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Puja G, Sonkodi B, Bardoni R. Mechanisms of Peripheral and Central Pain Sensitization: Focus on Ocular Pain. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:764396. [PMID: 34916942 PMCID: PMC8669969 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent ocular pain caused by corneal inflammation and/or nerve injury is accompanied by significant alterations along the pain axis. Both primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal nerves and secondary neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus are subjected to profound morphological and functional changes, leading to peripheral and central pain sensitization. Several studies using animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic ocular pain have provided insight about the mechanisms involved in these maladaptive changes. Recently, the advent of new techniques such as optogenetics or genetic neuronal labelling has allowed the investigation of identified circuits involved in nociception, both at the spinal and trigeminal level. In this review, we will describe some of the mechanisms that contribute to the perception of ocular pain at the periphery and at the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Recent advances in the discovery of molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to peripheral and central pain sensitization of the trigeminal pathways will be also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Puja
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Balazs Sonkodi
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Bardoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
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Hirahara M, Fujiwara N, Seo K. Novel trigeminal slice preparation method for studying mechanisms of nociception transmission. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 286:6-15. [PMID: 28522210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) plays a critical role in transmission and modulation of nociceptive afferent inputs, and exhibits a similar layer construction to the spinal dorsal horn. However, afferent inputs enter the brainstem and project to a separately located nucleus. It has previously been difficult to record responses of the Vc to afferent fiber activation in a brainstem slice preparation. The aim of the present study was to establish a novel brainstem slice preparation method to study trigeminal nociceptive transmission mechanisms. NEW METHOD Thirty adult 6-7-week-old C57/BL6J male mice were included in the study. Obliquely sliced brainstem sections at a thickness of 600μm, which included the Vc and the root entry zone to the brainstem, were prepared. The Vc response to electrical stimulation of afferent fibers was observed as a change in intracellular calcium concentration by fluorescence intensity response. RESULTS Electrical stimulation of afferent inputs to the trigeminal nerve increased fluorescent intensity in the Vc, which was completely diminished by tetrodotoxin and significantly suppressed by the AMPA/kainate antagonist CNQX (paired t-test, P<0.001), although the non-competitive NMDA antagonist (+)-MK801 maleate resulted in no changes. These results suggested a glutamate receptor-mediated response. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS/CONCLUSION This brainstem slice preparation will be useful for investigating nociceptive transmission mechanisms of the trigeminal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Hirahara
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata City 951-8514, Japan
| | - Naoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Medical Technology, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Kenji Seo
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata City 951-8514, Japan.
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Matsumoto A, Arisaka H, Hosokawa Y, Sakuraba S, Sugita T, Umezawa N, Kaku Y, Yoshida KI, Kuwana SI. Effect of carbamazepine and gabapentin on excitability in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of neonatal rats using a voltage-sensitive dye imaging technique. Biol Res 2015. [PMID: 26195075 PMCID: PMC4508818 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-015-0027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antiepileptic drugs
carbamazepine and gabapentin are effective in treating neuropathic pain and trigeminal neuralgia. In the present study, to analyze the effects of carbamazepine and gabapentin on neuronal excitation in the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Sp5c) in the medulla oblongata, we recorded temporal changes in nociceptive afferent activity in the Sp5c of trigeminal nerve-attached brainstem slices of neonatal rats using a voltage-sensitive dye imaging technique. Results Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve rootlet evoked changes in the fluorescence intensity of dye in the Sp5c. The optical signals were composed of two phases, a fast component with a sharp peak followed by a long-lasting component with a period of more than 500 ms. This evoked excitation was not influenced by administration of carbamazepine (10, 100 and 1,000 μM) or gabapentin (1 and 10 μM), but was increased by administration of 100 μM gabapentin. This evoked excitation was increased further in low Mg2+ (0.8 mM) conditions, and this effect of low Mg2+ concentration was antagonized by 30 μM DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5), a N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker. The increased excitation in low Mg2+ conditions was also antagonized by carbamazepine (1,000 μM) and gabapentin (100 μM). Conclusion Carbamazepine and gabapentin did not decrease electrically evoked excitation in the Sp5c in control conditions. Further excitation in low Mg2+ conditions was antagonized by the NMDA receptor blocker AP5. Carbamazepine and gabapentin had similar effects to AP5 on evoked excitation in the Sp5c in low Mg2+ conditions. Thus, we concluded that carbamazepine and gabapentin may act by blocking NMDA receptors in the Sp5c, which contributes to its anti-hypersensitivity in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Arisaka
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hosokawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0375, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Sakuraba
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Takeo Sugita
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Umezawa
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kaku
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0394, Japan.
| | - Kazu-ichi Yoshida
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Shun-ichi Kuwana
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Uekusa Gakuen University, Ogura-cho, Wakaba-ku, Chiba, 264-0007, Japan.
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Seo K, Fujiwara N, Takeuchi K, Maeda T, Someya G. Postnatal development of excitation propagation in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis evoked by afferent stimulation in mice. Neurosci Res 2005; 52:201-10. [PMID: 15927721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal development of nociceptive afferent activity expansion and its modulation features were examined in mice using an optical imaging technique. Developing mice (1-2 weeks old (N1-2 w), 3-4 weeks old (N3-4 w), 5-6 weeks old (N5-6 w) and 7-8 weeks old (N7-8 w)) and neonatally capsaicin-treated mice were used. The propagation of neuronal excitation was measured by changes in fluorescent intensity in horizontal brain stem slices evoked by electrical stimulation to the trigeminal spinal tract. A single-pulse stimulation evoked excitation propagation in the trigeminal caudalis (Vc). The propagation area was larger in N1-2 w than in N7-8 w, and no differences were observed between capsaicin-treated and naive mice in the same age groups. Repetitive stimulation (100 Hz, 30 pulses) elicited long-lasting and widespread excitation propagation. The excitation propagation area was significantly larger in N7-8 w than in N1-2 w, N3-4 w and N5-6 w. This propagation was suppressed by 5 microM L-703.606, an NK1-receptor antagonist, suggesting that the repetitive stimulation-elicited excitation may require substance-P releases. Morphological observations demonstrated that the neural network in the Vc had grown by postnatal week 5. These results suggest that nociceptive afferent activity co-operatively matures with development of the network structure in the Vc, and that a mechanism for prolonged increase in central excitability is established during a later postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Seo
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274, 2 Ban-cho, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
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Seo K, Fujiwara N, Takeuchi K, Maeda T, Someya G. Repetitive afferent stimulation propagates excitation in the trigeminal caudalis. Neuroreport 2003. [DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200307180-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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