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Lei H, Zhang G, Zhao P, Li G. Secondary Metabolites from the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Dactylellina haptotyla YMF1.03409. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2693. [PMID: 38004706 PMCID: PMC10672892 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As a representative nematode-trapping fungus, Dactylellina haptotyla can capture and kill nematodes by producing traps, known as adhesive knobs. In this paper, the strain of D. haptotyla YMF1.03409 was studied by means of medium screening, fermentation, and purification and identification of crude extracts. Eighteen compounds were obtained from D. haptotyla YMF1.03409, including two new metabolites, nosporins C (1) and D (2). The known metabolites were identified to be 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (3), 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzoic acid (4), 2-chloro-1-methoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)benzene (5), 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (6), nicotinic acid (7), succinic acid (8), 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid (9), 5'-O-methyladenosine (10), uridine (11), 2'-deoxyuridine (12), thymidine (13), 3-(phenylmethyl)-2,5-morpholinedione (14), methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (15), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-methyl heptyl) ester (16), β-sitosterol (17), and 3β,6α-diol-stigmastane (18). The bioactive assay showed that these compounds had no obvious nematicidal activity against the nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Panagrellus redivivus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guohong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the Nematophagous Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora from Kyrgyzstan. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1349-1365. [PMID: 34021467 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Predatory fungi have been the subject of fundamental studies and their potential as biological control agents against parasitic plant nematodes has been assessed. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify predatory fungi, performing in vitro and in vivo screening to select highly active strains to control parasitic nematodes. METHODS Different nutrient media were used to isolate predatory fungi and determine their morphological and cultural properties. Identification was performed by classical and molecular biology methods. In vitro and in vivo screening was conducted to select highly active strains. RESULTS Twelve isolates of Arthrobotrys oligospora (Orbiliomycetes) found in nature were investigated for their predaceous efficacy against garlic stem nematodes (Ditylenchus dipsaci). The effect of temperature and pH on the growth rate and trap formation of representative isolates was determined and isolates were characterized by light microscopy and molecular markers. BLAST was used to sequence the rDNA internal transcribed spacer of A. oligospora isolate KTMU-7. The optimum growth of A. oligospora strains was achieved at 20-25 °C on 1-2% corn meal agar (CMA) within the pH range of 5.6-8.6. The factors responsible for the trap formation of these fungal strains were identified. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the nematicidal activity of local predatory fungal isolates against soil nematodes. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary studies proved A. oligospora to be a potentially effective biological control agent, immobilizing 85.7 ± 2.19% of garlic stem nematodes in soil from the rhizosphere of potato plants.
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Pacheco PVM, Campos VP, Terra WC, Pedroso MP, de Paula LL, da Silva MSG, Monteiro TSA, de Freitas LG. Attraction and toxicity: Ways volatile organic compounds released by Pochonia chlamydosporia affect Meloidogyne incognita. Microbiol Res 2021; 255:126925. [PMID: 34823077 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) acting against plant-parasitic nematodes has been characterized in different fungi; however, the role of VOCs emitted by Pochonia chlamydosporia in its trophic interaction with Meloidogyne incognita is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of VOCs emitted by P. chlamydosporia strain Pc-10 on different stages (eggs, juveniles and female) of the M. incognita life cycle. Exposure of M. incognita eggs to VOCs released by Pc-10 resulted in a reduction up to 88 % in the nematode egg hatching, when compared to the control treatments. The VOCs emitted by Pc-10 also attracted M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2). Through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), three molecules were identified from the volatiles of the strain Pc-10, with 1,4-dimethoxybenzene being the major compound. In tests performed in vitro, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene at a concentration of 1050 μg mL-1 inhibited M. incognita egg hatching by up to 78.7 % compared to the control (0 μg mL-1) and attracted M. incognita J2 in all concentrations evaluated (1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 μg mL-1). The 1,4-dimethoxybenzene also showed fumigant and non-fumigant nematicidal activity against M. incognita. This compound presented lethal concentration for 50 % (LC50) of M. incognita J2 ranged from 132 to 136 μg mL-1. Fumigation with 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (100 mg) reduced egg hatching by up to 89 % and killed up to 86 % of M. incognita J2 compared to the control (0 μg mL-1). In vivo, the VOCs produced by Pc-10, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, and the combination of both (Pc-10 + 1,4-dimethoxybenzene) attracted the M. incognita J2, compared to the respective controls. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the attraction of M. incognita J2 and the toxicity to eggs and J2 by VOCs from P. chlamydosporia in which 1,4-dimethoxybenzene is the main toxin and attractant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicente Paulo Campos
- Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Plant Pathology, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Willian César Terra
- Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Plant Pathology, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Pozzobon Pedroso
- Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Chemistry, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Lopes de Paula
- Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Plant Pathology, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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Abstract
In its natural habitat, C. elegans encounters a wide variety of microbes, including food, commensals and pathogens. To be able to survive long enough to reproduce, C. elegans has developed a complex array of responses to pathogens. These activities are coordinated on scales that range from individual organelles to the entire organism. Often, the response is triggered within cells, by detection of infection-induced damage, mainly in the intestine or epidermis. C. elegans has, however, a capacity for cell non-autonomous regulation of these responses. This frequently involves the nervous system, integrating pathogen recognition, altering host biology and governing avoidance behavior. Although there are significant differences with the immune system of mammals, some mechanisms used to limit pathogenesis show remarkable phylogenetic conservation. The past 20 years have witnessed an explosion of host-pathogen interaction studies using C. elegans as a model. This review will discuss the broad themes that have emerged and highlight areas that remain to be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline N Martineau
- Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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Qu J, Zou X, Yu J, Zhou Y. The conidial mucilage, natural film coatings, is involved in environmental adaptability and pathogenicity of Hirsutella satumaensis Aoki. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1301. [PMID: 28465519 PMCID: PMC5431061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hirsutella genus is very special asexually-reproducing pathogens of insects by reduced sporulation, host specificity and spores covered by a thick mucilage layer. However, the ecological function of conidial mucilage remains elusive. In this study, the possible ecological role of conidial mucilage from the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella satumaensis was functionally investigated through tolerance, adherence and insect bioassays involving aerial conidia (AC) and mucilage-free conidia (MFC). Measurements of hydrophobicity using microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH) indicated that mucilage is main contributor to the surface hydrophobicity of AC. When subjected in tolerance assays to extreme temperatures, high chemical pressure, extended exposure to ultraviolet radiation and cold stress, AC produced more colonies, exhibited higher conidiation and germination percentages than those of MFC. In adhesion assays, MFC displayed an approximately 40% reduction in adherence to locust, dragonfly cuticle and onion epidermis when washed with 0.05% Tween 20. Similarly, Galleria mellonella and Plutella xylostella larvae infected with mucilage-producing AC experienced a relatively higher mortality rate. Our findings suggest that mucilage is critical to the ecological adaptability of H. satumaensis, where it plays positive roles on maintenance of spore surface hydrophobicity, enhancement of spore resistance to extreme environments and strengthening of spore adhesion and host pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Jianping Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yeming Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Zugasti O, Bose N, Squiban B, Belougne J, Kurz CL, Schroeder FC, Pujol N, Ewbank JJ. Activation of a G protein-coupled receptor by its endogenous ligand triggers the innate immune response of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:833-8. [PMID: 25086774 PMCID: PMC4139443 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Immune defenses are triggered by microbe-associated molecular patterns or as a result of damage to host cells. The elicitors of immune responses in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are unclear. Using a genome-wide RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) screen, we identified the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) DCAR-1 as being required for the response to fungal infection and wounding. DCAR-1 acted in the epidermis to regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides via a conserved p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Through targeted metabolomics analysis we identified the tyrosine derivative 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (HPLA) as an endogenous ligand. Our findings reveal DCAR-1 and its cognate ligand HPLA to be triggers of the epidermal innate immune response in C. elegans and highlight the ancient role of GPCRs in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Zugasti
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Case 906, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France. [3] CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Neelanjan Bose
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Squiban
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Case 906, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France. [3] CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4]
| | - Jérôme Belougne
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Case 906, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France. [3] CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - C Léopold Kurz
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Case 906, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France. [3] CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4]
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nathalie Pujol
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Case 906, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France. [3] CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Case 906, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France. [3] CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France
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Fritsch AR, Lysek G. Nematode-Capturing Hyphomycetes from Soils over Xerophytic Calcareous Rock in Upper Bavaria*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1989.tb00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Campos-Herrera R, El-Borai FE, Duncan LW. Wide interguild relationships among entomopathogenic and free-living nematodes in soil as measured by real time qPCR. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:126-35. [PMID: 22841945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are promising biological control agents of soil-dwelling insect pests of many crops. These nematodes are ubiquitous in both natural and agricultural areas. Their efficacy against arthropods is affected directly and indirectly by food webs and edaphic conditions. It has long been suggested that a greater understanding of EPN ecology is needed to achieve consistent biological control by these nematodes and the development of molecular tools is helping to overcome obstacles to the study of cryptic organisms and complex interactions. Here we extend the repertoire of molecular tools to characterize soil food webs by describing primers/probe set to quantify certain free-living, bactivorous nematodes (FLBNs) that interact with EPNs in soil. Three FLBN isolates were recovered from soil baited with insect larvae. Morphological and molecular characterization confirmed their identities as Acrobeloides maximum (RT-1-R15C and RT-2-R25A) and Rhabditis rainai (PT-R14B). Laboratory experiments demonstrated the ability of these FLBNs to interfere with the development of Steinernema diaprepesi, Steinernema riobrave and Heterorhabditis indica parasitizing the weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (P<0.001), perhaps due to resource competition. A molecular probe was developed for the strongest competitor, A. maximum. We selected the highly conserved SSU rDNA sequence to design the primers/probe, because these sequences are more abundantly available for free-living nematodes than ITS sequences that can likely provide better taxonomic resolution. Our molecular probe can identify organisms that share ⩾98% similarity at this locus. The use of this molecular probe to characterize soil communities from samples of nematode DNA collected within a citrus orchard revealed positive correlations (P<0.01) between Acrobeloides-group nematodes and total numbers of EPNs (S. diaprepesi, H. indica and Heterorhabditis zealandica) as well as a complex of nematophagous fungi comprising Catenaria sp. and Monachrosporium gephyropagum that are natural enemies of EPNs. These relationships can be broadly interpreted as supporting Linford's hypothesis, i.e., decomposition of organic matter (here, insect cadavers) greatly increases bactivorous nematodes and their natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299, USA.
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Niu XM, Zhang KQ. Arthrobotrys oligospora: a model organism for understanding the interaction between fungi and nematodes. Mycology 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2011.562559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Niu
- a Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education , Yunnan University , Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- a Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education , Yunnan University , Kunming, 650091, China
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10
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Substrate modulation, group effects and the behavioral responses of entomopathogenic nematodes to nematophagous fungi. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 106:347-56. [PMID: 21145324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted on the behavioral responses of five species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs; Steinernema diaprepesi, Steinernema sp. glaseri-group, Steinernema riobrave, Heterorhabditis zealandica, Heterorhabditis indica) to three species of nematophagous fungi (NF; trapping fungus Arthrobotrys gephyropaga; endoparasites Myzocytium sp., Catenaria sp.). We hypothesized that EPN responses to NF and their putative semiochemicals might reflect the relative susceptibility of EPNs to particular NF species. EPN responses to "activated" NF (i.e., induced to form traps or sporangia by previous interactions with nematodes) versus controls of non-activated NF or heat-killed EPNs were compared in choice experiments on water agar in Petri dishes (dia=9 cm) and in horizontal sand columns (8 cm L×2.7 cm dia). On agar, all EPN species were attracted to all activated NF species except for S. riobrave, which was neutral. In sand, all EPN species were repelled by activated Arthrobotrys but attracted to activated Myzocytium and Catenaria, except H. indica (neutral to Myzocytium) and Steinernema sp. (neutral to Catenaria). EPN behavioral responses appeared unrelated to relative susceptibility to NF except that H. indica exhibited low susceptibility and a neutral response to Myzocytium in sand whereas the remaining EPNs were highly susceptible and attracted. These results indicate potential complexity (i.e., mixed responses, aggregation or group movement) and species specificity in the responses of EPNs to NF, demonstrate that results on agar can differ markedly from those in sand, and underline the potential importance of utilizing natural substrates to properly assess the role of semiochemicals in nematode-fungus interactions.
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Influence of Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, on the Growth of Endoparasitic Fungus Esteya vermicola. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2010.20.5.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Wang CY, Wang Z, Fang ZM, Zhang DL, Gu LJ, Liu L, Sung CK. Attraction of Pinewood Nematode to Endoparasitic Nematophagous Fungus Esteya vermicola. Curr Microbiol 2009; 60:387-92. [PMID: 20012046 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Mamiya Y. Attraction of the pinewood nematode to mycelium of some wood-decay fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3725/jjn.36.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Davies KG. Interactions Between Nematodes and Microorganisms: Bridging Ecological and Molecular Approaches. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2005; 57:53-78. [PMID: 16002009 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(05)57002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Davies
- Nematode Interactions Unit, Rothamsted Research Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
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15
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Competitive interactions between two nematophagous fungi during infection and digestion of the nematode Panagrellus redivivus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Dijksterhuis J, Veenhuis M, Harder W, Nordbring-Hertz B. Nematophagous Fungi: Physiological Aspects and Structure–Function Relationships. Adv Microb Physiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Effect of the nematode Panagrellus redivivus on growth and enzyme production by Phanerochaete velutina and Stereum hirsutum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Nordbring-Hertz B. Ecology and Recognition in the Nematode—Nematophagous Fungus System. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5409-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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20
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Saxena G, Dayal R, Mukerji K. Interaction of nematodes with nematophagus fungi: induction of trap formation, attraction and detection of attractants. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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21
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22
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Gray NF. Nematophagous fungi from the maritime antarctic: factors affecting distribution. Mycopathologia 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00436733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Jansson HB, von Hofsten A, von Mecklenburg C. Life cycle of the endoparasitic nematophagous fungus Meria coniospora: a light and electron microscopic study. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1985; 50:321-7. [PMID: 6543109 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The obligate endoparasitic fungus Meria coniospora lives its entire vegetative life within infected nematodes. Conidia of M. coniospora infect the nematode Panagrellus redivivus mainly in the mouth region. The infection, starting with adhesion of conidia to the nematode surface, growth of trophic hyphae, production of conidiophores and conidia, was followed using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
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Gray NF. Ecology of nematophagous fungi: Methods of collection, isolation and maintenance of predatory and endoparasitic fungi. Mycopathologia 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00441123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gray NF, Lewis Smith RI. The distribution of nematophagous fungi in the maritime Antarctic. Mycopathologia 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00436707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jansson HB. Predacity by nematophagous fungi and its relation to the attraction of nematodes. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1982; 8:233-240. [PMID: 24225891 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Predacity, the ability of nematophagous fungi to destroy nematodes, was investigated for eight species of fungi by a method using sterilized soil and the nematodePanagrellus redivivus. In addition, the ability of the fungi to attract nematodes was investigated using an agar plate technique. Predacity and attraction were highly correlated (r=0.98) in these tests. The presence of traps in cultures ofArthrobotrys oligospora increased the ability to attract nematodes by a factor of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Jansson
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Lund, Ecology Building, Lund, Sweden
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