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Sandner P, Tinel H, Affaitati G, Costantini R, Giamberardino MA. Effects of PDE5 Inhibitors and sGC Stimulators in a Rat Model of Artificial Ureteral Calculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141477. [PMID: 26509272 PMCID: PMC4624930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary colics from calculosis are frequent and intense forms of pain whose current pharmacological treatment remains unsatisfactory. New and more effective drugs are needed to control symptoms and improve stone expulsion. Recent evidence suggested that the Nitric Oxide (NO) / cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) / phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) system may contribute to ureteral motility influencing stone expulsion. We investigated if PDE5 inhibitors and sGC stimulators influence ureteral contractility, pain behaviour and stone expulsion in a rat model of ureteral calculosis. We investigated: a)the sex-specific PDE5 distribution in the rat ureter; b)the functional in vitro effects of vardenafil and sildenafil (PDE5 inhibitors) and BAY41-2272 (sGC stimulator) on induced ureteral contractility in rats and c)the in vivo effectiveness of vardenafil and BAY41-2272, alone and combined with ketoprofen, vs hyoscine-N-butylbromide alone or combined with ketoprofen, on behavioural pain indicators and stone expulsion in rats with artificial calculosis in one ureter. PDE5 was abundantly expressed in male and female rats’ ureter. In vitro, both vardenafil and BAY41-2272 significantly relaxed pre-contracted ureteral strips. In vivo, all compounds significantly reduced number and global duration of “ureteral crises” and post-stone lumbar muscle hyperalgesia in calculosis rats. The highest level of reduction of the pain behaviour was observed with BAY41-2272 among all spasmolytics administered alone, and with the combination of ketoprofen with BAY41-2272. The percentage of stone expulsion was maximal in the ketoprofen+BAY41-2272 group. The NO/cGMP/PDE5 pathway is involved in the regulation of ureteral contractility and pain behaviour in urinary calculosis. PDE5 inhibitors and sGC stimulators could become a potent new option for treatment of urinary colic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sandner
- Bayer Health Care AG – Global Drug Discovery, Department of Cardiology – Pharma Research Center Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanna Tinel
- Bayer Health Care AG – Global Drug Discovery, Department of Cardiology – Pharma Research Center Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Giannapia Affaitati
- Pathophysiology of Pain Laboratory, Ce.S.I., “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaele Costantini
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Adele Giamberardino
- Pathophysiology of Pain Laboratory, Ce.S.I., “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Whittaker AL, Howarth GS. Use of spontaneous behaviour measures to assess pain in laboratory rats and mice: How are we progressing? Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lopopolo M, Affaitati G, Fabrizio A, Massimini F, Lapenna D, Giamberardino MA, Costantini R. Effects of tramadol on viscero-visceral hyperalgesia in a rat model of endometriosis plus ureteral calculosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 28:331-41. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Lopopolo
- Pathophysiology of Pain Laboratory; Ce.S.I, “G. D'Annunzio” Foundation; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging; University of Chieti; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
| | - Giannapia Affaitati
- Pathophysiology of Pain Laboratory; Ce.S.I, “G. D'Annunzio” Foundation; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging; University of Chieti; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
| | - Alessandra Fabrizio
- Pathophysiology of Pain Laboratory; Ce.S.I, “G. D'Annunzio” Foundation; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging; University of Chieti; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
| | - Francesca Massimini
- Institute of Clinical Pathology; University of Chieti; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
| | - Domenico Lapenna
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging; University of Chieti; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
| | - Maria Adele Giamberardino
- Pathophysiology of Pain Laboratory; Ce.S.I, “G. D'Annunzio” Foundation; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging; University of Chieti; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
| | - Raffaele Costantini
- Institute of Surgical Pathology; University of Chieti; via dei Vestini s.n. 66013 Chieti Scalo (Chieti) Italy
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A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Study to Evaluate the Timing of Pregabalin for Third Molar Surgery Under Local Anesthesia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 70:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2011.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pedersen KV, Drewes AM, Frimodt-Møller PC, Osther PJS. Visceral pain originating from the upper urinary tract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 38:345-55. [PMID: 20473661 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-010-0278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain originating from the upper urinary tract is a common problem and stone colic is one of the most intense pain conditions that can be experienced in the clinic. The pain is difficult to alleviate and often leads to medical attention. In humans, pain mechanisms of the upper urinary tract pain are still poorly understood, which often leads to a trial and error approach in clinical pain management. Pain from the upper urinary tract seems to have all the characteristics of pure visceral pain, including referred pain with or without hyperalgesia/trophic changes in somatic tissues and viscero-visceral hyperalgesia. However, further studies are needed to better understand these visceral pain mechanisms with regard to optimising pain management. This review gives an introduction to visceral pain in general and upper urinary tract pain in particular, with special reference to pain pathways and pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Venborg Pedersen
- Department of Urology, Hospital Littlebelt, University of Southern Denmark, Dronningensgade 97, 7000, Fredericia, Denmark.
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Estradiol and testosterone differently affect visceral pain-related behavioural responses in male and female rats. Eur J Pain 2009; 14:602-7. [PMID: 19948419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the study of pain, the presence of sex differences is well known, with female subjects being more affected in a number of chronic painful conditions; however, the underlying mechanisms and the involvement of gonadal hormones, are still controversial. This study evaluated visceral pain in a validated rat model of artificial calculosis and the effects of estradiol and testosterone administration. Adult male and female rats were divided into groups and treated with one of the substances or Oil (vehicle) for 5 days, starting 2 days before surgery, with half receiving an artificial calculosis (Stone) and half only a sham (Sham) procedure. The animals' behaviour (ureteral crises, frequency and duration) were recorded for 72 h; estradiol and testosterone plasma levels were determined in all groups at the end of the observation period. After surgery, only Stone rats showed ureteral pain crises, with a significant sex difference in the Oil-treated groups in which the number and duration of crises were higher in females than in males. This difference was not present in the estradiol-treated groups in which ureteral crises were decreased only in females while testosterone treatment had no effect in either sex. Estradiol and testosterone plasma levels were affected by treatments in both sexes. These results confirm that, also in this model of visceral pain, females experience more pain than males; moreover, they show that supraphysiological levels of estradiol, but not of testosterone, are analgesic only in females. A dose and sex-dependent efficacy of gonadal hormones is suggested and discussed.
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Lee L, Irwin M, Yao T, Yuen M, Cheung C. Timing of intraoperative parecoxib analgesia in colorectal surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acpain.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Refinement of the dosage and dosing schedule of ketoprofen for postoperative analgesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Lab Anim (NY) 2008; 37:271-5. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0608-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhou Q, Price DD, Caudle RM, Verne GN. Visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:429-35. [PMID: 17703363 PMCID: PMC2807888 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of visceral structures in rats has been shown to produce visceral/somatic hyperalgesia. Our objectives were to determine if trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in rats leads to visceral/somatic hypersensitivity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were treated with 20 mg of TNBS in 50% ethanol (n = 40) or an equivalent volume of ethanol (n = 40) or saline (n = 25) via the colon. Colonic distension, Von Frey, Hargreaves, and tail reflex tests were used to evaluate for visceral, mechanical, and thermal sensitivity. The rats demonstrated visceral hypersensitivity at 2-28 days following TNBS administration (P < 0.0001). The ethanol-treated rats also demonstrated visceral hypersensitivity that resolved after day 14. TNBS-treated rats demonstrated somatic hypersensitivity at days 14-28 (P < 0.0001) in response to somatic stimuli of the hind paw. TNBS colitis is associated with visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in areas of somatotopic overlap. This model of colitis should allow further investigation into the mechanisms of visceral and somatic hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiQi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Donald D. Price
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Robert M. Caudle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - G. Nicholas Verne
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
- North Florida/South Georgia VA Medical System, USA
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Training in behaviour-based post-operative pain scoring in rats—An evaluation based on improved recognition of analgesic requirements. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Behaviour-based assessment of the duration of laparotomy-induced abdominal pain and the analgesic effects of carprofen and buprenorphine in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2005; 15:461-72. [PMID: 15472568 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200411000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of unnecessary pain in laboratory animals requires reliable and practically useful tools for assessing pain severity and analgesic efficacy. We have used a behaviour-based pain scoring system to determine the duration of pain resulting from laparotomy, and the duration of analgesia afforded by orally administered (p.o.) buprenorphine and subcutaneously administered (s.c.) carprofen or buprenorphine in rats. One hour before laparotomy Fisher 344 rats received either saline as a control (0.2 ml/100 g s.c.), carprofen (5 mg/kg s.c.) or buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg s.c. or 0.4 mg/kg p.o.). The rats were housed singly for 10-min periods of behaviour recording, beginning 30 min after completing surgery. Recording was repeated at three time points every 2 h. The behaviour of controls was distinct from that of the analgesic-treated animals throughout recording; however, the major signs of pain (back-arching, staggering and writhing) were prominent during only the first 270 min in the saline group. This was followed by a period of more subtle differences between the saline- and drug-treated groups. It was concluded that the most acutely painful effects of surgery in this model lasted for between 270 and 390 min, and that this was alleviated throughout its duration by subcutaneously administered carprofen or buprenorphine, and also buprenorphine administered orally. The study demonstrates a clinically relevant and practically useful approach to assessing the duration of post-surgical abdominal pain and analgesic effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Roughan
- Comparative Biology Centre, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Gross DR, Tranquilli WJ, Greene SA, Grimm KA. Critical anthropomorphic evaluation and treatment of postoperative pain in rats and mice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222:1505-10. [PMID: 12784951 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R Gross
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Vera-Portocarrero LP, Lu Y, Westlund KN. Nociception in persistent pancreatitis in rats: effects of morphine and neuropeptide alterations. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:474-84. [PMID: 12552208 PMCID: PMC4654116 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200302000-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most animal models of pancreatitis are short-lived or very invasive. A noninvasive animal model of pancreatitis developed in highly inbred rats by Merkord with symptoms persisting for 3 weeks was adopted in the current study to test its validity as a model of visceral pain in commercially available rats. METHODS The persistent pancreatitis model was established by tail vein injection of dibutyltin dichloride. Animals were given 10% alcohol in their drinking water to enhance the pancreatitis attack. Blood serum pancreatic enzymes and nociceptive state were monitored for 3 weeks after dibutyltin dichloride or vehicle. Behavioral testing included reflexive withdrawal to mechanical and thermal stimulation of the abdominal area. The effect of morphine on nociceptive behaviors was tested. Histologic analysis of the pancreas and immunohistochemical analysis of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal cord are included in the study. RESULTS Compared with naïve and vehicle-only injected control groups, rats receiving dibutyltin dichloride demonstrated an increase in withdrawal events after von Frey stimulation and decreased withdrawal latency after thermal stimulation, signaling a sensitized nociceptive state through 7 days. These pain-related measures were abrogated by morphine. Blood serum concentrations of amylase and lipase as well as tissue inflammatory changes and substance P were also significantly elevated during this same time period. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that animals with the dibutyltin dichloride-induced experimental pancreatitis expressed serum, histologic, and behavioral characteristics similar in duration to those present during acute attacks experienced by patients with chronic pancreatitis. These findings and responsivity to morphine suggest the utility of this model developed in a commercially available strain of rats for study of persistent visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Vera-Portocarrero
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 77555, USA
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Palecek J, Paleckova V, Willis WD. The roles of pathways in the spinal cord lateral and dorsal funiculi in signaling nociceptive somatic and visceral stimuli in rats. Pain 2002; 96:297-307. [PMID: 11973002 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The spinothalamic tract (STT) is a major ascending nociceptive pathway, interruption of which by cordotomy is used for pain relief, whereas the dorsal column (DC) pathway is usually not considered to be involved in pain transmission. However, recent clinical studies showed good relief of visceral pain in cancer patients after a DC lesion. Electrophysiological recordings in animals suggest that the analgesic effect is due to interruption of axons ascending from postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) neurons located in the vicinity of the central canal. In this behavioral study, we used a decrease in exploratory activity in rats after a noxious stimulus as an indicator of perceived pain, independent of withdrawal reflexes. Intradermal capsaicin injection almost abolished exploratory activity in naïve animals or in rats after a DC lesion, but did not change it in rats after ipsilateral dorsal rhizotomy or a lesion of the lateral funiculus on the side opposite to the injection. In contrast, a bilateral DC lesion counteracted the decrease in exploratory activity induced by noxious visceral stimuli for at least 180 days after the surgery. Although neurons projecting in both the STT and the PSDC path can be activated by noxious stimuli of cutaneous or visceral origin, our results suggest that the STT plays a crucial role in the perception of acute cutaneous pain and that the DC pathway is important for transmission of visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Palecek
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Marine Biomedical Institute, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1069, USA
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Affaitati G, Giamberardino MA, Lerza R, Lapenna D, De Laurentis S, Vecchiet L. Effects of tramadol on behavioural indicators of colic pain in a rat model of ureteral calculosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2002; 16:23-30. [PMID: 11903509 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2002.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of prolonged administration of tramadol vs. placebo on behavioural indicators of ureteral pain and referred lumbar muscle hyperalgesia in a rat model of artificial ureteral calculosis. Four groups of 10 rats each (female, Sprague-Dawley) were treated twice a day, for 4 days, with i.p. injections of tramadol 1.25 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg or saline, respectively. The first injection was delivered 45 min before laparotomy (under pentobarbital anaesthesia) for formation of the stone in the upper left ureter via injection of dental cement. All rats were video-taped 24 h non-stop from the immediate postoperative period until the 4th day for recording of behavioural ureteral crises indicative of colic pain. Lumbar muscle sensitivity was tested daily over the same period by verifying presence or absence of vocalization upon pinching of the parietal layers at L1 level, bilaterally, at a constant predefined pressure value with calibrated forceps. Tramadol significantly reduced number and global duration (ANOVA, P < 0.008 and P < 0.004) of ureteral crises with respect to saline and the effect was dose-dependent (linear regression analysis between doses and parameters of crises, P < 0.003 and P < 0.002). The drug also significantly reduced the incidence of referred muscle hyperalgesia (ANOVA, P < 0.0001). It is concluded that tramadol is highly effective in controlling pain phenomena from urinary stones and can represent a valid therapeutic approach in patients with urinary colics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannapia Affaitati
- Pathophysiology of Pain Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Italy
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