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Synthesis, Modification and Biological Activity of Diosgenyl β-d-Glycosaminosides: An Overview. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25225433. [PMID: 33233558 PMCID: PMC7699689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a structurally diverse class of natural glycosides that possess a broad spectrum of biological activities. They are composed of hydrophilic carbohydrate moiety and hydrophobic triterpenoid or steroid aglycon. Naturally occurring diosgenyl glycosides are the most abundant steroid saponins, and many of them exhibit various pharmacological properties. Herein, we present an overview of semisynthetic saponins syntheses-diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides (d-gluco and d-galacto). These glycosides possess a 2-amino group, which creates great possibilities for further modifications. A wide group of glycosyl donors, different N-protecting groups and various reaction conditions used for their synthesis are presented. In addition, this paper demonstrates the possibilities of chemical modifications of diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides, associated with functionalisation of the amino group. These provide N-acyl, N-alkyl, N,N-dialkyl, N-cinnamoyl, 2-ureido and 2-thiosemicarbazonyl derivatives of diosgenyl β-d-glycosaminosides, for which the results of biological activity tests (antifungal, antibacterial, anti-cancer and hemolytic) are presented.
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of betulin-3-yl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glycopyranosides. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103568. [PMID: 31972464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Betulin is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, possessing a lupane-structure, with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Its weak hydrosolubility hinders the biological activity of the compound and its derivatives. To circumvent this problem, we synthesized and tested in vitro three d-glycosaminosides of betulin. The structure of betulin was modified by incorporation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-gluco- and -d-galactopyranosyl moieties to its C-3 position. So far betulinyl glycosides containing these amino-sugars have not been reported in the literature. The structure of the studied derivatives was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. The 28-O-acetylbetulin-3-yl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside and betulin-3-yl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-gluco- and β-d-galactopyranoside were tested against the human pathogenic fungi and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the MTT assay of their cytotoxicity was performed on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and on the HDFa, human dermal fibroblasts. The Ames test on mutagenic properties completed our biological assays.
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Grzywacz D, Paduszyńska M, Norkowska M, Kamysz W, Myszka H, Liberek B. N-Aminoacyl and N-hydroxyacyl derivatives of diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside: Synthesis, antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:114923. [PMID: 31153729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside is a semisynthetic saponin with antimicrobial and antitumor activities. To search for more effective analogues, N-aminoacyl and N-hydroxyacyl derivatives of this saponin were synthesized conventionally and with microwave assistance, and tested against the human pathogenic fungi and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. None of the tested compounds exhibit activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Almost all of the synthesized N-aminoacyl saponins exhibit antifungal activity and act effectively against Gram-positive bacteria, some better than the parent compound. The best acting saponins are the same size and possess sarcosine or l- or d-alanine attached to the parent glucosaminoside. Shorter and longer aminoacyl residues are less advantageous. d-Alanine derivative is the most effective against Gram positive bacteria. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicates that the free α-amino group in aminoacyl residue is necessary for antimicrobial activities of the tested saponins. (N-Acetyl)aminoacyl and N-hydroxyacyl analogs are inactive. Measurements of the hemolytic activities demonstrate that the best acting saponins are not toxic towards human red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Grzywacz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Monika Norkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Henryk Myszka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Liberek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Myszka H, Sokołowska P, Cieślińska A, Nowacki A, Jaśkiewicz M, Kamysz W, Liberek B. Diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside: synthesis, derivatives and antimicrobial activity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2310-2315. [PMID: 29181110 PMCID: PMC5687012 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside is presented for the first time. This synthetic saponin was transformed into its hydrochloride as well as N-acyl, 2-ureido, N-alkyl, and N,N-dialkyl derivatives. Antifungal and antibacterial studies show that some of the obtained compounds are active against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida type fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Myszka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Sokołowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cieślińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Nowacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Jaśkiewicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Liberek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Tan Y, Xiao X, Yao J, Han F, Lou H, Luo H, Liang G, Ben-David Y, Pan W. Syntheses and anti-cancer activities of glycosylated derivatives of diosgenin. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-6296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Walczewska A, Grzywacz D, Bednarczyk D, Dawgul M, Nowacki A, Kamysz W, Liberek B, Myszka H. N-Alkyl derivatives of diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside; synthesis and antimicrobial activity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:869-74. [PMID: 26124888 PMCID: PMC4464337 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic saponin exhibiting attractive pharmacological properties. Different pathways tested by us to obtain this glycoside are summarized here. Moreover, the synthesis of N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl derivatives of the glucopyranoside is presented. Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities of these derivatives indicates that they have no inhibitory activity against Gram-negative bacteria, whereas many of the tested N-alkyl saponins were found to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and human pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Walczewska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daria Grzywacz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Bednarczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dawgul
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Nowacki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Liberek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Henryk Myszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Nowacki A, Myszka H, Liberek B. Conformational studies of diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosides at the PM3 and DFT levels of theory. Carbohydr Res 2013; 377:4-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang B, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Cheng MS. Syntheses and structure-activity relationship studies of N-substituted-β-D-glucosaminides as selective cytotoxic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7110-3. [PMID: 23067549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four diosgenyl saponins bearing cinnamoyl, carbamido and thiosemicarbazone groups were synthesized concisely. The cytotoxicities of the synthetic compounds on six human caner cell lines were evaluated employing MTT method. Structure-activity relationship could be observed, and two of the synthesized compounds (5c and 5f) exhibited selective inhibition on HeLa and MCF-7 cells, while three of them (5d, 5f and 5h) showed strong inhibition against HT1080.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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Enugala R, Carvalho LCR, Dias Pires MJ, Marques MMB. Stereoselective Glycosylation of Glucosamine: The Role of the
N
‐Protecting Group. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2482-501. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Enugala
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - Luísa C. R. Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - Marina J. Dias Pires
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - M. Manuel B. Marques
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
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Bongat AFG, Demchenko AV. Recent trends in the synthesis of O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:374-406. [PMID: 17125757 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new methods for stereoselective glycoside synthesis and convergent oligosaccharide assembly has been critical for the area of glycosciences. At the heart of this account is the discussion of the approaches for stereoselective synthesis of glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars that have emerged during the past two decades. The introductory part provides general background information and describes the key features and challenges for the synthesis of this class of compounds. Subsequently, major approaches to the synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxyglycosides are categorized and discussed. Each subsection elaborates on the introduction (or protection) of the amino functionality, synthesis of glycosyl donors by introduction of a suitable leaving group, and glycosidation. Wherever applicable, the deprotection of a temporary amino group substituent and the conversion onto the natural acetamido functionality is described. The conclusions part evaluates the current standing in the field and provides a perspective for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F G Bongat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri--St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Myszka H, Bednarczyk D, Najder M, Kaca W. Synthesis and induction of apoptosis in B cell chronic leukemia by diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside hydrochloride and its derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:133-41. [PMID: 12526837 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose hydrochloride (D-glucosamine hydrochloride) has been used for the preparation of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-trifluoroacetamido-beta- (4) and 2-tetrachlorophthalimido-alpha,beta-D-glucopyranose (6), which have been transformed into the appropriate bromides and the chloride. Both bromo and chloro sugars were used as a glycosyl donors for the glycosylation of diosgenin [(25R)-spirost-5-en-3beta-ol]. These condensations were conducted under mild conditions, using silver triflate as a promoter, and gave diosgenyl glycosides 9 and 12. Each of them was converted into diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside hydrochloride (11) and N-acylamido derivatives. The structures of all new glycosides were established by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. These diosgenyl glycosides are the first saponins containing the D-glucosamine residue that have been synthesized. These compounds show promising antitumor activities. The synthetic saponins increase the number of apoptotic B cells, in combination with cladribine (2-CdA), that are isolated from chronic lymphotic leukemia (B-CLL) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Myszka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
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