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Martín JA, Domínguez J, Solla A, Brasier CM, Webber JF, Santini A, Martínez-Arias C, Bernier L, Gil L. Complexities underlying the breeding and deployment of Dutch elm disease resistant elms. NEW FORESTS 2021; 54:661-696. [PMID: 37361260 PMCID: PMC10287581 DOI: 10.1007/s11056-021-09865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Dutch elm disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease caused by the pathogens Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi with multiple ecological phases including pathogenic (xylem), saprotrophic (bark) and vector (beetle flight and beetle feeding wound) phases. Due to the two DED pandemics during the twentieth century the use of elms in landscape and forest restoration has declined significantly. However new initiatives for elm breeding and restoration are now underway in Europe and North America. Here we discuss complexities in the DED 'system' that can lead to unintended consequences during elm breeding and some of the wider options for obtaining durability or 'field resistance' in released material, including (1) the phenotypic plasticity of disease levels in resistant cultivars infected by O. novo-ulmi; (2) shortcomings in test methods when selecting for resistance; (3) the implications of rapid evolutionary changes in current O. novo-ulmi populations for the choice of pathogen inoculum when screening; (4) the possibility of using active resistance to the pathogen in the beetle feeding wound, and low attractiveness of elm cultivars to feeding beetles, in addition to resistance in the xylem; (5) the risk that genes from susceptible and exotic elms be introgressed into resistant cultivars; (6) risks posed by unintentional changes in the host microbiome; and (7) the biosecurity risks posed by resistant elm deployment. In addition, attention needs to be paid to the disease pressures within which resistant elms will be released. In the future, biotechnology may further enhance our understanding of the various resistance processes in elms and our potential to deploy trees with highly durable resistance in elm restoration. Hopefully the different elm resistance processes will prove to be largely under durable, additive, multigenic control. Elm breeding programmes cannot afford to get into the host-pathogen arms races that characterise some agricultural host-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Martín
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos Forestales Puerta de Hierro. TRAGSA., Ctra. de la Coruña, Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Solla
- Faculty of Forestry, Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), University of Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Alberto Santini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante – C.N.R., Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Clara Martínez-Arias
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Louis Bernier
- Centre d’étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Luis Gil
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hybridization and introgression drive genome evolution of Dutch elm disease pathogens. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:626-638. [PMID: 32123324 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization and the resulting introgression can drive the success of invasive species via the rapid acquisition of adaptive traits. The Dutch elm disease pandemics in the past 100 years were caused by three fungal lineages with permeable reproductive barriers: Ophiostoma ulmi, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subspecies novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subspecies americana. Using whole-genome sequences and growth phenotyping of a worldwide collection of isolates, we show that introgression has been the main driver of genomic diversity and that it impacted fitness-related traits. Introgressions contain genes involved in host-pathogen interactions and reproduction. Introgressed isolates have enhanced growth rate at high temperature and produce different necrosis sizes on an in vivo model for pathogenicity. In addition, lineages diverge in many pathogenicity-associated genes and exhibit differential mycelial growth in the presence of a proxy of a host defence compound, implying an important role of host trees in the molecular and functional differentiation of these pathogens.
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Gorton C, Webber JF. Reevaluation of the status of the bluestain fungus and bark beetle associate Ophiostoma minus. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gorton
- Forestry Commission Research Agency, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Joan F. Webber
- Forestry Commission Research Agency, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
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Gemma JN, Hartmann GC, Wasti SS. Inhibitory Interactions Between Ceratocystis Ulmi and Several Species of Entomogenous Fungi. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1984.12023834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane N. Gemma
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island 02908
| | - George C. Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island 02908
| | - S. Salman Wasti
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island 02908
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Plourde KV, Jacobi V, Bernier L. Use of insertional mutagenesis to tag putative parasitic fitness genes in the Dutch elm disease fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:797-802. [PMID: 18772944 DOI: 10.1139/w08-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used insertional mutagenesis to produce genetically tagged mutants of the Dutch elm disease fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi. We first optimized transformation of O. novo-ulmi protoplasts by the restriction enzyme mediated integration method. A concentration of 80 U of HindIII with 108 fungal protoplasts and 5 microg of plasmid DNA was the most efficient for generating a high number of O. novo-ulmi mutants carrying a single insertion in their genome. Mycelium- and yeast-like growth kinetics of 24 O. novo-ulmi mutants were evaluated in vitro. Flanking sequences were successfully recovered in 8% of the transformants analyzed. Some mutant phenotypes appeared to result from gene disruption events, whereas others likely involved modifications of noncoding regions. Several nuclear loci that control vegetative growth and could potentially impact parasitic fitness were successfully tagged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine V Plourde
- Centre d'Etude de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QCG1V0A6, Canada.
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Bouvet GF, Jacobi V, Plourde KV, Bernier L. Stress-induced mobility of OPHIO1 and OPHIO2, DNA transposons of the Dutch elm disease fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:565-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Solla A, Martín JA, Corral P, Gil L. Seasonal changes in wood formation of Ulmus pumila and U. minor and its relation with Dutch elm disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 166:1025-34. [PMID: 15869660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Elms containing narrow and scattered vessels have been reported to be more resistant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (Dutch elm disease pathogen) than elms with large and contiguous vessels. However, recent measurements in Ulmus pumila and U. minor showed a contrary trend. The pin method was applied to 4-yr-old branches of eight clones planted in Madrid. During 2002, radial growth increments and vessel diameters were measured monthly, and beetle trapping was undertaken weekly. U. minor formed larger vessels at the beginning of the season, coinciding with a peak of captured beetles, but, up to June 15, vessels were larger for U. pumila. The number of vessels per group, the transversal area per vessel group, and the mean theoretical hydraulic conductances were significantly higher for U. minor on most dates. Researchers should take into consideration the seasonal changes in vessel size. The results highlight that seasonal variation of vessel diameters and hydraulic parameters, in combination with beetle abundance, are the main factors that could explain the different susceptibility of both elm species to O. novo-ulmi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solla
- Biología y Producción de los Vegetales, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Ingeniería Técnica Forestal, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600-Plasencia, Spain
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Rare interspecific hybrids in natural populations of the Dutch elm disease pathogens Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756297004541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sutherland ML, Pearson S, Brasier CM. The influence of temperature and light on defoliation levels of elm by dutch elm disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1997; 87:576-581. [PMID: 18945072 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1997.87.6.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The amount of defoliation of elm (Ulmus procera) caused by three Ophiostoma novoulmi Eurasian race isolates over 14 seasons of field trials was found to be strongly correlated with mean air temperature and mean number of sunshine hours over the 12-week period from inoculation to assessment, and with tree age. The coefficient of determination for the regression of percent defoliation on the environmental and tree factors was 0.76, P < 0.001 (33 df). Levels of defoliation were greatest when mean air temperatures exceeded 17 degrees C with moderate light (5 to 7 h of sunshine), and lowest under conditions of either high light (>7.5 h of sunshine) at all air temperatures or low light (<4.5 h of sunshine) and air temperatures of less than 15.5 degrees C. The model varied in its intercept for the three isolates, reflecting their different levels of aggressiveness. The role of environmental factors in the development of Dutch elm disease symptoms and the implications for elm resistance breeding are discussed.
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Binz T, Canevascini G. Differential production of extracellular laccase in the Dutch elm disease pathogens Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Isolation and characterization of non cerato-ulmin producing laboratory induced mutants of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jeng R, Hintz WE, Bowden CG, Horgen PA, Hubbes M. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the cerato-ulmin gene and the rDNA ITS between aggressive and non-aggressive isolates of Ophiostoma ulmi sensu lato, the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. Curr Genet 1996; 29:168-73. [PMID: 8821664 DOI: 10.1007/bf02221581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Little genetic information exists comparing aggressive and non-aggressive isolates of the causal agent of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi. Two genetic elements were compared between the subgroups. The ceratoulmin cu gene product has been associated with disease symptoms. Nucleotide-sequence analysis of cu and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA were made from three aggressive and three non-aggressive isolates of the pathogen. Our results suggested uniformity within, and unique differences between, subgroups. Differences were detected for cu in the promoter, coding, and transcription termination regions. Sequence data for the ITS clearly distinguish the subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jeng
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Brasier C, Mehrotra M. Ophiostoma himal-ulmi sp. nov., a new species of Dutch elm disease fungus endemic to the Himalayas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mitchell A, Brasier C. Contrasting structure of European and North American populations of Ophiostoma ulmi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tegli S, Comparini C, Giannetti C, Scala A. Effect of temperature on growth and cerato-ulmin production of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and O. ulmi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brasier C, Stephens T. Temperature-growth responses distinguish the OPC and OPH sibling species within ‘Ophiostoma piceae’. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ophiostoma novo-ulmi sp. nov., causative agent of current Dutch elm disease pandemics. Mycopathologia 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00462219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kile G, Brasier C. Inheritance and inter-relationship of fitness characters in progeny of an aggressive × non-aggressive cross of Ophiostoma ulmi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(10)80013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Keen A, Smits TFC. Application of a mathematical function for a temperature optimum curve to establish differences in growth between isolates of a fungus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ophiostoma ULMI, Cause of Dutch Elm Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-033706-4.50017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Comparison of pathogencity and cultural characteristics in the EAN and NAN aggressive subgroups of Ophiostoma ulmi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(86)80001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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