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Inukai M, Kobayashi N, Endo H, Asakawa K, Amano K, Yasuda Y, Cenci U, Colleoni C, Ball S, Fujiwara S. Kre6 (yeast 1,6-β-transglycosylase) homolog, PhTGS, is essential for β-glucan synthesis in the haptophyte Pleurochrysis haptonemofera. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1259587. [PMID: 37790259 PMCID: PMC10543733 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1259587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptophytes synthesize unique β-glucans containing more β-1,6-linkages than β-1,3 linkages, as a storage polysaccharide. To understand the mechanism of the synthesis, we investigated the roles of Kre6 (yeast 1,6-β-transglycosylase) homologs, PhTGS, in the haptophyte Pleurochrysis haptonemofera. RNAi of PhTGS repressed β-glucan accumulation and simultaneously induced lipid production, suggesting that PhTGS is involved in β-glucan synthesis and that the knockdown leads to the alteration of the carbon metabolic flow. PhTGS was expressed more in light, where β-glucan was actively produced by photosynthesis, than in the dark. The crude extract of E. coli expressing PhKre6 demonstrated its activity to incorporate 14C-UDP-glucose into β-glucan of P. haptonemofera. These findings suggest that PhTGS functions in storage β-glucan synthesis specifically in light, probably by producing the β-1,6-branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuka Inukai
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Naoya Kobayashi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Endo
- National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Koki Asakawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Keisuke Amano
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ugo Cenci
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Steven Ball
- University of Lille, French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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Marine Microalgae Biomolecules and Their Adhesion Capacity to Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different molecules have been tested as analog receptors due to their capacity to bind bacteria and prevent cell adhesion. By using in vitro assays, the present study characterized the aqueous and alkaline extracts from microalgae Pavlova lutheri and Pavlova gyrans and evaluated the capacity of these extracts to adhere to enterobacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium). The aqueous and alkaline extracts of both species were fractionated via freeze-thawing, giving rise to soluble and insoluble (precipitate) fractions in cold water. The obtained fractions were studied using thermogravimetric, methylation analyses, and using 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The cold-water-soluble fractions obtained from the aqueous extracts were mainly composed of highly branched (1→3),(1→6)-β-glucans, whereas the cold-water-precipitate fractions were constituted by (1→3)-β-glucans. The alkaline extract fractions showed similar compositions with a high protein content, and the presence of glycosides (sulfoquinovosylglycerol (SQG), digalactosylglycerol (DGG)), and free fatty acids. The linear (1→3)-β-glucans and the alkaline extract fractions showed an adhesion capacity toward Salmonella. The chemical composition of the active fractions suggested that the presence of three-linked β-glucose units, as well as microalgal proteins and glycosides, could be important in the adhesion process. Therefore, these microalgal species possess a high potential to serve as a source of anti-adhesive compounds.
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Tsuji Y, Yamazaki M, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y. Quantitative Analysis of Carbon Flow into Photosynthetic Products Functioning as Carbon Storage in the Marine Coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:428-440. [PMID: 25874681 PMCID: PMC4486895 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The bloom-forming coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) is a dominant marine phytoplankton, cells of which are covered with calcareous plates (coccoliths). E. huxleyi produces unique lipids of C37-C40 long-chain ketones (alkenones) with two to four trans-unsaturated bonds, β-glucan (but not α-glucan) and acid polysaccharide (AP) associated with the morphogenesis of CaCO3 crystals in coccoliths. Despite such unique features, there is no detailed information on the patterns of carbon allocation into these compounds. Therefore, we performed quantitative estimation of carbon flow into various macromolecular products by conducting (14)C-radiotracer experiments using NaH(14)CO3 as a substrate. Photosynthetic (14)C incorporation into low molecular-mass compounds (LMC), extracellular AP, alkenones, and total lipids except alkenones was estimated to be 35, 13, 17, and 25 % of total (14)C fixation in logarithmic growth phase cells and 33, 19, 18, and 18 % in stationary growth phase cells, respectively. However, less than 1 % of (14)C was incorporated into β-glucan in both cells. (14)C-mannitol occupied ca. 5 % of total fixed (14)C as the most dominant LMC product. Levels of all (14)C compounds decreased in the dark. Therefore, alkenones and LMC (including mannitol), but not β-glucan, function in carbon/energy storage in E. huxleyi, irrespective of the growth phase. Compared with other algae, the low carbon flux into β-glucan is a unique feature of carbon metabolism in E. huxelyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsuji
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamazaki
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shiraiwa
- />Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- />Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
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Mausz MA, Pohnert G. Phenotypic diversity of diploid and haploid Emiliania huxleyi cells and of cells in different growth phases revealed by comparative metabolomics. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:137-148. [PMID: 25304662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In phytoplankton a high species diversity of microalgae co-exists at a given time. But diversity is not only reflected by the species composition. Within these species different life phases as well as different metabolic states can cause additional diversity. One important example is the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Diploid cells play an important role in marine ecosystems since they can form massively abundant algal blooms but in addition the less abundant haploid life phase of E. huxleyi occurs in lower quantities. Both life phases may fulfill different functions in the plankton. We hypothesize that in addition to the functional diversity caused by this life phase transition the growth stage of cells can also influence the metabolic composition and thus the ecological impact of E. huxleyi. Here we introduce a metabolomic survey in dependence of life phases as well as different growth phases to reveal such changes. The comparative metabolomic approach is based on the extraction of intracellular metabolites from intact microalgae, derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Automated data processing and statistical analysis using canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) revealed unique metabolic profiles for each life phase. Concerning the correlations of metabolites to growth phases, complex patterns were observed. As for example the saccharide mannitol showed its highest concentration in the exponential phase, whereas fatty acids were correlated to stationary and sterols to declining phase. These results are indicative for specific ecological roles of these stages of E. huxleyi and are discussed in the context of previous physiological and ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Mausz
- Department for Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Department for Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Wang HT, Yao CH, Ai JN, Cao XP, Xue S, Wang WL. Identification of carbohydrates as the major carbon sink of the marine microalga Isochrysis zhangjiangensis (Haptophyta) and optimization of its productivity by nitrogen manipulation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 171:298-304. [PMID: 25216035 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent a potential feedstock for biofuel production. During cultivation under nitrogen-depleted conditions, carbohydrates, rather than neutral lipids, were the major carbon sink of the marine microalga Isochrysis zhangjiangensis (Haptophyta). Carbohydrates reached maximum levels of 21.2 pg cell(-1) on day 5, which was an increase of more than 7-fold from day 1, while neutral lipids simultaneously increased 1.9-fold from 4.0 to 7.6 pg cell(-1) during the ten-day nitrogen-depleted cultivation. The carbohydrate productivity of I. zhangjiangensis was improved by optimization of the nitrate supply mode. The maximum carbohydrate concentration was 0.95 g L(-1) under batch cultivation, with an initial nitrogen concentration of 31.0 mg L(-1), which was 2.4-fold greater than that achieved under nitrogen-depleted conditions. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the accumulated carbohydrate in I. zhangjiangensis was composed of glucose. These results show that I. zhangjiangensis represents an ideal carbohydrate-enriched bioresource for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Wang
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang-Hong Yao
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Ai
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xu-Peng Cao
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioproducts Engineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Wei-liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Sadovskaya I, Souissi A, Souissi S, Grard T, Lencel P, Greene CM, Duin S, Dmitrenok PS, Chizhov AO, Shashkov AS, Usov AI. Chemical structure and biological activity of a highly branched (1→3,1→6)-β-d-glucan from Isochrysis galbana. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sova VV, Pesentseva MS, Zakharenko AM, Kovalchuk SN, Zvyagintseva TN. Glycosidases of marine organisms. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:746-59. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913070079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS) Based Metabolite Profiling Reveals Mannitol as a Major Storage Carbohydrate in the Coccolithophorid Alga Emiliania huxleyi. Metabolites 2013; 3:168-84. [PMID: 24957896 PMCID: PMC3901260 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae are divergent organisms having a wide variety of evolutional histories. Although most of them share photosynthetic activity, their pathways of primary carbon metabolism are rather diverse among species. Here we developed a method for gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) based metabolite profiling for the coccolithophorid alga Emiliania huxleyi, which is one of the most abundant microalgae in the ocean, in order to gain an overview of the pathway of primary metabolism within this alga. Following method optimization, twenty-six metabolites could be detected by this method. Whilst most proteogenic amino acids were detected, no peaks corresponding to malate and fumarate were found. The metabolite profile of E. huxleyi was, however, characterized by a prominent accumulation of mannitol reaching in excess of 14 nmol 106 cells−1. Similarly, the accumulation of the 13C label during short term H13CO3− feeding revealed a massive redistribution of label into mannitol as well as rapid but saturating label accumulation into glucose and several amino acids including aspartate, glycine and serine. These results provide support to previous work suggesting that this species adopts C3 photosynthesis and that mannitol functions as a carbon store in E. huxleyi.
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Suzuki E, Suzuki R. Variation of Storage Polysaccharides in Phototrophic Microorganisms. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Tsuji Y, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y. Enzymological Evidence for the Function of a Plastid-Located Pyruvate Carboxylase in the Haptophyte alga Emiliania huxleyi: A Novel Pathway for the Production of C4 Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:1043-52. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Kayano K, Shiraiwa Y. Physiological regulation of coccolith polysaccharide production by phosphate availability in the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1522-1531. [PMID: 19587028 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coccoliths of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi are calcified biomineral scales composed of calcium carbonate and coccolith polysaccharide (CPs). Coccolith production is regulated by inorganic phosphate (P(i)) availability, but no information currently exists on how this process occurs. In this study CP was experimentally characterized by HPLC analysis as an acid polysaccharide of mannose, galacturonic acid, xylose and rhamnose. Both calcification (estimated from 45Ca uptake) and CP production (estimated from uronic acid quantification) were stimulated under P(i)-deficient conditions but strongly suppressed under P(i)-sufficient conditions. When cells were transferred from P(i)-sufficient to P(i)-deficient conditions the production of neutral polysaccharides (NP)--storage glucans--ceased rapidly after a temporary increase in the presence of P(i), and CP production started to increase after P(i) was almost depleted. Under P(i)-sufficient conditions NP production increased, concomitant with stimulation of cell growth. Calcification increased gradually, but photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation was reduced by almost 40% for 5 d of culture during P(i) depletion. [14C]CP production was maintained at almost constant, high levels under P(i)-deficient conditions but gradually decreased under P(i)-sufficient conditions in conjunction with cell growth. In contrast, [14C]NP production increased about 3-fold under P(i)-sufficient conditions for 3 d. The present study indicates that E. huxleyi switches the direction of carbon flow toward CP and NP production under P(i)-deficient and P(i)-sufficient conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kayano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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Tsuji Y, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta): Evidence for the predominant operation of the c3 cycle and the contribution of {beta}-carboxylases to the active anaplerotic reaction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:318-329. [PMID: 19109302 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) is a representative and unique marine phytoplankton species that fixes inorganic carbon by photosynthesis and calci-fication. We examined the initial process of photosynthetic carbon assimilation by analyses of metabolites, enzymes and genes. When the cells were incubated with a radioactive substrate (2.3 mM NaH(14)CO(3)) for 10 s under illumination, 70% of the (14)C was incorporated into the 80% methanol-soluble fraction. Eighty-five and 15% of (14)C in the soluble fraction was incorporated into phosphate esters (P-esters), including the C(3) cycle intermediates and a C(4) compound, aspartate, respectively. A pulse-chase experiment showed that (14)C in P-esters was mainly transferred into lipids, while [(14)C]aspartate, [(14)C]alanine and [(14)C]glutamate levels remained almost constant. These results indicate that the C(3) cycle functions as the initial pathway of carbon assimilation and that beta-carboxylation contributes to the production of amino acids in subsequent metabolism. Transcriptional analysis of beta-carboxylases such as pyruvate carboxylase (PYC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) revealed that PYC and PEPC transcripts were greatly increased under illumination, whereas the PEPCK transcript decreased remarkably. PEPC activity was higher in light-grown cells than in dark-adapted cells. PYC activity was detected in isolated chloroplasts of light-grown cells. According to analysis of their deduced N-terminal sequence, PYC and PEPC are predicted to be located in the chloroplasts and mitochondria, respectively. These results suggest that E. huxleyi possesses unique carbon assimila-tion mechanisms in which beta-carboxylation by both PYC and PEPC plays important roles in different organelles.
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Pesentseva MS, Kusaykin MI, Anastyuk SD, Sova VV, Zvyagintseva TN. Catalytic properties and mode of action of endo-(1→3)-β-d-glucanase and β-d-glucosidase from the marine mollusk Littorina kurila. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hirokawa Y, Fujiwara S, Suzuki M, Akiyama T, Sakamoto M, Kobayashi S, Tsuzuki M. Structural and physiological studies on the storage beta-polyglucan of haptophyte Pleurochrysis haptonemofera. PLANTA 2008; 227:589-599. [PMID: 17940796 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The storage beta-polyglucan and catabolic enzyme activities of the haptophyte Pleurochrysis haptonemofera were characterized. The storage beta-polyglucan was prepared by the dimethylsulfoxide-extraction method. (13)C- and (1)H-NMR spectroscopy revealed that the polyglucan consists of beta-(1-->3)- and beta-(1-->6)-linked glucose polymers, with a beta-(1-->6)- to beta-(1-->3)-linkage ratio of 1.5. Gel permeation chromatography showed that the molecular weight of the polyglucan is 1.1-8.4 x 10(4) Da, with a peak at 3.4 x 10(4) Da. The degree of polymerization, which was estimated from the amounts of total carbohydrate and reduced ends, was 203, corresponding to 3.3 x 10(4) Da. A method for measurement of the beta-polyglucan in a small amount of liquid culture involving a mixture of beta-glucanases, Westase, was established. The beta-polyglucan was localized in the soluble fraction of cells. The amount of beta-polyglucan per cell increased at the stationary phase under continuous illumination and decreased in the dark, like those of storage alpha-polyglucans, starch of green algae and glycogen of cyanobacteria. The activities of beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-glucanases involved in the degradation of the storage beta-polyglucan were assayed in vitro, both being optimal at pH 5.0. The beta-1,3-glucanase activity, which was detected on active staining after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Hirokawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Elyakova LA, Isakov VV, Lapshina LA, Nagorskaya VP, Likhatskaya GN, Zvyagintseva TN, Reunov AV. Enzymatic transformation of biologically active 1,3;1,6-β-D-glucan. Structure and activity of resulting fragments. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:29-36. [PMID: 17309434 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fragmentation of the biologically active 1,3;1,6-beta-D-glucan Antivir by endo-1,3-beta-D-glucanase LIV from crystalline styles of the marine mollusk Spisula sachalinensis was carried out. It was found that low molecular mass oligomers possessing a stabilizing effect on membranes and anti-viral activity against tobacco mosaic virus appeared in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of Antivir. Biological activity of 1,3;1,6-beta-D-glucooligo- and polysaccharides was found to be associated with molecular mass (polymerization degree (n) not less than 14) and with presence of intralinked beta-1,6-connected monosaccharide residues. Probably, decrease in molecular mass is compensated by increase in number of intralinked beta-1,6-connected monosaccharide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Elyakova
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
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Størseth TR, Hansen K, Skjermo J, Krane J. Characterization of a β-d-(1→3)-glucan from the marine diatom Chaetoceros mülleri by high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy on whole algal cells. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:421-4. [PMID: 14698902 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution magic-angle spinning (hr-MAS) NMR spectroscopy was used to record NMR spectra of a cell paste from the marine diatom Chaetoceros mülleri. This gave information on a cellular storage polysaccharide identified as a beta-D-(1-->3)-linked glucan, using hr-MAS one-dimensional 1H and 13C, two-dimensional 1H,1H-COSY and 13C,1H-correlation spectroscopy. The same structural information was deduced from the liquid state NMR data on the glucan extracted from C. mülleri. The extracted glucan proved to be a beta-D-(1-->3)-linked glucan with a degree of polymerization of 19 and a degree of beta-D-(1-->6) branching of 0.005. The hr-MAS spectrum of the diatom showed several nonglucan resonances in the carbohydrate region of the NMR spectrum (60-103 ppm) that were shown to be noncarbohydrate resonances by means of two-dimensional 13C,1H- and 1H,1H-correlated NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond R Størseth
- Department of Bioresources, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, 7465, Trondheim, Norway.
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