1
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Sanchez Noriega JL, Chartrand NA, Valdoz JC, Cribbs CG, Jacobs DA, Poulson D, Viglione MS, Woolley AT, Van Ry PM, Christensen KA, Nordin GP. Spatially and optically tailored 3D printing for highly miniaturized and integrated microfluidics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5509. [PMID: 34535656 PMCID: PMC8448845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional 3D printing based on Digital Light Processing Stereolithography (DLP-SL) is unnecessarily limiting as applied to microfluidic device fabrication, especially for high-resolution features. This limitation is due primarily to inherent tradeoffs between layer thickness, exposure time, material strength, and optical penetration that can be impossible to satisfy for microfluidic features. We introduce a generalized 3D printing process that significantly expands the accessible spatially distributed optical dose parameter space to enable the fabrication of much higher resolution 3D components without increasing the resolution of the 3D printer. Here we demonstrate component miniaturization in conjunction with a high degree of integration, including 15 μm × 15 μm valves and a 2.2 mm × 1.1 mm 10-stage 2-fold serial diluter. These results illustrate our approach's promise to enable highly functional and compact microfluidic devices for a wide variety of biomolecular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Sanchez Noriega
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Nicholas A Chartrand
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Jonard Corpuz Valdoz
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Collin G Cribbs
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Dallin A Jacobs
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Daniel Poulson
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Matthew S Viglione
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Adam T Woolley
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Pam M Van Ry
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Kenneth A Christensen
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Gregory P Nordin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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2
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Wang KKW, Kobeissy FH, Shakkour Z, Tyndall JA. Thorough overview of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein as tandem biomarkers recently cleared by US Food and Drug Administration for the evaluation of intracranial injuries among patients with traumatic brain injury. Acute Med Surg 2021; 8:e622. [PMID: 33510896 PMCID: PMC7814989 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity affecting all ages. It remains to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, in which, to date, there is no Food and Drug Administration‐approved drug for treating patients suffering from TBI. The heterogeneity of the disease and the associated complex pathophysiology make it difficult to assess the level of the trauma and to predict the clinical outcome. Current injury severity assessment relies primarily on the Glasgow Coma Scale score or through neuroimaging, including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans. Nevertheless, such approaches have certain limitations when it comes to accuracy and cost efficiency, as well as exposing patients to unnecessary radiation. Consequently, extensive research work has been carried out to improve the diagnostic accuracy of TBI, especially in mild injuries, because they are often difficult to diagnose. The need for accurate and objective diagnostic measures led to the discovery of biomarkers significantly associated with TBI. Among the most well‐characterized biomarkers are ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase‐L1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The current review presents an overview regarding the structure and function of these distinctive protein biomarkers, along with their clinical significance that led to their approval by the US Food and Drug Administration to evaluate mild TBI in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center (BRRC) Malcom Randall VA Medical Center North Florida / South Georgia Veterans Health System Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Firas H Kobeissy
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon
| | - J Adrian Tyndall
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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3
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Ferrer I, García MA, González IL, Lucena DD, Villalonga AR, Tech MC, Llorens F, Garcia‐Esparcia P, Martinez‐Maldonado A, Mendez MF, Escribano BT, Bech‐Serra JJ, Sabido E, de la Torre Gómez C, del Rio JA. Aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG): not only tau phosphorylation in astrocytes. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:965-985. [PMID: 29396893 PMCID: PMC8028270 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) is defined by the presence of two types of tau-bearing astrocytes: thorn-shaped astrocytes (TSAs) and granular/fuzzy astrocytes in the brain of old-aged individuals. The present study is focused on TSAs in rare forms of ARTAG with no neuronal tau pathology or restricted to entorhinal and transentorhinal cortices, to avoid bias from associated tauopathies. TSAs show 4Rtau phosphorylation at several specific sites and abnormal tau conformation, but they lack ubiquitin and they are not immunostained with tau-C3 antibodies which recognize truncated tau at Asp421. Astrocytes in ARTAG have atrophic processes, reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and increased superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) immunoreactivity. Gel electrophoresis and western blotting of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions reveal a pattern of phospho-tau in ARTAG characterized by two bands of 68 and 64 kDa, and several middle bands between 35 and 50 kDa which differ from what is seen in AD. Phosphoproteomics of dissected vulnerable regions identifies an increase of phosphorylation marks in a large number of proteins in ARTAG compared with controls. GFAP, aquaporin 4, several serine-threonine kinases, microtubule associated proteins and other neuronal proteins are among the differentially phosphorylated proteins in ARTAG thus suggesting a hyper-phosphorylation background that affects several molecules, including many kinases and proteins from several cell compartments and various cell types. Finally, present results show for the first time that tau seeding is produced in neurons of the hippocampal complex, astrocytes, oligodendroglia and along fibers of the corpus callosum, fimbria and fornix following inoculation into the hippocampus of wild type mice of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions enriched in hyper-phosphorylated tau from selected ARTAG cases. These findings show astrocytes as crucial players of tau seeding in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Centre)BarcelonaSpain
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Meritxell Aguiló García
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryInstitute for Molecular Biosciences, Karl‐Franzens University of GrazAustria
| | - Irene López González
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Daniela Diaz Lucena
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Aina Roig Villalonga
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Margarita Carmona Tech
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Franc Llorens
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Paula Garcia‐Esparcia
- Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Centre)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Margalida Frau Mendez
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Benjamín Torrejón Escribano
- Biology Unit, Scientific and Technical ServicesUniversity of Barcelona, Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Eduard Sabido
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació GenòmicaBarcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - José Antonio del Rio
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Molecular and Cellular NeurobiotechnologyInstitute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Parc Científic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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4
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Methylglyoxal Induces Changes in the Glyoxalase System and Impairs Glutamate Uptake Activity in Primary Astrocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9574201. [PMID: 28685011 PMCID: PMC5480050 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9574201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of astrocyte functions is associated with diabetes mellitus and other neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes have been proposed to be essential cells for neuroprotection against elevated levels of methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive aldehyde derived from the glycolytic pathway. MG exposure impairs primary astrocyte viability, as evaluated by different assays, and these cells respond to MG elevation by increasing glyoxalase 1 activity and glutathione levels, which improve cell viability and survival. However, C6 glioma cells have shown strong signs of resistance against MG, without significant changes in the glyoxalase system. Results for aminoguanidine coincubation support the idea that MG toxicity is mediated by glycation. We found a significant decrease in glutamate uptake by astrocytes, without changes in the expression of the major transporters. Carbenoxolone, a nonspecific inhibitor of gap junctions, prevented the cytotoxicity induced by MG in astrocyte cultures. Thus, our data reinforce the idea that astrocyte viability depends on gap junctions and that the impairment induced by MG involves glutamate excitotoxicity. The astrocyte susceptibility to MG emphasizes the importance of this compound in neurodegenerative diseases, where the neuronal damage induced by MG may be aggravated by the commitment of the cells charged with MG clearance.
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5
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Levine J, Kwon E, Paez P, Yan W, Czerwieniec G, Loo JA, Sofroniew MV, Wanner IB. Traumatically injured astrocytes release a proteomic signature modulated by STAT3-dependent cell survival. Glia 2015; 64:668-94. [PMID: 26683444 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers associated with CNS injury are of diagnostic interest. Mechanical trauma generates cellular deformation associated with membrane permeability with unknown molecular consequences. We used an in vitro model of stretch-injury and proteomic analyses to determine protein changes in murine astrocytes and their surrounding fluids. Abrupt pressure-pulse stretching resulted in the rapid release of 59 astrocytic proteins with profiles reflecting cell injury and cell death, i.e., mechanoporation and cell lysis. This acute trauma-release proteome was overrepresented with metabolic proteins compared with the uninjured cellular proteome, bearing relevance for post-traumatic metabolic depression. Astrocyte-specific deletion of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3-CKO) resulted in reduced stretch-injury tolerance, elevated necrosis and increased protein release. Consistent with more lysed cells, more protein complexes, nuclear and transport proteins were released from STAT3-CKO versus nontransgenic astrocytes. STAT3-CKO astrocytes had reduced basal expression of GFAP, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), aldolase C (ALDOC), and astrocytic phosphoprotein 15 (PEA15), and elevated levels of tropomyosin (TPM4) and α actinin 4 (ACTN4). Stretching caused STAT3-dependent cellular depletion of PEA15 and GFAP, and its filament disassembly in subpopulations of injured astrocytes. PEA15 and ALDOC signals were low in injured astrocytes acutely after mouse spinal cord crush injury and were robustly expressed in reactive astrocytes 1 day postinjury. In contrast, α crystallin (CRYAB) was present in acutely injured astrocytes, and absent from uninjured and reactive astrocytes, demonstrating novel marker differences among postinjury astrocytes. These findings reveal a proteomic signature of traumatically-injured astrocytes reflecting STAT3-dependent cellular survival with potential diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclynn Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunice Kwon
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pablo Paez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo, NYS Center of Excellence, Buffalo, New York
| | - Weihong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregg Czerwieniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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6
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Yang Z, Wang KKW. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: from intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:364-74. [PMID: 25975510 PMCID: PMC4559283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) III protein uniquely found in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), non-myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and enteric glial cells. GFAP mRNA expression is regulated by several nuclear-receptor hormones, growth factors, and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). GFAP is also subject to numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs), while GFAP mutations result in protein deposits known as Rosenthal fibers in Alexander disease. GFAP gene activation and protein induction appear to play a critical role in astroglial cell activation (astrogliosis) following CNS injuries and neurodegeneration. Emerging evidence also suggests that, following traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries and stroke, GFAP and its breakdown products are rapidly released into biofluids, making them strong candidate biomarkers for such neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, L4-100, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, L4-100, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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7
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Brolese G, Lunardi P, de Souza DF, Lopes FM, Leite MC, Gonçalves CA. Pre- and postnatal exposure to moderate levels of ethanol can have long-lasting effects on hippocampal glutamate uptake in adolescent offspring. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127845. [PMID: 25978644 PMCID: PMC4433332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing brain is vulnerable to the effects of ethanol. Glutamate is the main mediator of excitatory signals in the brain and is probably involved in most aspects of normal brain function during development. The aim of this study was to investigate vulnerability to and the impact of ethanol toxicity on glutamate uptake signaling in adolescent rats after moderate pre and postnatal ethanol exposure. Pregnant female rats were divided into three groups and treated only with water (control), non-alcoholic beer (vehicle) or 10% (v/v) beer solution (moderate prenatal alcohol exposure—MPAE). Thirty days after birth, adolescent male offspring were submitted to hippocampal acute slice procedure. We assayed glutamate uptake and measured glutathione content and also quantified glial glutamate transporters (EAAT 1 and EAAT 2). The glutamate system vulnerability was tested with different acute ethanol doses in naïve rats and compared with the MPAE group. We also performed a (lipopolysaccharide-challenge (LPS-challenge) with all groups to test the glutamate uptake response after an insult. The MPAE group presented a decrease in glutamate uptake corroborating a decrease in glutathione (GSH) content. The reduction in GSH content suggests oxidative damage after acute ethanol exposure. The glial glutamate transporters were also altered after prenatal ethanol treatment, suggesting a disturbance in glutamate signaling. This study indicates that impairment of glutamate uptake can be dose-dependent and the glutamate system has a higher vulnerability to ethanol toxicity after moderate ethanol exposure In utero. The effects of pre- and postnatal ethanol exposure can have long-lasting impacts on the glutamate system in adolescence and potentially into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Brolese
- Department of Neuroscience, Basic Science Health Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Paula Lunardi
- Department of Biochemistry—Basic Science Health Institute—Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela F. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry—Basic Science Health Institute—Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Lopes
- Department of Neuroscience, Basic Science Health Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina C. Leite
- Department of Biochemistry—Basic Science Health Institute—Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Department of Neuroscience, Basic Science Health Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry—Basic Science Health Institute—Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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8
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Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure alters behavior and neuroglial parameters in adolescent rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Kan A, Mohamedali A, Tan SH, Cheruku HR, Slapetova I, Lee LY, Baker MS. An improved method for the detection and enrichment of low-abundant membrane and lipid raft-residing proteins. J Proteomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Miyamoto K, Yamashita T, Tsukiyama T, Kitamura N, Minami N, Yamada M, Imai H. Reversible Membrane Permeabilization of Mammalian Cells Treated with Digitonin and Its Use for Inducing Nuclear Reprogramming by Xenopus Egg Extracts. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 10:535-42. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsukiyama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naojiro Minami
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yamada
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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11
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Li H, Black PN, Chokshi A, Sandoval-Alvarez A, Vatsyayan R, Sealls W, DiRusso CC. High-throughput screening for fatty acid uptake inhibitors in humanized yeast identifies atypical antipsychotic drugs that cause dyslipidemias. J Lipid Res 2007; 49:230-44. [PMID: 17928635 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d700015-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are implicated in the development of dyslipidemias, leading to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We used a standardized small compound library to screen humanized yeast to identify compounds that inhibit fatty acid transport protein (FATP)-mediated fatty acid uptake into cells. This screening procedure used live yeast cells expressing human FATP2 to identify small compounds that reduced the import of a fluorescent fatty acid analog, 4,4-difluoro-5-methyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-dodecanoic acid (C(1)-BODIPY-C(12)). The library used consisted of 2,080 compounds with known biological activities. Of these, approximately 1.8% reduced cell-associated C(1)-BODIPY-C(12) fluorescence and were selected as potential inhibitors of human FATP2-mediated fatty acid uptake. Based on secondary screens, 28 compounds were selected as potential fatty acid uptake inhibitors. Some compounds fell into four groups with similar structural features. The largest group was structurally related to a family of tricyclic, phenothiazine-derived drugs used to treat schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders, which are also known to cause metabolic side effects, including hypertriglyceridemia. Potential hit compounds were studied for specificity of interaction with human FATP and efficacy in human Caco-2 cells. This study validates this screening system as useful to assess the impact of drugs in preclinical screening for fatty acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Center for Metabolic Disease, Ordway Research Institute, Inc., Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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12
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Frizzo JK, Tramontina AC, Tramontina F, Gottfried C, Leal RB, Donato R, Gonçalves CA. Involvement of the S100B in cAMP-induced cytoskeleton remodeling in astrocytes: a study using TRTK-12 in digitonin-permeabilized cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 24:833-40. [PMID: 15672683 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-004-6922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Stellation of astrocytes in culture involves a complex rearrangement of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, which reflects in part the plasticity of these cells observed during development or after injury. 2. An astrocytic calcium-binding protein, S100B, has been implicated in the regulation of plasticity due to its ability to interact with cytoskeletal proteins. 3. We used digitonin-permeabilized astrocytes to introduce TRTK-12, a peptide that binds to the C-terminal of S100B and blocks its interaction with cytoskeletal proteins. 4. TRTK-12 was able to block cAMP-induced astrocyte stellation and this effect was dependent on the concentration of the peptide. These results support the idea that S100B has a modulatory role on astrocyte morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana K Frizzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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13
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Ziegler DR, Oliveira DL, Pires C, Ribeiro L, Leite M, Mendez A, Gonçalves D, Tramontina F, Portela LV, Wofchuk ST, Perry ML, Gonçalves CA. Ketogenic diet fed rats have low levels of S100B in cerebrospinal fluid. Neurosci Res 2004; 50:375-9. [PMID: 15567475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets have been used to treat seizure disorders of children resistant to conventional anti-epileptic drug treatment. The mechanism of action of this diet, however, is unknown. Gliosis is a very common characteristic in tissues associated with epileptogenesis and glial cytokines may be involved in the pathology of seizure disorders. We investigate herein, whether ketogenic diet fed rats demonstrate changes in the immunocontent of S100B, an astrocyte-derived cytokine elevated in the temporal lobe of refractory epilepsy. Lower levels of S100B were observed in cerebrospinal fluid with no significant changes in S100B and GFAP content in brain tissue. Ketogenic fed rats presented a lower seizure severity induced by pentylenetetrazole and no change in cerebrospinal fluid S100B after pentylenetetrazole administration. These results support the concept that the ketogenic diet is neuroprotective in seizure disorders. Since S100B has an extracellular activity in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity, it would be reasonable to conceive that a decrease in the S100B could be involved in the mechanism of action of the ketogenic diet. However, it is not possible to establish a direct link between reduced CSF S100B and decreased severity of PTZ-induced attacks at present moment. Regardless of this, CSF S100B could be proposed as an index of efficacy of ketogenic diet for seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize R Ziegler
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
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14
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Silvestroni L, Mantovani A, Palleschi S. The partial head decondensation test is a new, quick method to assess acrosome status in human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 2004; 81:1007-12. [PMID: 15066456 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Revised: 08/26/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a fast method for assessing acrosome status in human spermatozoa. DESIGN Development of a new in vitro test to assess acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa. SETTING Academic medical institution. PATIENT(S) Normozoospermic subjects. INTERVENTION(S) Spermatozoa were isolated from fresh semen samples, capacitated, and stimulated or not with P or ionomycin. Acrosome reactions were evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy after a brief sperm incubation in a decondensing solution. The results were compared with those obtained by scanning electron microscopy and fluoresceinated lectin staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Percentage of intact acrosomes. RESULT(S) The new procedure allowed intact acrosomes to be easily identified and quantified by phase-contrast microscopy. In unstimulated and ionomycin-treated spermatozoa, a very good agreement was found among the new test, scanning electron microscopy, and fluoresceinated lectin staining. In P-treated spermatozoa, the proposed method allowed a significantly higher percentage of reacted acrosomes to be resolved, likely due to its ability to detect the very initial stages of the acrosome reaction. CONCLUSION(S) The new test allows acrosome-intact and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa to be unambiguously singled out and quantified. The method is rapid, reliable, sensitive, and easy to perform, which makes it of profitable use in both basic research and diagnostic practice.
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Del Bigio MR, Wilson MJ, Enno T. Chronic hydrocephalus in rats and humans: white matter loss and behavior changes. Ann Neurol 2003; 53:337-46. [PMID: 12601701 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hydrocephalus that begins in childhood and progresses only very gradually is sometimes called "arrested" hydrocephalus. Data suggest that this state eventually can become symptomatic and may be treatable by shunting. However, the pathological substrate of the disorder is not entirely understood. We studied chronic hydrocephalus in rats, 9 months after induction by kaolin injection into the cisterna magna, and in humans. In both circumstances, destruction of periventricular white matter structures was worst in those with the largest ventricles. Structures damaged include the corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, and fimbria/fornix projections from the hippocampus. Myelin turnover was increased. These changes were associated with deficits of motor and cognitive function. The cerebral cortex was largely spared. There appears to be a threshold of ventricle size beyond which functional changes manifest, but this undoubtedly is modified by factors such as age of onset and rate of enlargement. These data support the need for persistent follow-up of patients with chronic, apparently stable hydrocephalus. A slight increase in size of already enlarged ventricles might cause significant axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba Manitoba Institute for Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Matsunaga W, Miyata S, Itoh M, Kiyohara T, Maekawa S. Expression of high levels of tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2d in the neurohypophysial astrocytes of adult rat. Neuroscience 2002; 111:151-62. [PMID: 11955719 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, containing arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, is well known to show reversible morphological reorganization for both neurons and glial cells during chronic physiological stimulation. To determine the molecular background for these morphological changes, we investigated the expression of tubulin and microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2d in the neurohypophysial astrocytes, pituicytes of adult rats by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA of MAP2d was expressed at higher levels than that of MAP2c in the neurohypophysis, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. In contrast, predominant expression of mRNA of MAP2c was detected in the olfactory bulb. Western blot analysis showed the presence of MAP2d in the neurohypophysis, however the amount was below the detection level in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. A double labeling study using a confocal laser scanning microscope showed intense tubulin immunoreactivity in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive pituicytes of the intact neurohypophysis. Almost no tubulin immunoreactivity was observed in the astrocytes of the intact cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and supraoptic nucleus, in contrast to strong tubulin immunoreactivity in neuronal dendrites and somata. Interestingly, intense tubulin immunoreactivity was also observed in the GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes in the immediate vicinity of the artificial lesion of the cerebral cortex. Electron microscopic observation further demonstrated the presence of a lot of microtubules in the pituicytes of intact rats.The present results demonstrate that pituicytes in the adult rat neurohypophysis expresses high levels of tubulin and MAP2d compared with normal brain astrocytes, and suggest that the ability of astrocytic morphological alteration may be at least partly ascribed to this high expression of microtubule proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Japan
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Tramontina F, Conte S, Gonçalves D, Gottfried C, Portela LV, Vinade L, Salbego C, Gonçalves CA. Developmental changes in S100B content in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and astrocyte cultures of rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2002; 22:373-8. [PMID: 12469878 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020732304591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. We investigated the content of S100B protein by ELISA in three brain regions (hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum) and in cerebrospinal fluid of rats during postnatal development as well as the content and secretion of S100B in pre- and postconfluent primary astrocyte cultures. 2. An accumulation of S100B occurred in all brain regions with similar ontogenetic pattern between second and fourth postnatal weeks. However, we observed a decrease in the cerebrospinal fluid S100B after the critical period for synaptogenesis in rodents. 3. A similar profile of cell accumulation and decrease in basal secretion was also observed during aging of astrocyte cultures. 4. These data contribute to the proposal that S100B is an important glial-derived protein during brain development and that changes in extracellular levels of S100B may be related to glial proliferation and synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Tramontina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ziegler DR, Araújo E, Rotta LN, Perry ML, Gonçalves CA. A ketogenic diet increases protein phosphorylation in brain slices of rats. J Nutr 2002; 132:483-7. [PMID: 11880575 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.3.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diets have been used to treat seizure disorders of children and recently it was shown to increase the drug-induced seizure threshold in rats. Protein phosphorylation is a major regulatory mechanism of signal transduction that has been implicated in modulating neuronal excitability. We investigated the basal protein phosphorylation in microslices from different brain regions (hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum) of young rats fed a ketogenic diet, and we evaluated the effect of this diet on weight development and health of these rats based on serum biochemistry. Thirty-day-old rats consumed ad libitum ketogenic (high fat) or control diets for 8 wk. Rats consuming the high fat diet had ketonemia without signs of undernutrition or illness. Microslices were incubated in media containing (32)P-phosphate, and (32)P-phosphoprotein content was analyzed by one- or two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. Basal protein phosphorylation was greater in brain slices from ketogenic rats. Different increments of synapsin I, GAP-43 and GFAP phosphorylation were observed in two-dimensional autoradiography. A ketogenic diet induced metabolic changes affecting the basal status of protein phosphorylation. This change could affect the mechanisms of signal transduction in neural cells involved in the increase in the seizure threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize R Ziegler
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Tramontina F, Karl J, Gottfried C, Mendez A, Gonçalves D, Portela LV, Gonçalves CA. Digitonin-permeabilization of astrocytes in culture monitored by trypan blue exclusion and loss of S100B by ELISA. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2000; 6:86-90. [PMID: 11086267 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present protocol details a procedure to permeabilize astrocytes in cultures with digitonin as well as to discuss some data about factors that interfere in permeabilization, particularly divalent cations and nucleotides. Two methods to assess astrocyte permeabilization are described: trypan blue exclusion and ELISA for S100B, a specific protein expressed by these cells. Digitonin-permeabilization of astrocytes has been used to investigate intracellular pools of Ca(2+), internal stores of metabolites, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and recently we standardized a procedure to study protein phosphorylation (Brain Res. 853 (2000) 32-40). A short incubation time (10 min) with 30 microM digitonin permeabilized at least 75% of cells. A range of media with different ionic nature can be used in cell permeabilization without affecting significantly the extent of permeabilization, but calcium and ATP of the order of 10(-5) M induced a partial resealing which deserves to be considered in assays of permeabilized preparations of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tramontina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Gonçalves CA, Gottfried C, Dunkley PR. The use of permeabilized cells to assay protein phosphorylation and catecholamine release. Neurochem Res 2000; 25:885-94. [PMID: 10944008 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007533927813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of approaches can be used to determine the protein kinases and protein phosphatases acting on particular phosphoproteins in vivo. Cell permeabilization represents one such approach. In this overview we discuss the different permeabilization procedures used in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells and in particular the use of digitonin. The effect of various factors on the extent of digitonin-permeabilization, protein phosphorylation and catecholamine release are also discussed. The factors include the permeabilization medium, the ions such as calcium, and the second messengers, such as cAMP, IP3, cADPR and calmodulin. The effect of specific peptide inhibitors of protein kinases on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation is illustrated. Advantages and disadvantages of cell permeabilization procedures are discussed throughout the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gonçalves
- Dept de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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