for the loss of macroautophagy. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) also mediated resistance to menadione. CMA inhibition sensitized cells to death from menadione through a mechanism different from that of a loss of macroautophagy, because death occurred in the absence of JNK/c-Jun overactivation or ATP depletion. CONCLUSION Hepatocyte resistance to injury from menadione-induced oxidative stress is mediated by distinct functions of both macroautophagy and CMA, indicating that impaired function of either form of autophagy may promote oxidant-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Department of Medicine and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Rajat Singh
- Department of Medicine and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Youqing Xiang
- Department of Medicine and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Department of Medicine and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY 10461
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Abstract
Fungal histidine kinases (HKs) have been implicated in different processes, such as the osmostress response, hyphal development, sensitivity to fungicides and virulence. Members of HK class III are known to signal through the HOG mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but possible interactions with other MAPKs have not been explored. In this study, we have characterized fhk1, encoding a putative class III HK from the soil-borne vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Inactivation of fhk1 resulted in resistance to phenylpyrrole and dicarboximide fungicides, as well as increased sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress and menadione-induced oxidative stress. The osmosensitivity of Delta fhk1 mutants was associated with a striking and previously unreported change in colony morphology. The Delta fhk1 strains showed a significant decrease in virulence on tomato plants. Epistatic analysis between Fhk1 and the Fmk1 MAPK cascade indicated that Fhk1 does not function upstream of Fmk1, but that the two pathways may interact to control the response to menadione-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rispail
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales Edificio Gregor Mendel C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Abstract
Little is known about potential environmental impact of nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles can cause unexpected biological responses. Here, Mytilus edulis were exposed (24h) to gold-citrate nanoparticles (GNP), menadione and both compounds simultaneously (GNP/menadione). Protein ubiquitination and carbonylation were determined in gill, mantle and digestive gland, along with traditional oxidative stress biomarkers; catalase activity and neutral red retention time assay (haemolymph). 2DE gels were performed on gill proteins (menadione; GNP/menadione). Our results reveal that GNP may induce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tedesco
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Wright DA, Dawson R, Cutler SJ, Cutler HG, Orano-Dawson CE, Graneli E. Naphthoquinones as broad spectrum biocides for treatment of ship's ballast water: toxicity to phytoplankton and bacteria. Water Res 2007; 41:1294-302. [PMID: 17270232 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Current UN International Maritime Organization legislation mandates the phased introduction of ballast water treatment technologies capable of complying with rigorous standards related to removal of waterborne organisms. Doubts concerning mechanical treatments at very high ballasting rates have renewed interest in chemical treatment for very large vessels. High removal rates for biota require broad spectrum biocides that are safe to transport and handle and pose no corrosion problems for ships' structure. The current study focuses on the naphthoquinone group of compounds and extends a previously reported set of screening bioassays with an investigation of the toxicity of four naphthoquinones to select protists and prokaryotes, representative of typical ballast water organisms. Vegetative dinoflagellate cysts exposed to 2.0 mg/L of the naphthoquinones juglone, plumbagin, menadione and naphthazarin showed varying degrees of chloroplast destruction, with menadione demonstrating the most potency. Laboratory and mesocosm exposures of various phytoplankton genera to menadione showed toxicity at 1.0 mg/L. Juglone demonstrated the most bactericidal activity as judged by a Deltatox assay (Vibrio fischeri) and by acridine orange counts of natural bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wright
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, USA.
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Chiu PY, Leung HY, Siu AHY, Poon MKT, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK, Ko KM. Dang-Gui Buxue Tang protects against oxidant injury by enhancing cellular glutathione in H9c2 cells: role of glutathione synthesis and regeneration. Planta Med 2007; 73:134-41. [PMID: 17325989 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the biochemical mechanism of Dang-Gui Buxue Tang (DBT) involved in its cardioprotective action, the effects of DBT and related preparations on the cellular level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and on susceptibility to menadione-induced toxicity were examined in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Treatment with herbal extract prepared from the fresh root of Astragalus membranaceus (RAM) or Angelica sinensis (RAS) alone and their combinations (D1:1-D10:1) in varying ratios of RAM to RAS (1:1 to 10:1, respectively) increased cellular GSH in a concentration-dependent manner, with the effect produced by the D5:1 extract, an authentic formula of DBT, being the most potent. The enhancement of cellular GSH was found to correlate positively with the degree of cytoprotection against menadione toxicity. Both GSH-enhancing and cytoprotective effects of DBT were largely abolished by GSH depletion as a result of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)/phorone treatment. The DBT-induced increase in the cellular GSH level and the associated cytoprotection were also suppressed by the treatment with BSO, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, or 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, an inhibitor of GSH regeneration. The results indicate that DBT treatment protects against oxidant injury in H9c2 cells, and that the cytoprotective action is causally related to the increase in cellular GSH level, which is likely mediated by the enhancement of GSH synthesis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Yee Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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Wróbel M, Jurkowska H. Menadione effect on l-cysteine desulfuration in U373 cells. Acta Biochim Pol 2007; 54:407-11. [PMID: 17520087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The non-cytotoxic concentration (20 microM) of menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), after 1 h of incubation, leads to loss of the activity of rhodanese by 33%, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase by 20%, as well as the level of sulfane sulfur by about 23% and glutathione by 12%, in the culture of U373 cells, in comparison with the control culture. Reactive oxygen species generated by menadione oxidize sulfhydryl groups in active centers of the investigated enzymes, inhibiting them and saving cysteine for glutathione synthesis. A decreased sulfane sulfur level can be correlated with an oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wróbel
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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Tani S, Yonezawa Y, Morisawa S, Nishioka H. Development of a new E. coli strain to detect oxidative mutation and its application to the fungicide o-phenylphenol and its metabolites. Mutat Res 2006; 628:123-8. [PMID: 17251053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative mutation is mainly induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). However, in Escherichia coli (E. coli), ROS are eliminated by enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, which are coded by sodAB and katEG genes. In this study, to detect mutagens that induce oxidative mutation, a mutant (WP2katEGsodAB) with katEG and sodAB deleted was constructed by gene manipulation of E. coli WP2. H(2)O(2) and menadione sodium bisulfite generated mutation in WP2katEGsodAB but not in WP2. o-Phenylphenol (OPP) and its metabolites (phenylhydroquinone (PHQ) and phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (PBQ)), which had been shown to be negative in the Ames test but reported to be carcinogenic, induced mutation in WP2katEGsodAB but not in WP2. These results suggest that the new assay may be useful for the detection of oxidative mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Tani
- Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8540, Japan.
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McDonagh B, Sheehan D. Redox proteomics in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis: carbonylation is not a pre-requisite for ubiquitination in acute free radical-mediated oxidative stress. Aquat Toxicol 2006; 79:325-33. [PMID: 16930738 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mytilus edulis was exposed under controlled conditions to a panel of model pro-oxidants (H(2)O(2), CdCl(2) and menadione) for 24h. Protein extracts of gill, mantle and digestive gland were analysed by immunoblotting in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separations. Immunoblotting revealed extensive and comparable levels of protein carbonylation across the pro-oxidant panel with approximately 1.5-fold higher levels in gill than digestive gland. Ubiquitination in gill was modest in response to H(2)O(2), but increased in response to menadione and CdCl(2). High ubiquitination levels were found for all pro-oxidants in digestive gland with levels comparable to the highest found in gill. Two-dimensional (2D) SDS-PAGE confirmed specific targeting of individual proteins by ubiquitin against a generally stable protein expression signature. Spot matching suggested that carbonylation is not a pre-requisite for ubiquitination. While gill showed consistently higher constitutive levels of glutathione transferase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activity, pro-oxidant treatment had only modest effect on these enzymes and on the ratio of reduced/oxidised glutathione. In digestive gland, this latter ratio was higher than in gill and increased in response to menadione and CdCl(2). Ubiquitination may provide a marker for acute onset of oxidative stress in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McDonagh
- Proteomics Research Group, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
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de Haan LHJ, Pot GK, Aarts JMMJG, Rietjens IMCM, Alink GM. In vivo relevance of two critical levels for NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-mediated cellular protection against electrophile toxicity found in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:594-600. [PMID: 16314070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-mediated detoxification of quinones is suggested to be involved in cancer prevention. In the present study, using transfected CHO cells, it was demonstrated that the relation between NQO1 activity and the resulting protection against the cytotoxicity of menadione shows a steep dose-response curve revealing a 'lower protection threshold' of 0.5mumol DCPIP/min/mg protein and an 'upper protection threshold' at 1mumol DCPIP/min/mg protein. In an additional in vivo experiment it was investigated how both in vitro critical activity levels of NQO1, relate to NQO1 activities in mice and man, either without or upon induction of the enzyme by butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) or indole-3-carbinol (I(3)C). Data from an experiment with CD1 mice revealed that base-line NQO1 levels in liver, kidney, small intestine, colon and lung are generally below the observed 'lower protection threshold' in vitro, this also holds for most human tissue S-9 samples. To achieve NQO1 levels above this 'lower protection threshold' will require 5-20 fold NQO1 induction. Discussion focuses on the relevance of the in vitro NQO1 activity thresholds for the in vivo situation. We conclude that increased protection against menadione toxicity can probably not be achieved by NQO1 induction but should be achieved by other mechanisms. Whether this conclusion also holds for other electrophiles and the in vivo situation awaits further definition of their NQO1 protection thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H J de Haan
- Subdepartment of Toxicology, Agrotechnology and Food Science Group, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Wang X, Stavchansky S, Bowman PD, Kerwin SM. Cytoprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and catechol ring-fluorinated CAPE derivatives against menadione-induced oxidative stress in human endothelial cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4879-87. [PMID: 16580214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural polyphenolic compound with many biological activities, has been shown to be protective against ischemia-reperfusion injury. We have synthesized six new catechol ring-fluorinated CAPE derivatives and evaluated their cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects against menadione-induced cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results provide some insights into the structural basis of CAPE cytoprotection in this assay, which does not appear to be based solely on direct antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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27
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Abstract
Calpains and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have both been implicated in renal cell death following exposure to reactive chemical toxicants (RCTs). Therefore, we explored the link between ER stress, calpain, and cell death in renal cell injury due to model RCTs (iodoacetamide, menadione, tert-butyl hydroperoxide) and ER stress inducers (tunicamycin [TUN], thapsigargin [THAPS]). The calpain inhibitor, PD150606, significantly reduced the RCT and TUN-induced cell death in the renal cell line LLC-PK1, but not death induced by THAPS. ER stress was confirmed by the significant induction of GRP78 following exposure to RCTs and ER stress inducers. While GRP94 induction was observed following RCTs and TUN, it was not statistically significant because of variability. THAPS at 5 microM significantly induced GRP94, while 20 mmicroM caused a calpain-dependent cleavage of GRP94. Caspase-12 and m-calpain were variably induced and/or cleaved following exposure to all toxicants, supporting activation of these signaling pathways. Inhibition of calpain blocked the induction of GRP78 following exposure to RCTs suggesting that calpain was contributing to the observed ER stress following RCTs. In contrast, calpain inhibition did not block ER stress protein induction following exposure to nontoxic concentrations of TUN or THAPS, indicating that calpain inhibition did not block the ER stress protein induction pathways directly. These studies demonstrate a previously unappreciated link between calpain activation and ER stress-associated cell death in renal cells. While further studies are required to clarify the molecular events involved, these results confirm that calpain activation and the ER are important related players in chemically induced renal cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Muruganandan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island and the PEI Health Research Institute, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
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28
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Chiu PY, Leung HY, Poon MKT, Mak DHF, Ko KM. Effects of schisandrin B enantiomers on cellular glutathione and menadione toxicity in AML12 hepatocytes. Pharmacology 2006; 77:63-70. [PMID: 16636610 DOI: 10.1159/000092773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of schisandrin B enantiomer ((+)Sch B and (-)Sch B) treatment on the reduced cellular glutathione (GSH) level and susceptibility to menadione-induced toxicity were investigated and compared in AML12 hepatocytes. (+)Sch B or (-)Sch B treatment at 6.25 micromol/l produced a time-dependent change in cellular GSH level, with the maximal stimulation occurring 16 h after dosing. (+)Sch B/(-)Sch B pretreatment for 16 h dose-dependently protected against menadione toxicity, with the maximum degree of protection observable at 6.25 micromol/l and the extent of protection afforded by (-)Sch B being larger than that of (+)Sch B. The cytoprotection was associated with a parallel enhancement in cellular GSH level in both non-menadione (control) and menadione-intoxicated cells. While the GSH depletion produced by buthionine sulfoximine/phorone treatment largely abrogated the cytoprotective action of (+)Sch B/(-)Sch B, it almost completely abolished the GSH-enhancing effect of (+)Sch B and (-)Sch B in both control and menadione-treated cells. Both (+)Sch B and (-)Sch B treatments increased the GSH reductase activity in control and menadione-treated cells, with the stimulatory action of (-)Sch B being more potent than that of (+)Sch B in the control condition. (+)Sch B and (-)Sch B also enhanced the gamma-glutamate cysteine ligase activity in menadione-intoxicated cells. The results indicate that (-)Sch B is more effective than (+)Sch B in enhancing cellular GSH and protecting against oxidant injury in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Yee Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR, China
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29
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Raikow DE, Reid DE, Maynard EE, Landrum PE. Sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate resting eggs to SeaKleen (Menadione): a test of potential ballast tank treatment options. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006; 25:552-9. [PMID: 16519319 DOI: 10.1897/05-142r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of aquatic species in resting life stages by the release of ballast water is a less well-known but potentially important invasive species vector. Best-management practices designed to minimize transport of ballast water cannot eliminate this threat, because residual water and sediment are retained in ballast tanks after draining. To evaluate the potential efficacy of chemical treatment of residual material in ship ballast tanks, the present study examined the acute toxicity of the proposed biocide SeaKleen (menadione; Garnett, Watkinsville, GA, USA) on resting eggs of Brachionus plicatilis (a marine rotifer), a freshwater copepod, Daphnia mendotae (a freshwater cladoceran), and Artemia sp. (a marine brine shrimp). SeaKleen was toxic to resting eggs of all taxa. Daphnia mendotae resting eggs encased in protective ephippia were the least sensitive, as indicated by a 24-h lethal concentration of toxicant to 90% of organisms of 8.7 mg/L (95% confidence interval, +/- 0.1 mg/L). SeaKleen induced teratogenic effects in D. mendotae and Artemia sp. Exposure to sunlight quickly degraded SeaKleen, which lost all toxicity after 72 h outdoors. SeaKleen increased in toxicity slightly after 72 h in darkness. Burial of D. mendotae ephippia in natural lake sediment reduced SeaKleen toxicity by a factor of 20. Reduced toxicity in the presence of sediment raises serious doubts as to the potential for this, or any, chemical biocide to kill aquatic invertebrate resting stages buried in sediment retained in ship ballast tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Raikow
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Center for Research on Aquatic Invasive Species, 2205 Commonwealth Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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Chiu PY, Ko KM. Schisandrin B-induced increase in cellular glutathione level and protection against oxidant injury are mediated by the enhancement of glutathione synthesis and regeneration in AML12 and H9c2 cells. Biofactors 2006; 26:221-30. [PMID: 17119269 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520260401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To define the relative role of reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis and regeneration in schisandrin B (Sch B)-induced increase in cellular GSH level and the associated cytoprotection against oxidative challenge, the effects of L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO, a specific inhibitor of gamma-glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL)) and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrourea (BCNU, a specific inhibitor of glutathione reductase (GR)) treatments or their combined treatment were examined in control and Sch B-treated AML12 and H9c2 cells, without and/or with menadione intoxication. Both BSO and BCNU treatments reduced cellular GSH level in AML12 and H9c2 cells, with the effect of BSO being more prominent. The GSH-enhancing effect of Sch B was also suppressed by BSO and BCNU treatments, with the effect of the combined treatment with BSO and BCNU being semi-additive. While Sch B treatment increased the GR but not GCL activity in AML12 and H9c2 cells, it increased the cellular cysteine level. BSO treatment also suppressed the Sch B-induced increase in GR activity. BSO or BCNU treatment per se did not cause any detectable cytotoxic effect, as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase leakage, but the combined treatment with BSO and BCNU was cytotoxic, particularly in H9c2 cells. The cytotoxic effect of BSO and BCNU became more apparent following the menadione challenge. The cytoprotection afforded by Sch B pretreatment was partly suppressed by BSO or BCNU treatment, or completely abrogated by the combined treatment with BSO and BCNU. In conclusion, the results indicate that the cytoprotective action of Sch B is causally related to the increase in cellular GSH level, which is likely mediated by the enhancement of GSH synthesis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Yee Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Cojocel C, Novotny L, Vachalkova A. Mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of menadione. Neoplasma 2006; 53:316-23. [PMID: 16830059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Menadione (2-methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone) or vitamin K3 is a lipid-soluble substance and promotes the hepatic biosynthesis of blood clotting factors. Carcinogenic potential of menadione was determined by a DC polarography method in strictly anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of alpha-lipoic acid. Superoxide anion formation was measured after incubation of rat lung, liver and kidney microsomes with menadione. The genotoxic potential of menadione was investigated using the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and alkaline elution assays. The parameter of potential menadione carcinogenicity tg alpha was 0.0025 indicating no carcinogenic activity of menadione. Superoxide anion was generated in a concentration- and time-dependent manner when menadione was incubated with microsomes. In the mammalian cells (A 549) used for alkaline elution and UDS assays, menadione was cytotoxic at concentrations above 20 nmol/ml. The use of S9 mix (metabolic activation) fractions decreased the cytotoxicity of menadione. In the concentration range of above 20 nmol/ml menadione was genotoxic in the UDS test in absence of metabolic activation. In the presence of metabolic activation the menadione-induced DNA damage and repair was greatly reduced. Treatment of A 549 lung cells with 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQO) caused significant formation of DNA single-strand breaks both in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. Treatment of A 549 lung cells with menadione caused formation of DNA single-strand breaks in the absence of S9 mix. In the presence of metabolic activation menadione caused no significant formation of DNA strand breaks. Menadione-induced DNA repair in A 549 cells was concentration-, time-, and temperature- dependent. Measurement of unscheduled DNA (UDS) synthesis (repair) following treatment with NQO and menadione yielded strong UDS responses in the absence of S9 mix. Taken together the results of these studies suggest the mutagenic potential of NQO and menadione. These results indicate that menadione undergoes redox cycling with formation of reactive oxygen species which cause DNA damage and repair without having a carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cojocel
- Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
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Dietz BM, Kang YH, Liu G, Eggler AL, Yao P, Chadwick LR, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NR, Mesecar AD, van Breemen RB, Bolton JL. Xanthohumol isolated from Humulus lupulus Inhibits menadione-induced DNA damage through induction of quinone reductase. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:1296-305. [PMID: 16097803 PMCID: PMC7395304 DOI: 10.1021/tx050058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The female parts of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) show estrogenic effects as well as cancer chemopreventive potential. We analyzed the chemopreventive mechanism of hops by studying its antioxidative activities and its effect on the detoxification of a potentially toxic quinone (menadione). The detoxification enzyme quinone reductase [(NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, QR] protects against quinone-induced toxicity and has been used as a marker in cancer chemoprevention studies. Although the hop extract was only a weak quencher of free radicals formed from 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, it demonstrated strong QR induction in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. In addition, compounds isolated from hops including xanthohumol (XH) and 8-prenylnaringenin were tested for QR induction. Among these, XH was the most effective at inducing QR with a concentration required to double the specific activity of QR (CD value) of 1.7 +/- 0.7 microM. In addition, pretreatment of Hepa1c1c7 cells with XH significantly inhibited menadione-induced DNA single-strand breaks. The QR inhibitor dicumarol reversed the protective effect of XH against menadione-induced DNA damage. Because the expression of QR and other detoxifying enzymes is known to be upregulated by binding of the transcription factor Nrf2 to the antioxidant response element (ARE), the reporter activity mediated by ARE in HepG2-ARE-C8 cells was investigated after incubation with XH for 24 h. Under these conditions, XH increased ARE reporter activity in a dose-dependent manner. One mechanism by which XH might induce QR could be through interaction with Keap1, which sequesters Nrf2 in the cytoplasm, so that it cannot activate the ARE. Using LC-MS-MS, we demonstrated that XH alkylates human Keap1 protein, most likely on a subset of the 27 cysteines of Keap1. This suggests that XH induces QR by covalently modifying the Keap1 protein. Therefore, XH and hops dietary supplements might function as chemopreventive agents, through induction of detoxification enzymes such as QR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit M. Dietz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Young-Hwa Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Guowen Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Aimee L. Eggler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Lucas R. Chadwick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Norman R. Farnsworth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Andrew D. Mesecar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
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Wang W, Dimatteo D, Funanage VL, Scavina M. Increased susceptibility of spinal muscular atrophy fibroblasts to camptothecin-induced cell death. Mol Genet Metab 2005; 85:38-45. [PMID: 15862279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/24/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by deletions or mutations in the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene. Although the SMN protein has been implicated in the biogenesis of ribonucleoprotein complexes and RNA processing, it is not clear how these functions contribute to the pathogenesis of SMA. To gain a further understanding of SMN function, we have investigated its role in cell survival in skin fibroblasts derived from SMA patients and age-matched controls. SMA fibroblasts exposed to camptothecin, a specific inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I, consistently showed cell death at a lower concentration than normal controls. Treatment with other cell death-inducing agents did not cause differences in survival of SMA fibroblasts as compared with control fibroblasts. Camptothecin treatment resulted in activation of caspase-3 with generation of the caspase-3 cleavage product, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Depletion of SMN protein by RNA interference in control fibroblasts increased caspase-3 activity, whereas transfection of SMA fibroblasts with wild-type SMN decreased caspase-3 activity. Our data demonstrate that SMA fibroblasts are more prone to some, but not all, death-stimuli. Vulnerability to death-stimuli is associated with decreased levels of SMN protein and is mediated by activation of caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Wang
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
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Sidorova YA, Grishanova AY, Lyakhovich VV. Rat hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 induction by menadione. Toxicol Lett 2005; 155:253-8. [PMID: 15603920 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of menadione on activities and expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A subfamily (CYP1A) isozymes in rat hepatic tissue were examined. When rats were treated orally with 15 mg/kg menadione for 4 days, the elevation of hepatic CYP1A1/1A2 specific activities in microsomal preparations was detected with approximately 5.4- and 2.5-fold increase over control values for ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD, CYP1A1) and methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD, CYP1A2) activities, respectively. CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA levels in the liver of menadione-treated rats were approximately 11.8- and 1.8-fold higher than in controls, respectively, whereas the expression of the CYP1A regulatory proteins aryl hydrocarbon-receptor (AhR) and AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt) was not changed at the mRNA level. The result of this study demonstrates that menadione induces CYP1A1/1A2 expression in vivo through either transcriptional activation and/or mRNA stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Sidorova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Timakova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Barata C, Varo I, Navarro JC, Arun S, Porte C. Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna exposed to redox cycling compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 140:175-86. [PMID: 15907763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Contaminant-related changes in antioxidative processes in the freshwater crustacea Daphnia magna exposed to model redox cycling contaminant were assessed. Activities of key antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferases and levels of lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and lipofucsin pigment content were determined in D. magna juveniles after being exposed to sublethal levels of menadione, paraquat, endosulfan, cadmium and copper for 48 h. Results denoted different patterns of antioxidant enzyme responses, suggesting that different toxicants may induce different antioxidant/prooxidant responses depending on their ability to produce reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes to detoxify them. Low responses of antioxidant enzyme activities for menadione and endosulfan, associated with increasing levels of lipid peroxidation and enhanced levels of antioxidant enzyme activities for paraquat, seemed to prevent lipid peroxidation, whereas high levels of both antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation were found for copper. For cadmium, low antioxidant enzyme responses coupled with negligible increases in lipid peroxidation indicated low potential for cadmium to alter the antioxidant/prooxidant status in Daphnia. Among the studied enzymes, total glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase appeared to be the most responsive biomarkers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barata
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, INTEXTER-UPC, CN 150, Km 14.5, 08220 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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Mauzeroll J, Bard AJ, Owhadian O, Monks TJ. Menadione metabolism to thiodione in hepatoblastoma by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17582-7. [PMID: 15601769 PMCID: PMC539751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407613101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of menadione on hepatocytes was studied by using the substrate generation/tip collection mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy by exposing the cells to menadione and detecting the menadione-S-glutathione conjugate (thiodione) that is formed during the cellular detoxication process and is exported from the cell by an ATP-dependent pump. This efflux was electrochemically detected and allowed scanning electrochemical microscopy monitoring and imaging of single cells and groups of highly confluent live cells. Based on a constant flux model, approximately 6 x 10(6) molecules of thiodione per cell per second are exported from monolayer cultures of Hep G2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Koh DW, Lawler AM, Poitras MF, Sasaki M, Wattler S, Nehls MC, Stöger T, Poirier GG, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Failure to degrade poly(ADP-ribose) causes increased sensitivity to cytotoxicity and early embryonic lethality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17699-704. [PMID: 15591342 PMCID: PMC539714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406182101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is critical for genomic stability in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we show that the failure to degrade PAR by means of disruption of the murine poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) gene unexpectedly causes early embryonic lethality and enhanced sensitivity to genotoxic stress. This lethality results from the failure to hydrolyze PAR, because PARG null embryonic day (E) 3.5 blastocysts accumulate PAR and concurrently undergo apoptosis. Moreover, embryonic trophoblast stem cell lines established from early PARG null embryos are viable only when cultured in medium containing the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor benzamide. Cells lacking PARG also show reduced growth, accumulation of PAR, and increased sensitivity to cytotoxicity induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and menadione after benzamide withdrawal. These results provide compelling evidence that the failure to degrade PAR has deleterious consequences. Further, they define a role for PARG in embryonic development and a protective role in the response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Koh
- Institute for Cell Engineering and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Resveratrol has been shown to have chemopreventive, cardioprotective, and antiaging properties. Here, we report that resveratrol is a potent inhibitor of quinone reductase 2 (QR2) activity in vitro with a dissociation constant of 35 nM and show that it specifically binds to the deep active-site cleft of QR2 using high-resolution structural analysis. All three resveratrol hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds with amino acids from QR2, anchoring a flat resveratrol molecule in parallel with the isoalloxazine ring of FAD. The unique active-site pocket in QR2 could potentially bind other natural polyphenols such as flavonoids, as proven by the high affinity exhibited by quercetin toward QR2. K562 cells with QR2 expression suppressed by RNAi showed similar properties as resveratrol-treated cells in their resistance to quinone toxicity. Furthermore, the QR2 knockdown K562 cells exhibit increased antioxidant and detoxification enzyme expression and reduced proliferation rates. These observations could imply that the chemopreventive and cardioprotective properties of resveratrol are possibly the results of QR2 activity inhibition, which in turn, up-regulates the expression of cellular antioxidant enzymes and cellular resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Buryanovskyy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla New York 10595
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla New York 10595
| | - Molly Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla New York 10595
| | - Yuliang Ma
- Proteomics Facility, The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Tze-chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla New York 10595
| | - Joseph M. Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla New York 10595
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla New York 10595
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: 914-594-4728. Fax: 914-594-4058.
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Gurgul E, Lortz S, Tiedge M, Jörns A, Lenzen S. Mitochondrial catalase overexpression protects insulin-producing cells against toxicity of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines. Diabetes 2004; 53:2271-80. [PMID: 15331536 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-producing cells are known for their extremely low antioxidant equipment with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-inactivating enzymes. Therefore, catalase was stably overexpressed in mitochondria and for comparison in the cytoplasmic compartment of insulin-producing RINm5F cells and analyzed for its protective effect against toxicity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines. Only mitochondrial overexpression of catalase provided protection against menadione toxicity, a chemical agent that preferentially generates superoxide radicals intramitochondrially. On the other hand, the cytoplasmic catalase overexpression provided better protection against H(2)O(2) toxicity. Mitochondrial catalase overexpression also preferentially protected against the toxicity of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and a proinflammatory cytokine mixture (IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], and gamma-interferon [IFN-gamma]) that is more toxic than IL-1beta alone. Thus, it can be concluded that targeted overexpression of catalase in the mitochondria provides particularly effective protection against cell death in all situations in which ROS are generated intramitochondrially. The observed higher rate of cell death after exposure to a cytokine mixture in comparison with the weaker effect of IL-1beta alone may be due to an additive toxicity of TNF-alpha through ROS formation in mitochondria. The results emphasize the central role of mitochondrially generated ROS in the cytokine-mediated cell destruction of insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Gurgul
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
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40
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Kim GB, Lee RF. Effects of genotoxic compounds on DNA and development of early and late grass shrimp embryo stages. Mar Environ Res 2004; 57:329-338. [PMID: 14967517 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2002] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Early and late developmental stages of grass shrimp embryos were exposed to different concentrations of two genotoxicants, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQO). DNA strand breaks were assessed by the comet assay while embryo development effects were determined by % of embryos hatching. Early embryo stage embryos were significantly more sensitive to genotoxicants than late stages. For example, all stage 4 embryos failed to hatch at 1 microM NQO while 95% of stage 8 hatched at this concentration. High DNA tail moments, which are a measure of the number of DNA strand breaks, were found in late stage embryos exposed to genotoxicants. Early stage embryo development was effected by low concentrations of genotoxicants but no changes were observed in DNA tail moments. We suggest that high DNA moments in late embryo stages reflect high DNA repair activity, while early stages may lack a fully developed DNA repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Beum Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyoung, South Korea 650-160
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41
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Prapagdee B, Vattanaviboon P, Mongkolsuk S. The role of a bifunctional catalase-peroxidase KatA in protection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from menadione toxicity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 232:217-23. [PMID: 15033242 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(04)00075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an aerobic plant pathogenic bacterium that is exposed to reactive oxygen species produced either as by-products of aerobic metabolism or by the defense systems of host plants. The physiological function of the bifunctional catalase-peroxidase (KatA) in the protection of A. tumefaciens from reactive oxygen species other than H(2)O(2) was evaluated in the katA mutant (PB102). Unexpectedly, PB102 was highly sensitive to the superoxide generator menadione. The expression of katA from a plasmid vector complemented the menadione-hypersensitive phenotype. A. tumefaciens possesses an additional catalase gene, a monofunctional catalase encoded by catE. Neither inactivation nor high-level expression of the catE gene altered the menadione resistance level. Moreover, heterologous expression of the catalase-peroxidase-encoding gene katG from Burkholderia pseudomallei, but not the monofunctional catalase gene katE from Xanthomonas campestris could restore normal levels of menadione resistance to PB102. A recent observation suggests that the menadione resistance phenotype involves increased activities of organic peroxide-metabolizing enzymes. Heterologous expression of X. campestris alkyl hydroperoxide reductase from a plasmid vector failed to complement the menadione-sensitive phenotype of PB102. The level of menadione resistance shows a direct correlation with the level of peroxidase activity of KatA. This is a novel role for KatA and suggests that resistance to menadione toxicity is mediated by a new, and as yet unknown, mechanism in A. tumefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjaphorn Prapagdee
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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42
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Osman AM, Rotteveel S, den Besten PJ, van Noort PCM. In vivo exposure ofDreissena polymorpha mussels to the quinones menadione and lawsone: menadione is more toxic to mussels than lawsone. J Appl Toxicol 2004; 24:135-41. [PMID: 15052609 DOI: 10.1002/jat.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The principal aim of this study was to assess whether the two quinones, menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), elicit differential toxicity in mussels as has been reported for higher organisms. Therefore, the effects of short-term (48 h) and long-term (20 days) exposure of the two quinones at concentrations of 0.56 and 1 mg l(-1) to zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, under laboratory conditions were studied. After the short-term exposure, the specific activities of the two-electron quinone oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase) and the one-electron catalysing quinone reductases NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase were determined in the gills and the rest of the soft tissues (soft mussel tissues minus the gills) of both treated and control mussels. At the higher concentrations of menadione and lawsone used, a significant reduction of the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the gills and in the rest of the soft mussel tissues (by 33-34% and 31-43%, respectively) was observed. The activities of DT-diaphorase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase were not significantly affected. Interestingly, DT-diaphorase was observed in the gills, an organ requiring protection against antioxidants. Furthermore, a single-cell electrophoretic assay (comet assay) performed with gill cells to assess DNA damage by the quinones did not show any significant difference between the treated and the control organisms. This indicates that the formation of reactive species by the quinone metabolism in vivo in the mussels was possibly suppressed through the concerted action of DT-diaphorase and antioxidant enzymes. The results of in vitro experiments with gill extracts confirmed the protective role of DT-diaphorase. The rate of the two-electron quinone reduction was found to be five times that of the one-electron quinone reduction. The results of the long-term exposure unambiguously demonstrated that in mussels menadione, unlike in higher organisms, is more toxic than lawsone. The lack of detectability of xanthine oxidase in the mussel tissues could explain the comparatively lower toxicity of lawsone in the invertebtrate, lending support to a previous suggestion that xanthine oxidase might be responsible for the mechanism of toxicity of lawsone in higher organisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Osman
- Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, PO Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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43
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Verrax J, Cadrobbi J, Marques C, Taper H, Habraken Y, Piette J, Calderon PB. Ascorbate potentiates the cytotoxicity of menadione leading to an oxidative stress that kills cancer cells by a non-apoptotic caspase-3 independent form of cell death. Apoptosis 2004; 9:223-33. [PMID: 15004519 DOI: 10.1023/b:appt.0000018804.26026.1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocarcinoma cells (TLT) were incubated in the presence of ascorbate and menadione, either alone or in combination. Cell death was only observed when such compounds were added simultaneously, most probably due to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated by ascorbate-driven menadione redox cycling. TLT cells were particularly sensitive to such an oxidative stress due to its poor antioxidant status. DNA strand breaks were induced by this association but this process did not correspond to oligosomal DNA fragmentation (a hallmark of cell death by apoptosis). Neither caspase-3-like DEVDase activity, nor processing of procaspase-3 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed in the presence of ascorbate and menadione. Cell death induced by such an association was actively dependent on protein phosphorylation since it was totally prevented by preincubating cells with sodium orthovanadate, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. Finally, while H2O2, when administered as a bolus, strongly enhances a constitutive basal NF-kappaB activity in TLT cells, their incubation in the presence of ascorbate and menadione results in a total abolition of such a constitutive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Verrax
- Unité de Pharmacocinétique, Métabolisme, Nutrition et Toxicologie, Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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44
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Schattenberg JM, Wang Y, Rigoli RM, Koop DR, Czaja MJ. CYP2E1 overexpression alters hepatocyte death from menadione and fatty acids by activation of ERK1/2 signaling. Hepatology 2004; 39:444-55. [PMID: 14767997 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic oxidative stress induced by overexpression of the cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1 (CYP2E1) has been implicated in hepatocyte injury and death. However, the mechanism by which CYP2E1 overexpression may promote cell death is unknown. Acute oxidative stress activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), suggesting that chronic oxidant generation by CYP2E1 may regulate cellular responses through these signaling pathways. The effect of CYP2E1 overexpression on MAPK activation and their function in altering death responses of CYP2E1-overexpressing hepatocytes were investigated. Chronic CYP2E1 overexpression led to increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation constitutively and in response to oxidant stress from the superoxide generator menadione. CYP2E1-overexpressing cells were resistant to menadione toxicity through an ERK1/2-dependent mechanism. Similar to menadione, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA) induced an increased activation of ERK1/2 in hepatocytes that overexpressed CYP2E1. However, CYP2E1-overexpressing cells were sensitized to necrotic death from AA and the PUFA gamma-linolenic acid, but not from saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. Death from PUFA resulted from oxidative stress and was blocked by inhibition of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK or activator protein-1 signaling. CYP2E1 expression induced ERK1/2 activation through increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/c-Raf signaling. Inhibition of EGFR signaling reversed CYP2E1-induced resistance to menadione and sensitization to AA toxicity. In conclusion, chronic CYP2E1 overexpression leads to sustained ERK1/2 activation mediated by EGFR/c-Raf signaling. This adaptive response in hepatocytes exposed to chronic oxidative stress confers differential effects on cellular survival, protecting against menadione-induced apoptosis, but sensitizing to necrotic death from PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Medicine and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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45
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Schleger C, Platz SJ, Deschl U. Development of an in vitro model for vascular injury with human endothelial cells. ALTEX 2004; 21 Suppl 3:12-9. [PMID: 15057404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to establish an in vitro screening assay for drug candidates using human endothelial cells as a model for vascular injury after intravenous application. Different endpoints for viability and functionality of endothelial cells were investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and in immortalised human endothelial cells (IVEC). Cellular viability was determined by measuring ATP content and by the AlamarBlue assay. For comparison, the toxicity of the selected compounds was also tested in a murine fibroblast cell line (3T3 cells). Selected endpoints for endothelial cell-specific function were vascular permeability, determined by measurement of the transendothelial resistance and the diffusion of tracer molecules (FITC-dextran), and the release of prostaglandin and thromboxane as indicators for prothrombotic or vasoconstrictory action. Five compounds (cyclosporin A, mitomycin C, menadione, amrinone and rolipram) were selected due to their known effects on the vasculature. The cytotoxicity of all compounds was similar in endothelial and 3T3 cells. ATP content and AlamarBlue metabolism did not differ significantly except for amrinone. A dose-dependent decrease of transendothelial resistance and an increase in FITC-dextran permeability could be measured in HUVEC cells for the tested compounds, but the sensitivity was not higher than that of the cytotoxicity assays. Increased prostaglandin or thromboxane release was detected for all compounds at cytotoxic concentrations and for rolipram also at non-toxic concentrations. In conclusion, for a first ranking of drug candidates, cytotoxicity assays on any of the three cell types used are appropriate. For a more detailed characterisation of individual compounds, functional assays on HUVEC cells are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schleger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Department of Non-clinical Drug Safety, D-Biberach, Germany.
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46
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Niemczyk E, Majczak A, Hallmann A, Kedzior J, Woźniak M, Wakabayashi T. A possible involvement of plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidase in the switch mechanism of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis in menadione-induced cell injury. Acta Biochim Pol 2004; 51:1015-1022. [PMID: 15625573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of inhibitors of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase on menadione-induced cell injury processes were studied using human osteosarcoma 143B cells. The intracellular level of superoxide in the cells treated with menadione for 6 h reached a maximum followed by an abrupt decrease. The population of apoptotic cells detected by Annexin V and propidium iodide double staining also reached its maximum at 6 h of menadione-treatment while that of necrotic cells increased continuously reaching 90% of the total population at 9 h of the treatment. Pretreatment of the cells with inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, including diphenyliodonium chloride, apocynin, N-vanillylnonanamide and staurosporine was effective in lowering the menadione-induced elevations of superoxide, and also in the suppression of the switch of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis in menadione-treated cells except for the case of staurosporine. These results strongly suggest that superoxide generated by NADPH oxidase, besides that generated by the mitochondria, may contribute to the remarkable increase in the intracellular level of superoxide in the cells treated with menadione for 6 h resulting in the switch from apoptosis to necrosis, although a direct evidence of the presence of active and inactive forms of NADPH oxidase in control and menadione-treated 143B cells is lacking at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Niemczyk
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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47
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Hallmann A, Klimek J, Masaoka M, Kamiński M, Kedzior J, Majczak A, Niemczyk E, Woźniak M, Trzonkowski P, Wakabayashi T. Partial characterization of human choriocarcinoma cell line JAR cells in regard to oxidative stress. Acta Biochim Pol 2004; 51:1023-1038. [PMID: 15625574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of free radical-induced cell injury processes of placenta cells is of vital importance for clinical medicine for the maintenance of intrauterine fetal life. The present study has analyzed cell injury processes in cells of the choriocarcinoma cell line JAR treated with menadione, an anticancer drug, and H(2)O(2) in comparison to osteosarcoma 143B cells using electron microscopic and flow cytometric techniques. Flow cytometry on JAR cells exposed to 100 muM menadione and double-stained with Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) detected apoptotic cells reaching the maximum after 4 h of incubation with a rapid decrease thereafter. Viable cells became decreased to 46% of the control after 2 h of incubation, reaching 5% after 4 h. Cells stainable with both Annexin V and PI began to increase distinctly after 2 h of incubation, reaching 55% after 4 h. Electron microscopy showed that cells stainable with both dyes specified above had condensed nuclei and swollen cytoplasm, suggesting that they were undergoing a switch of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis. On the other hand, 90% of 143B cells remained intact after 4 h of menadione treatment although the intracellular levels of superoxide were always higher than those of JAR cells treated with the drug. In contrast, JAR cells were more resistant than 143B cells to H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity. These results may suggest that cytotoxicity of menadione cannot be explained simply by oxygen free radicals generated from the drug. The resistance of JAR cells to oxygen free radical-induced cytotoxicity may be advantageous for intrauterine fetal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract
The shared features between plant and animal programmed cell death are becoming increasingly apparent. In this study, human Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of cell death regulators, was stably expressed in tobacco. Previously, we have shown that such plants were resistant/tolerant to several necrotrophic fungal pathogens. In this study, we show that transgenic plants are protected by several lethal abiotic stresses including heat, cold, menadione and hydrogen peroxide. Importantly, wild type tobacco, exposed to these treatments, not only died but during the death process exhibited features associated with mammalian apoptosis including DNA laddering, fragmentation, and the development of apoptotic bodies. These features were not observed in viable transgenic tobacco. Thus, abiotic stress induced cell death in plants can be accompanied by apoptotic-like features that are inhibited by expression of Bcl-2. These observations add to the growing body of evidence indicating trans-kingdom conservation of programmed cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, 406 Plant Sciences Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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49
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Meyer JN, Smith JD, Winston GW, Di Giulio RT. Antioxidant defenses in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) exposed to contaminated sediments and model prooxidants: short-term and heritable responses. Aquat Toxicol 2003; 65:377-95. [PMID: 14568353 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A population of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting a Superfund site on the Elizabeth River (VA, USA) is tolerant of the acute toxicity of the sediments from the site; previous work suggests that this tolerance is based both on genetic adaptation and physiological acclimation. In this study, larval first- and second-generation (F1 and F2) offspring of Elizabeth River killifish were more resistant to the toxicity of t-butyl hydroperoxide (a model prooxidant) than were King's Creek (reference site) offspring, indicating a heritable tolerance of exposure to oxidative stress. In laboratory experiments designed to elucidate the mechanistic basis for this increased tolerance, we exposed laboratory-raised F1 and F2 offspring from Elizabeth River and King's Creek killifish to Elizabeth River sediments, menadione, or t-butyl hydroperoxide, and measured the following antioxidant parameters: total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC); glutathione content (total and disulfide); activities of glutathione reductase (GR); glutathione peroxidase (GPx); and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) activities and protein levels of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD); and protein levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Exposure to Elizabeth River sediments lead to consistent increases in total glutathione concentrations, GR activities, and MnSOD protein levels, and in some cases increased GPx and GCL activities, in both populations. In addition, Elizabeth River offspring (larvae) showed higher basal TOSC values, glutathione concentrations, and MnSOD protein levels. These data suggest that upregulated antioxidant defenses play a role in both short-term (physiological) and heritable (multigenerational/evolutionary) tolerance of the toxicity of these Superfund sediments. The responses of specific antioxidant parameters, including sex-specific responses in the cases of glutathione concentrations and GR activity, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences and Integrated Toxicology Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
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50
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Abstract
Menadione is a commonly used compound that causes oxidative stress. We investigated the influence of lipid peroxidation on the apoptotic response of mouse myogenic C2C12 cells following menadione-induced oxidative stress. The presence of hypodiploid cells and phosphatidylserine translocation were assayed to detect apoptotic cells. Menadione at 10-40 micro M induced cell apoptosis. Menadione at dose of 80 micro M induced both apoptosis and necrosis. At a 160 micro M dosage, menadione induced cell necrosis. Caspase 3 activation is required for menadione-induced apoptosis. Incubation of cells with 40 micro M menadione resulted in the depletion of cellular glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation. Pre-treatment of cells with cysteine suppressed the menadione-induced apoptosis and prevented changes in reactive oxygen species levels, glutathione levels and lipid peroxidation. Pre-treatment of cells with deferoxamine mesylate, an iron chelator, also reduced both menadione-induced apoptosis and lipid peroxidation. However, this did not prevent menadione-induced glutathione depletion. Thus, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by deferoxamine mesylate prevented apoptosis even though cellular glutathione remained depleted. Our data suggest that menadione-induced apoptosis is directly linked to iron-dependent lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzeon-Jye Chiou
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
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