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Yuan G, Wang Y, Niu H, Ma Y, Song J. Isolation, purification, and physicochemical characterization of Polygonatum polysaccharide and its protective effect against CCl 4-induced liver injury via Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129863. [PMID: 38307425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide scientific evidence that Polygonatum polysaccharide can be developed as a dietary supplement and medication for treating liver injuries. A water-soluble polysaccharide (PSP-N-c-1), with an average molecular weight of 3.45 kDa, was isolated and purified from the water extract of Polygonatum using DEAE cellulose column chromatography, CL-6B agarose gel chromatography, and Sephadex G100 chromatography. High-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses revealed that PSP-N-c-1 might be linear α-(1 → 4)-glucans with α-Glcp residues linked to the backbone at C-6. In vitro experiments revealed that PSP-N-c-1 exhibited protective effects against CCl4-induced damage in HepG2 cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that PSP-N-c-1 exhibited a hepatoprotective effect by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and reducing the activity of pro-inflammatory mediators. Besides, PSP-N-c-1 could attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses by activating the Nrf2-mediated signaling pathways and regulating the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathways. These findings demonstrated that PSP-N-c-1 may serve as a supplement for alleviating chemical liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Polysaccharides in Traditional Chinese Medicine (Administration of Traditonal Chinese Medicine of JiLin Province), Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Hongmei Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Jianxi Song
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Polysaccharides in Traditional Chinese Medicine (Administration of Traditonal Chinese Medicine of JiLin Province), Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China.
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2
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Ishida K, Ohba Y, Yoshimi Y, Wilson LFL, Echevarría-Poza A, Yu L, Iwai H, Dupree P. Differing structures of galactoglucomannan in eudicots and non-eudicot angiosperms. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289581. [PMID: 38127933 PMCID: PMC10735049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures of cell wall mannan hemicelluloses have changed during plant evolution. Recently, a new structure called β-galactoglucomannan (β-GGM) was discovered in eudicot plants. This galactoglucomannan has β-(1,2)-Gal-α-(1,6)-Gal disaccharide branches on some mannosyl residues of the strictly alternating Glc-Man backbone. Studies in Arabidopsis revealed β-GGM is related in structure, biosynthesis and function to xyloglucan. However, when and how plants acquired β-GGM remains elusive. Here, we studied mannan structures in many sister groups of eudicots. All glucomannan structures were distinct from β-GGM. In addition, we searched for candidate mannan β-galactosyltransferases (MBGT) in non-eudicot angiosperms. Candidate AtMBGT1 orthologues from rice (OsGT47A-VII) and Amborella (AtrGT47A-VII) did not show MBGT activity in vivo. However, the AtMBGT1 orthologue from rice showed MUR3-like xyloglucan galactosyltransferase activity in complementation analysis using Arabidopsis. Further, reverse genetic analysis revealed that the enzyme (OsGT47A-VII) contributes to proper root growth in rice. Together, gene duplication and diversification of GT47A-VII in eudicot evolution may have been involved in the acquisition of mannan β-galactosyltransferase activity. Our results indicate that β-GGM is likely to be a eudicot-specific mannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louis F. L. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Echevarría-Poza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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3
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Pieczywek PM, Chibrikov V, Zdunek A. In silico studies of plant primary cell walls - structure and mechanics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:887-899. [PMID: 36692136 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary plant cell wall (PCW) is a highly organized network, its performance is dependent on cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic polysaccharides, their properties, interactions and assemblies. Their mutual relationships and functions in the cell wall can be better understood by means of conceptual models of their higher-order structures. Knowledge unified in the form of a conceptual model allows predictions to be made about the properties and behaviour of the system under study. Ongoing research in this field has resulted in a number of conceptual models of the cell wall. However, due to the currently limited research methods, the community of cell wall researchers have not reached a consensus favouring one model over another. Herein we present yet another research technique - numerical modelling - which is capable of resolving this issue. Even at the current stage of development of numerical techniques, due to their complexity, the in silico reconstruction of PCW remains a challenge for computational simulations. However, some difficulties have been overcome, thereby making it possible to produce advanced approximations of PCW structure and mechanics. This review summarizes the results concerning the simulation of polysaccharide interactions in PCW with regard to network fine structure, supramolecular properties and polysaccharide binding affinity. The in silico mechanical models presented herein incorporate certain physical and biomechanical aspects of cell wall architecture for the purposes of undertaking critical testing to bring about advances in our understanding of the mechanisms controlling cells and limiting cell wall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mariusz Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Vadym Chibrikov
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
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Yu L, Yoshimi Y, Cresswell R, Wightman R, Lyczakowski JJ, Wilson LFL, Ishida K, Stott K, Yu X, Charalambous S, Wurman-Rodrich J, Terrett OM, Brown SP, Dupree R, Temple H, Krogh KBRM, Dupree P. Eudicot primary cell wall glucomannan is related in synthesis, structure, and function to xyloglucan. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4600-4622. [PMID: 35929080 PMCID: PMC9614514 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose polysaccharides influence assembly and properties of the plant primary cell wall (PCW), perhaps by interacting with cellulose to affect the deposition and bundling of cellulose fibrils. However, the functional differences between plant cell wall hemicelluloses such as glucomannan, xylan, and xyloglucan (XyG) remain unclear. As the most abundant hemicellulose, XyG is considered important in eudicot PCWs, but plants devoid of XyG show relatively mild phenotypes. We report here that a patterned β-galactoglucomannan (β-GGM) is widespread in eudicot PCWs and shows remarkable similarities to XyG. The sugar linkages forming the backbone and side chains of β-GGM are analogous to those that make up XyG, and moreover, these linkages are formed by glycosyltransferases from the same CAZy families. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that β-GGM shows low mobility in the cell wall, consistent with interaction with cellulose. Although Arabidopsis β-GGM synthesis mutants show no obvious growth defects, genetic crosses between β-GGM and XyG mutants produce exacerbated phenotypes compared with XyG mutants. These findings demonstrate a related role of these two similar but distinct classes of hemicelluloses in PCWs. This work opens avenues to study the roles of β-GGM and XyG in PCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Raymond Wightman
- Microscopy Core Facility, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | | | - Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Stephan Charalambous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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5
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Biorefinery of apple pomace: New insights into xyloglucan building blocks. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 290:119526. [PMID: 35550758 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Within the apple pomace biorefinery cascade processing framework aiming at adding value to an agroindustrial waste, after pectin recovery, this study focused on hemicellulose. The structure of the major apple hemicellulose, xyloglucan (XyG), was assessed as a prerequisite to potential developments in industrial applications. DMSO-LiCl and 4 M KOH soluble hemicelluloses from pectin-extracted apple pomace were purified by anion exchange chromatography. XyG structure was assessed by coupling xyloglucanase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase digestions to HPAEC and MALDI-TOF MS analyses. 71.9% of pomaces hemicellulose were recovered with starch. DMSO-LiCl and 4 M KOH soluble XyG exhibited Mw of 19 and 140 kDa, respectively. Besides the XXXG, XLXG, XXLG, XXFG, XLFG and XLLG structures, novel oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization of 6-10 were observed after xyloglucanase digestion. Cellobiose and cellotriose were revealed randomly distributed in XyG backbone and were more present in DMSO-LiCl soluble XyG. Residual pomace remains a potential source of other materials.
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6
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Malgas S, Thoresen M, Moses V, Prinsloo E, Susan van Dyk J, Pletschke BI. Analysis of the galactomannan binding ability of β-mannosidases, BtMan2A and CmMan5A, regarding their activity and synergism with a β-mannanase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3140-3150. [PMID: 35782739 PMCID: PMC9232400 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BtMan2A preferred short manno-oligomers, while CmMan5A preferred longer ones; DP >2. BtMan2A displayed stronger irreversible binding to galactomannan than CmMan5A. BtMan2A binding to galactomannan did not affect its activity, while CmMan5A lost activity. BtMan2A binding was pH-dependent, with increased binding ability at lower pH. CmMan5A synergised with CcManA, while BtMan2A did not – even though the enzyme was active. High loadings of BtMan2A abolished CcManA activity; at protein ratios ≥ 5:1.
Both β-mannanases and β-mannosidases are required for mannan-backbone degradation into mannose. In this study, two β-mannosidases of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 2 (BtMan2A) and 5 (CmMan5A) were evaluated for their substrate specificities and galactomannan binding ability. BtMan2A preferred short manno-oligomers, while CmMan5A preferred longer ones; DP >2, and galactomannans. BtMan2A displayed irreversible galactomannan binding, which was pH-dependent, with higher binding observed at low pH, while CmMan5A had limited binding. Docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that BtMan2A galactomannan binding was stronger under acidic conditions (-8.4 kcal/mol) than in a neutral environment (-7.6 kcal/mol), and the galactomannan ligand was more unstable under neutral conditions than acidic conditions. Qualitative surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experimentally confirmed the reduced binding capacity of BtMan2A at pH 7. Finally, synergistic β-mannanase to β-mannosidase (BtMan2A or CmMan5A) ratios required for maximal galactomannan hydrolysis were determined. All CcManA to CmMan5A combinations were synergistic (≈1.2-fold), while combinations of CcManA with BtMan2A (≈1.0-fold) yielded no hydrolysis improvement. In conclusion, the low specific activity of BtMan2A towards long and galactose-containing oligomers and its non-catalytic galactomannan binding ability led to no synergy with the mannanase, making GH2 mannosidases ineffective for use in cocktails for mannan degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samkelo Malgas
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, Eastern Cape 6140, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Gauteng 0028, South Africa
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Gauteng 0028, South Africa.
| | - Mariska Thoresen
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, Eastern Cape 6140, South Africa
| | - Vuyani Moses
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, Eastern Cape 6140, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda, Eastern Cape 6140, South Africa
| | - J. Susan van Dyk
- Forest Products Biotechnology, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Brett I. Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, Eastern Cape 6140, South Africa
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7
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Parkar SG, Frost JKT, Rosendale D, Stoklosinski HM, Jobsis CMH, Hedderley DI, Gopal P. The sugar composition of the fibre in selected plant foods modulates weaning infants' gut microbiome composition and fermentation metabolites in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9292. [PMID: 33927231 PMCID: PMC8085221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight plant-based foods: oat flour and pureed apple, blackcurrant, carrot, gold- and green-fleshed kiwifruit, pumpkin, sweetcorn, were pre-digested and fermented with pooled inocula of weaning infants’ faecal bacteria in an in vitro hindgut model. Inulin and water were included as controls. The pre-digested foods were analysed for digestion-resistant fibre-derived sugar composition and standardised to the same total fibre concentration prior to fermentation. The food-microbiome interactions were then characterised by measuring microbial acid and gas metabolites, microbial glycosidase activity and determining microbiome structure. At the physiologically relevant time of 10 h of fermentation, the xyloglucan-rich apple and blackcurrant favoured a propiogenic metabolic and microbiome profile with no measurable gas production. Glucose-rich, xyloglucan-poor pumpkin caused the greatest increases in lactate and acetate (indicative of high fermentability) commensurate with increased bifidobacteria. Glucose-rich, xyloglucan-poor oats and sweetcorn, and arabinogalactan-rich carrot also increased lactate and acetate, and were more stimulatory of clostridial families, which are indicative of increased microbial diversity and gut and immune health. Inulin favoured a probiotic-driven consortium, while water supported a proteolytic microbiome. This study shows that the fibre-derived sugar composition of complementary foods may shape infant gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity, at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi G Parkar
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jovyn K T Frost
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Doug Rosendale
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Halina M Stoklosinski
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Carel M H Jobsis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Duncan I Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pramod Gopal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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8
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Yang X, Lin P, Wang J, Liu N, Yin F, Shen N, Guo S. Purification, characterization and anti-atherosclerotic effects of the polysaccharides from the fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:890-904. [PMID: 33878353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is one major cause of atherosclerosis, which is a basic pathological change of cardiovascular diseases. Polysaccharide is a water-soluble component with lipid-lowering effects. In this study, alkaline-extracted polysaccharides were obtained from the fruiting body of C. militaris. Polysaccharides were purified via anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Their structural characteristics were investigated via chemical and spectroscopic methods. CM3I was mainly composed of →4)α-D-Glcp(1 → glycosyls and differed from starch due to the presence of →4,6)β-D-Glcp(1 → glycosyls. CM3II was characterized by its backbone, which was composed of →4)-β-D-Manp(1 → 6)-α-D-Manp(1 → 6)-β-D-Manp(1 → linked glycosyls, and especially the presence of O-methyl. Moreover, CM3II exhibited powerful anti-atherosclerotic effects via lowering plasma lipid levels in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The underlying mechanisms were attributed to its promoting effect on LXRα and inhibitory effect on SREBP-2. Collectively, CM3I and CM3II are different from the previously reported polysaccharides from C. militaris, and CM3II has a potential application in hypolipidemia and anti-atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yang
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Fan Yin
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Nuo Shen
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shoudong Guo
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Purification, structural characterization, and PCSK9 secretion inhibitory effect of the novel alkali-extracted polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:407-417. [PMID: 33662421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
One novel alkali-extracted polysaccharide, CM3-SII, was obtained from the fruiting body of C. militaris via column chromatography. Its structural characteristics were investigated via chemical and spectroscopic methods. The backbone of CM3-SII was composed of →4)-β-D-Manp(1→, →6)-β-D-Manp(1→, and →6)-α-D-Manp(1→ glycosyls, and branching at the O-4 positions of →6)-β-D-Manp(1→ glycosyls with β-D-Galp, (1→2) linked-β-D-Galf, and →2,6)-α-D-Manp(1→ residues. Furthermore, O-6 and O-2 positions of the →2,6)-α-D-Manp(1→ residues were substituted with methyl and β-D-Galp, respectively. This polysaccharide significantly enhanced the intracellular protein expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) via regulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 in hepatoma Huh7 cells. Of note, CM3-SII significantly decreased PCSK9 secretion at the concentration of 200 μg/mL. Collectively, CM3-SII is different from the previously reported alkali-extracted polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of C. militaris, and it may have potential application in hypolipidemia or as a pharmaceutical additive.
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10
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Lu MK, Chao CH, Hsu YC, Chang CC. Structural sequencing and anti-inflammatory, anti-lung cancer activities of 1,4-α/β-sulfomalonoglucan in Antrodia cinnamomea. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:307-316. [PMID: 33358951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea is a precious Polyporaceous fungus with various bioactivities. This study reports the chemical identification and biological activities of sulfomalonoglucan, a sulfated polysaccharide (SPS), from the sodium sulfate enriched medium of the title fungus. The SPS-containing fraction was separated by gel filtration chromatography (GFC) to give the title SPS (denoted as Na10_SPS-F3). By analyzing the evidence for key inter-glycosidic linkages in the 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, one possible repeat unit was proposed as: Na10_SPS-F3 inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mechanistically, Na10_SPS-F3 downregulated TGFRII also attenuated the LPS-induced IκB-α degradation. Moreover, Na10_SPS-F3 inhibited lung cancer cell H1975 EGFR/ERK signaling. This is the first paper reporting a 3-O-sulfomalonyl glucan (Na10_SPS-F3) with eight 1,4-β-Glc moieties connected with ten 1,4-α-Glc moieties from Antrodia cinnamomea and its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsein Chao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Hsu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chuan Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Yadav H, Maiti S. Research progress in galactomannan-based nanomaterials: Synthesis and application. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2113-2126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Naidjonoka P, Hernandez MA, Pálsson GK, Heinrich F, Stålbrand H, Nylander T. On the interaction of softwood hemicellulose with cellulose surfaces in relation to molecular structure and physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7063-7076. [PMID: 32756673 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00264j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The substantial part of the water-soluble hemicellulose fraction, obtained when processing cellulose to produce paper and other products, has so far been discarded. The aim of this work is to reveal the interfacial properties of softwood hemicellulose (galactoglucomannan, GGM) in relation to their molecular and solution structure. In this study the sugar composition of GGM was characterised by chemical analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Previously it has been demonstrated that hemicellulose has high affinity towards cellulose and has the ability to alter the properties of cellulose based products. This study is focused on the interactions between hemicellulose and the cellulose surface. Therefore, adsorption to hydrophobized silica and cellulose surfaces of two softwood hemicellulose samples and structurally similar seed hemicelluloses (galactomannans, GMs) was studied with ellipsometry, QCM-D and neutron reflectometry. Aqueous solutions of all samples were characterized with light scattering to determine how the degree of side-group substitution and molecular weight affect the conformation and aggregation of these polymers in the bulk. In addition, hemicellulose samples were studied with SAXS to investigate backbone flexibility. Light scattering results indicated that GM polymers form globular particles while GGMs were found to form rod-like aggregates in the solution. The polysaccharides exhibit higher adsorption to cellulose than on hydrophobic surfaces. A clear correlation between the increase in molecular weight of polysaccharides and increasing adsorbed amount on cellulose was observed, while the adsorbed amount on the hydrophobic surface was fairly independent of the molecular weight. The obtained layer thickness was compared with bulk scattering data and the results indicated flat conformation of the polysaccharides on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Naidjonoka
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Structural identification of a fucose-containing 1,3-β-mannoglucan from Poria cocos and its anti-lung cancer CL1-5 cells migration via inhibition of TGFβR-mediated signaling. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:311-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Abbasalizadeh S, Ebrahimi B, Azizi A, Dargahi R, Tayebali M, Ghadim ST, Foroumandi E, Aliasghari F, Javadi M, Izadi A, Banifatemeh L, Pourjafar H, Khalili L, Ghalichi F, Houshmandi S, Rad AH. Review of Constipation Treatment Methods with Emphasis on Laxative Foods. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401315666191002164336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Constipation is a common public health concern experienced by all individuals during
their life affecting the quality of life. In this paper, we aimed to provide an overview of the existing
evidence regarding the role of food ingredients, including bran, prune, fig, kiwifruit, and flax-seed in
constipation treatment. We searched Scopus, Pub Med, and Science Direct by using the keywords,
“laxative foods” and “constipation”, for searching studies assessing laxative food ingredients and
their beneficial effects on constipation treatment and/or control. Lifestyle modifications such as increasing
dietary fiber and fluid intake and daily exercise are the proposed first line treatments for
constipation. Optimizing ‘diet’ as an efficient lifestyle factor may contribute to the well-being of patients.
The use of laxative food ingredients including bran, prune, fig, kiwifruit, flax-seed, probiotics,
and prebiotics is a convenient alternative to cope with constipation. According to previous findings,
laxative food ingredients could be considered as effective treatments for subjects suffering from constipation.
Many studies have assessed the pharmacological and non-pharmacological roles of these
ingredients in treating constipation, however, their importance has not been thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsi Abbasalizadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Ebrahimi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Aslan Azizi
- Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rogaye Dargahi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Maryam Tayebali
- Department of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sepideh T. Ghadim
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Foroumandi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Aliasghari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Javadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azimeh Izadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Banifatemeh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Leila Khalili
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghalichi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sousan Houshmandi
- Faculty of Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Aziz H. Rad
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Fullerton CG, Prakash R, Ninan AS, Atkinson RG, Schaffer RJ, Hallett IC, Schröder R. Fruit From Two Kiwifruit Genotypes With Contrasting Softening Rates Show Differences in the Xyloglucan and Pectin Domains of the Cell Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:964. [PMID: 32714354 PMCID: PMC7343912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening is controlled by hormonal and developmental cues, causing an upregulation of cell wall-associated enzymes that break down the complex sugar matrices in the cell wall. The regulation of this process is complex, with different genotypes demonstrating quite different softening patterns, even when they are closely related. Currently, little is known about the relationship between cell wall structure and the rate of fruit softening. To address this question, the softening of two Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis (kiwifruit) genotypes (a fast 'AC-F' and a slow 'AC-S' softening genotype) was examined using a range of compositional, biochemical, structural, and molecular techniques. Throughout softening, the cell wall structure of the two genotypes was fundamentally different at identical firmness stages. In the hemicellulose domain, xyloglucanase enzyme activity was higher in 'AC-F' at the firm unripe stage, a finding supported by differential expression of xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolase genes during softening. In the pectin domain, differences in pectin solubilization and location of methyl-esterified homogalacturonan in the cell wall between 'AC-S' and 'AC-F' were shown. Side chain analyses and molecular weight elution profiles of polyuronides and xyloglucans of cell wall extracts revealed fundamental differences between the genotypes, pointing towards a weakening of the structural integrity of cell walls in the fast softening 'AC-F' genotype even at the firm, unripe stage. As a consequence, the polysaccharides in the cell walls of 'AC-F' may be easier to access and hence more susceptible to enzymatic degradation than in 'AC-S', resulting in faster softening. Together these results suggest that the different rates of softening between 'AC-F' and 'AC-S' are not due to changes in enzyme activities alone, but that fundamental differences in the cell wall structure are likely to influence the rates of softening through differential modification and accessibility of specific cell wall polysaccharides during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G. Fullerton
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
- Joint Graduate School of Plant and Food Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annu Smitha Ninan
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J. Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
- Joint Graduate School of Plant and Food Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian C. Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute For Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Liu B, Shang ZZ, Li QM, Zha XQ, Wu DL, Yu NJ, Han L, Peng DY, Luo JP. Structural features and anti-gastric cancer activity of polysaccharides from stem, root, leaf and flower of cultivated Dendrobium huoshanense. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:651-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Chen P, Lin Y, Chen Y, Chang Q, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Hu X, Zeng H. Structural characterization of a novel mannogalactoglucan from Fortunella margarita and its simulated digestion in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Evolutionary origin of O-acetyltransferases responsible for glucomannan acetylation in land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:466-479. [PMID: 31183872 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are an abundant cell wall polysaccharide in bryophytes, seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms. A previous study has shown that mannan acetylation in Arabidopsis and konjac is mediated by mannan O-acetyltransferases belonging to the Domain of Unknown Function (DUF) 231 family. However, little is known about the acetylation patterns of mannans in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, and the evolutionary origin of mannan O-acetyltransferases in land plants has not yet been studied. Phylogenetic analysis of the DUF231 family revealed that DUF231 members were present in the charophycean green algae and evolved to form overlapped and divergent phylogenetic groups in different taxa of land plants. Acetyltransferase activity assays of recombinant proteins demonstrated that a number of group II DUF231 members from moss, Selaginella, pine, spruce, rice and poplar were mannan 2-O- and 3-O-acetyltransferases, whereas the two group I DUF231 members from the alga Klebsormidium nitens were not. Structural analysis of mannans from moss and Selaginella showed they were composed of mannosyl and glucosyl residues and the mannosyl residues were acetylated at O-2 and O-3. These findings indicate that although the DUF231 genes originated in algae, their recruitment as mannan O-acetyltransferases probably occurred in bryophytes, and the biochemical functions of these O-acetyltransferases are evolutionarily conserved throughout land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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19
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Cell wall polysaccharides from Ponkan mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan) peel. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Colodel C, Bagatin RMDG, Tavares TM, Petkowicz CLDO. Cell wall polysaccharides from pulp and peel of cubiu: A pectin-rich fruit. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:226-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Extraction, purification and structural characterization of a galactoglucomannan from the gabiroba fruit (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg), Myrtaceae family. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:887-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Chen D, Harris PJ, Sims IM, Zujovic Z, Melton LD. Polysaccharide compositions of collenchyma cell walls from celery (Apium graveolens L.) petioles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:104. [PMID: 28619057 PMCID: PMC5472923 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collenchyma serves as a mechanical support tissue for many herbaceous plants. Previous work based on solid-state NMR and immunomicroscopy suggested collenchyma cell walls (CWs) may have similar polysaccharide compositions to those commonly found in eudicotyledon parenchyma walls, but no detailed chemical analysis was available. In this study, compositions and structures of cell wall polysaccharides of peripheral collenchyma from celery petioles were investigated. RESULTS This is the first detailed investigation of the cell wall composition of collenchyma from any plant. Celery petioles were found to elongate throughout their length during early growth, but as they matured elongation was increasingly confined to the upper region, until elongation ceased. Mature, fully elongated, petioles were divided into three equal segments, upper, middle and lower, and peripheral collenchyma strands isolated from each. Cell walls (CWs) were prepared from the strands, which also yielded a HEPES buffer soluble fraction. The CWs were sequentially extracted with CDTA, Na2CO3, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH. Monosaccharide compositions of the CWs showed that pectin was the most abundant polysaccharide [with homogalacturonan (HG) more abundant than rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)], followed by cellulose, and other polysaccharides, mainly xyloglucans, with smaller amounts of heteroxylans and heteromannans. CWs from different segments had similar compositions, but those from the upper segments had slightly more pectin than those from the lower two segments. Further, the pectin in the CWs of the upper segment had a higher degree of methyl esterification than the other segments. In addition to the anticipated water-soluble pectins, the HEPES-soluble fractions surprisingly contained large amounts of heteroxylans. The CDTA and Na2CO3 fractions were rich in HG and RG-I, the 1 M KOH fraction had abundant heteroxylans, the 4 M KOH fraction was rich in xyloglucan and heteromannans, and cellulose was predominant in the final residue. The structures of the xyloglucans, heteroxylans and heteromannans were deduced from the linkage analysis and were similar to those present in most eudicotyledon parenchyma CWs. Cross polarization with magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy showed no apparent difference in the rigid and semi-rigid polysaccharides in the CWs of the three segments. Single-pulse excitation with magic-angle spinning (SPE/MAS) NMR spectroscopy, which detects highly mobile polysaccharides, showed the presence of arabinan, the detailed structure of which varied among the cell walls from the three segments. CONCLUSIONS Celery collenchyma CWs have similar polysaccharide compositions to most eudicotyledon parenchyma CWs. However, celery collenchyma CWs have much higher XG content than celery parenchyma CWs. The degree of methyl esterification of pectin and the structures of the arabinan side chains of RG-I show some variation in the collenchyma CWs from the different segments. Unexpectedly, the HEPES-soluble fraction contained a large amount of heteroxylans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip J. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian M. Sims
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Zoran Zujovic
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- NMR Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurence D. Melton
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Molecular dimensions and structural features of neutral polysaccharides from the seed mucilage of Hyptis suaveolens L. Food Chem 2017; 221:1997-2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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He C, Wu K, Zhang J, Liu X, Zeng S, Yu Z, Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Deng R, Tan J, Luo J, Duan J. Cytochemical Localization of Polysaccharides in Dendrobium officinale and the Involvement of DoCSLA6 in the Synthesis of Mannan Polysaccharides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:173. [PMID: 28261235 PMCID: PMC5306395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is a precious traditional Chinese medicinal plant because of its abundant polysaccharides found in stems. We determined the composition of water-soluble polysaccharides and starch content in D. officinale stems. The extracted water-soluble polysaccharide content was as high as 35% (w/w). Analysis of the composition of monosaccharides showed that the water-soluble polysaccharides were dominated by mannose, to a lesser extent glucose, and a small amount of galactose, in a molar ratio of 223:48:1. Although starch was also found, its content was less than 10%. This result indicated that the major polysaccharides in D. officinale stems were non-starch polysaccharides, which might be mannan polysaccharides. The polysaccharides formed granules and were stored in plastids similar to starch grains, were localized in D. officinale stems by semi-thin and ultrathin sections. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A (CSLA) family members encode mannan synthases that catalyze the formation of mannan polysaccharides. To determine whether the CSLA gene from D. officinale was responsible for the synthesis of mannan polysaccharides, 35S:DoCSLA6 transgenic lines were generated and characterized. Our results suggest that the CSLA family genes from D. officinale play an important role in the biosynthesis of mannan polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | | | - Rufang Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
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25
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Production, properties, and applications of endo-β-mannanases. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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He C, Wu K, Zhang J, Liu X, Zeng S, Yu Z, Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Deng R, Tan J, Luo J, Duan J. Cytochemical Localization of Polysaccharides in Dendrobium officinale and the Involvement of DoCSLA6 in the Synthesis of Mannan Polysaccharides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28261235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00173/1664-462x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is a precious traditional Chinese medicinal plant because of its abundant polysaccharides found in stems. We determined the composition of water-soluble polysaccharides and starch content in D. officinale stems. The extracted water-soluble polysaccharide content was as high as 35% (w/w). Analysis of the composition of monosaccharides showed that the water-soluble polysaccharides were dominated by mannose, to a lesser extent glucose, and a small amount of galactose, in a molar ratio of 223:48:1. Although starch was also found, its content was less than 10%. This result indicated that the major polysaccharides in D. officinale stems were non-starch polysaccharides, which might be mannan polysaccharides. The polysaccharides formed granules and were stored in plastids similar to starch grains, were localized in D. officinale stems by semi-thin and ultrathin sections. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A (CSLA) family members encode mannan synthases that catalyze the formation of mannan polysaccharides. To determine whether the CSLA gene from D. officinale was responsible for the synthesis of mannan polysaccharides, 35S:DoCSLA6 transgenic lines were generated and characterized. Our results suggest that the CSLA family genes from D. officinale play an important role in the biosynthesis of mannan polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Rufang Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
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27
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Fissore E, Ponce N, Stortz C, Rojas A, Gerschenson L. Characterisation of Fiber Obtained from Pumpkin (cucumis moschata duch.) Mesocarp Through Enzymatic Treatment. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013207077914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall-enriched pumpkin ( Cucumis moschata Duch.) powder was submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase or hemicellulase in order to evaluate the performance of these cell wall-degrading enzymes on that substrate. Different enzyme-substrate ratios were evaluated and the effect exerted by the buffer on cell wall polysaccharides. Cellulase produced the release of pectin macromolecules which include homogalacturonans side chains, the rhamnogalacturonan I core and rhamnogalacturonan II, in conjunction with xylogalacturonans. The content of galacturonic acid in product obtained ranged from 545 to 781 g/kg of fiber. Hemicellulases produced intense pectin hydrolysis leading to fiber-fractions with galacturonic acid contents ranging from 390 to 444 g/kg of fiber and enriched in glucose polymers as the enzyme proportion increased. Few rhamnogalacturonan-I was present.The acidic citrate buffer (pH 5.2) used for allowing enzyme activity could per se remove noncovalent cross-links like ionic bonds. As a consequence, pectin-in-extensin entanglements, pectins joined by Ca2+-bridges through the homogalacturonan side chains, and some pectins that are originally soluble in cold water due to little or no binding to the cell wall, could be removed by this citrate buffer. Enzymatic hydrolysis as well as buffer extraction produced fiber-products with an important thickening effect of aqueous systems. This effect was smaller as the ratio enzyme-substrate was increased and, in general, the fiber fractions isolated produced an in vitro glucose diffusion retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.N. Fissore
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina, ANPCyT
| | - N.M. Ponce
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C.A. Stortz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, National Research Council, Argentina,CONICET
| | - A.M. Rojas
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L.N. Gerschenson
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, , National Research Council, Argentina,CONICET
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Kučerová D, Kollárová K, Vatehová Z, Lišková D. Interaction of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides with auxin involves changes in flavonoid accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:155-161. [PMID: 26691060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) are signalling molecules originating from plant cell walls influencing plant growth and defence reactions. The present study focused on their interaction with exogenous IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). GGMOs acted as auxin antagonists and diminished the effect of IAA on Arabidopsis primary root growth. Their effect is associated with meristem enlargement and prolongation of the elongation zone. Reduction of the elongation zone was a consequence of the IAA action, but IAA did not affect the size of the meristem. In the absence of auxin, GGMOs stimulated root growth, meristem enlargement and elongation zone prolongation. It is assumed that the effect of GGMOs in the absence of exogenous auxin resulted from their interaction with the endogenous form. In the presence of auxin transport inhibitor GGMOs did not affect root growth. It is known that flavonoids are auxin transport modulators but this is the first study suggesting the role of flavonoids in GGMOs' signalling. The accumulation of flavonoids in the meristem and elongation zone decreased in GGMOs' treatments in comparison with the control. These oligosaccharides also diminished the effect of IAA on the flavonoids' elevation. The fact that GGMOs decreased the accumulation of flavonoids, known to be modulators of auxin transport, and the loss of GGMOs' activity in the presence of the auxin transport inhibitor indicates that the root growth stimulation caused by GGMOs could be related to changes in auxin transport, possibly mediated by flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Kučerová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Karin Kollárová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Vatehová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Desana Lišková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
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Morrill J, Kulcinskaja E, Sulewska AM, Lahtinen S, Stålbrand H, Svensson B, Abou Hachem M. The GH5 1,4-β-mannanase from Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 possesses a low-affinity mannan-binding module and highlights the diversity of mannanolytic enzymes. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 16:26. [PMID: 26558435 PMCID: PMC4642672 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-015-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background β-Mannans are abundant and diverse plant structural and storage polysaccharides. Certain human gut microbiota members including health-promoting Bifidobacterium spp. catabolize dietary mannans. Little insight is available on the enzymology of mannan deconstruction in the gut ecological niche. Here, we report the biochemical properties of the first family 5 subfamily 8 glycoside hydrolase (GH5_8) mannanase from the probiotic bacterium Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 (BlMan5_8). Results BlMan5_8 possesses a novel low affinity carbohydrate binding module (CBM) specific for soluble mannan and displays the highest catalytic efficiency reported to date for a GH5 mannanase owing to a very high kcat (1828 ± 87 s-1) and a low Km (1.58 ± 0.23 g · L-1) using locust bean galactomannan as substrate. The novel CBM of BlMan5_8 mediates increased binding to soluble mannan based on affinity electrophoresis. Surface plasmon resonance analysis confirmed the binding of the CBM10 to manno-oligosaccharides, albeit with slightly lower affinity than the catalytic module of the enzyme. This is the first example of a low-affinity mannan-specific CBM, which forms a subfamily of CBM10 together with close homologs present only in mannanases. Members of this new subfamily lack an aromatic residue mediating binding to insoluble cellulose in canonical CBM10 members consistent with the observed low mannan affinity. Conclusion BlMan5_8 is evolved for efficient deconstruction of soluble mannans, which is reflected by an exceptionally low Km and the presence of an atypical low affinity CBM, which increases binding to specifically to soluble mannan while causing minimal decrease in catalytic efficiency as opposed to enzymes with canonical mannan binding modules. These features highlight fine tuning of catalytic and binding properties to support specialization towards a preferred substrate, which is likely to confer an advantage in the adaptation to competitive ecological niches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12858-015-0055-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Morrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Evelina Kulcinskaja
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Sulewska
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Current address: Biochemistry and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958, Fredriksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sampo Lahtinen
- Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition & Health, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Quéméner B, Vigouroux J, Rathahao E, Tabet JC, Dimitrijevic A, Lahaye M. Negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: a method for sequencing and determining linkage position in oligosaccharides from branched hemicelluloses. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:247-64. [PMID: 25601700 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucans of apple, tomato, bilberry and tamarind were hydrolyzed by commercial endo β-1-4-D-endoglucanase. The xylo-gluco-oligosaccharides (XylGos) released were separated on CarboPac PA 200 column in less than 15 min, and, after purification, they were structurally characterized by negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF), a hybrid linear ion trap (LTQ)/Orbitrap and a hybrid quadrupole Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometers. In order to corroborate the fragmentation routes observed on XylGos, some commercial galacto-manno-oligosaccharides (GalMOs) and glucurono-xylo-oligosaccharides were also studied. The fragmentation pathways of the ionized GalMos were similar to those of XylGos ones. The product ion spectra were mainly characterized by prominent double cleavage (D) ions corresponding to the entire inner side chains. The directed fragmentation from the reducing end to the other end was observed for the main glycosylated backbone but also for the side-chains, allowing their complete sequencing. Relevant cross-ring cleavage ions from (0,2)X(j)-type revealed to be diagnostic of the 1-2-linked- glycosyl units from XylGos together with the 1-2-linked glucuronic acid unit from glucuronoxylans. Resonant activation in the LTQ Orbitrap allowed not only determining the type of all linkages but also the O-acetyl group location on fucosylated side-chains. Moreover, the fragmentation of the different side chains using the MS(n) capabilities of the LTQ/Orbitrap analyzer also allowed differentiating terminal arabinosyl and xylosyl substituents inside S and U side-chains of XylGos, respectively. The CID spectra obtained were very informative for distinction of isomeric structures differing only in their substitution pattern. These features together makes the fragmentation in negative ionization mode a relevant and powerful technique useful to highlight the subtle structural changes generally observed during the development of plant organs such as during fruit ripening and for the screening of cell wall mutants with altered hemicellulose structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Quéméner
- INRA, Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblage, Rue de la Géraudière BP 71627, F-44316, Nantes, France
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Xing X, Cui SW, Nie S, Phillips GO, Goff HD, Wang Q. Study on Dendrobium officinale O-acetyl-glucomannan (Dendronan®): part II. Fine structures of O-acetylated residues. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 117:422-433. [PMID: 25498655 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Main objective of this study was to investigate the detailed structural information about O-acetylated sugar residues in Dendronan(®). A water solution (2%, w/w) of Dendronan(®) was treated with endo-β-mannanase to produce oligosaccharides rich in O-acetylated sugar residues. The oligosaccharides were partly recovered by ethanol precipitation (70%, w/w). The recovered sample (designated Hydrolyzed Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharide, HDOP) had a yield of 24.7% based on the dry weight of Dendronan(®) and was highly O-acetylated. A D2O solution of HDOP (6%, w/w) generated strong signals in (1)H, (13)C, 2D (1)H-(1)H COSY, 2D (1)H-(1)H TOCSY, 2D (1)H-(1)H NOESY, 2D (1)H-(13)C HMQC, and 2D (1)H-(13)C HMBC NMR spectra. Results of NMR analyses showed that the majority of O-acetylated mannoses were mono-substituted with acetyl groups at O-2 or O-3 position. There were small amounts of mannose residues with di-O-acetyl substitution at both O-2 and O-3 positions. Minor levels of mannoses with 6-O-acetyl, 2,6-di-O-acetyl, and 3,6-di-O-acetyl substitutions were also identified. Much information about sugar residue sequence was extracted from 2D (1)H-(13)C HMBC and 2D (1)H-(1)H NOESY spectra. (1)J(C-H) coupling constants of major sugar residues were obtained. Evidences for the existence of branches or O-acetylated glucoses in HDOP were not found. The major structure of Dendronan(®) is shown as follows: [Formula: see text] M: β-D-mannopyranose; G: β-D-glucopyranose; a: O-acetyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xing
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Steve W Cui
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9.
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Glyn O Phillips
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre, Glyndŵr University, Wrexham LL11 2AW, UK; Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Ltd., 45 Old Bond Street, London W1S 4QT, UK
| | - H Douglas Goff
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
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Structural characterization of a heterogalactan purified from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Novel and diverse fine structures in LiCl-DMSO extracted apple hemicelluloses. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 108:46-57. [PMID: 24751246 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are key polysaccharides in the regulation of the mechanical properties of plant cell walls during organ development and in fruit texture. Their diverse compositions and structures are partially known, in particular with regard to their function in cell walls. To that end, apple hemicelluloses were sequentially extracted by DMSO doped by LiCl followed by potassium hydroxide. The weakly bounded hemicelluloses in the LiCl-DMSO soluble extract were fractionated by ion exchange (AEC) and size exclusion (SEC) chromatographies. The structure of all the extracts and fractions was established by enzymatic fingerprinting using β-glucanase, β-mannanase and β-xylanase. Molecular weight of the fraction was established by HPSEC. MS as well as HPAEC analyses of the enzyme digests revealed the remarkable diversity of apple hemicelluloses. Different xyloglucan (XyG), galactoglucomannan (GgM) and glucuronoarabinoxylan were isolated along the extraction and fractionation process. All LiCl-DMSO soluble fractions were acetyl-esterified. Besides, the LiCl-DMSO soluble XyG differed from the 4M KOH extracted one essentially on the basis of its molecular weight. At least two populations differing in their content and distribution of glucose and mannose composed GgM. Moreover, galactose ramifications occurred on mannose blocks in the glucose rich fraction. These results open the way for future studies on the complex structure-function relationship of hemicelluloses in plant cell walls.
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Medina S, Domínguez-Perles R, Ferreres F, Tomás-Barberán FA, Gil-Izquierdo Á. The effects of the intake of plant foods on the human metabolome. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Udani JK, Bloom DW. Effects of Kivia powder on gut health in patients with occasional constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr J 2013; 12:78. [PMID: 23758673 PMCID: PMC3706267 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Kivia powder on supporting overall gut health through the relief of the discomfort of occasional constipation. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Interventions The investigational product for this study was Kivia powder (Vital Food Processors Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand), containing the active ingredient Zyactinase™, 5.5 g taken daily for four weeks. Results One hundred thirty-eight subjects reporting occasional constipation were screened and 87 were randomized to placebo (n = 44) and product (n = 43). Bowel movement frequency, as measured by both average daily spontaneous bowel movements (SBM) and complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM), were the same in both groups at baseline. There were significant increases in spontaneous bowel movements at week 1 (p = 0.001), week 2 (p = 0.001), week 3 (p = 0.000), and week 4 (p = 0.000) compared to baseline. SBM demonstrated significant differences between the treatment group and the placebo group at week 3 (p = 0.000), and week 4 (p = 0.020). The treatment group demonstrated a significantly higher rate of SBM at week 3 (p = 000) and from baseline to week 4 (p = 0.019). Significant increases in complete spontaneous bowel movements were observed at week 1 (p = 0.000), week 2 (p = 0.000), week 3 (p = 0.000), and week 4 (p = 0.000) compared to baseline. Moreover, CSBM was significantly higher for the treatment group compared to placebo at week 2 (p = 0.001). The change in average daily CSBM from baseline to week 2 was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the placebo group (p = 0.004). Abdominal discomfort or pain demonstrated significant differences between groups at week 1 (p = 0.044) and week 3 (p = 0.026). Flatulence was significantly lower for active group compared to placebo at week 2 (p = 0.047) and week 3 (p = 0.023). The number of bowel movements associated with urgency was significantly lower in the treatment group compared to the placebo group at week 3 (p = 0.048). In addition, it was decreased from baseline to week 1 (p = 0.040) and from baseline to week 3 (p = 0.024) in the treatment group, while the placebo group did not report any reductions in bowel urgency. Bowel movements in the treatment arm were significantly smoother and softer by week 2 (p = 0.020) and week 3 (p = 0.041). Conclusions Treatment with Kivia powder, an extract of kiwifruit containing Zyactinase™, for four weeks was well tolerated and more effective than placebo in gently enhancing bowel movement frequency and reducing abdominal pain and flatulence in subjects with occasional constipation. Trial registration ISRCTN: ISRCTN49036618
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay K Udani
- Medicus Research LLC, Agoura Hills, CA 91301, USA.
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Zhao Y, Song D, Sun J, Li L. Populus endo-beta-mannanase PtrMAN6 plays a role in coordinating cell wall remodeling with suppression of secondary wall thickening through generation of oligosaccharide signals. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:473-85. [PMID: 23384057 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-β-mannanase is known to able to hydrolyze mannan-type polysaccharides in cell wall remodeling, but its function in regulating wall thickening has been little studied. Here we show that a Populus endo-1,4-β-mannanase gene, named PtrMAN6, suppresses cell wall thickening during xylem differentiation. PtrMAN6 is expressed specifically in xylem tissue and its encoded protein localizes to developing vessel cells. Overexpression of PtrMAN6 enhanced wall loosening as well as suppressed secondary wall thickening, whilst knockdown of its expression promoted secondary wall thickening. Transcriptional analysis revealed that PtrMAN6 overexpression downregulated the transcriptional program of secondary cell wall thickening, whilst PtrMAN6 knockdown upregulated transcriptional activities toward secondary wall formation. Activity of PtrMAN6 hydrolysis resulted in the generation of oligosaccharide compounds from cell wall polysaccharides. Application of the oligosaccharides resulted in cellular and transcriptional changes that were similar to those found in PtrMAN6 overexpressed transgenic plants. Overall, our results demonstrated that PtrMAN6 plays a role in hydrolysis of mannan-type wall polysaccharides to produce oligosaccharides that may serve as signaling molecules to suppress cell wall thickening during wood xylem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics/Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Kákošová A, Digonnet C, Goffner D, Lišková D. Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides are assumed to affect tracheary element formation via interaction with auxin in Zinnia xylogenic cell culture. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:479-87. [PMID: 23283560 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides seem to interact with auxin in xylogenic cell culture, thus influencing mainly metaxylem-like tracheary element differentiation depending on timing with hormones and the process kinetics. Complex mapping of Zinnia mesophyll cell transdifferentiation into tracheary elements with or without prior cell division was documented after palisade and spongy parenchyma cell immobilization during the first 4 days of culture. Here, we report a positive effect of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides on cell viability and density and higher metaxylem-like tracheary element formation in xylogenic cell culture. The maximal positive effect was achieved by the simultaneous addition of the oligosaccharides and growth hormones (auxin, cytokinin) to the cell culture medium. Moreover, a large number of metaxylem-like tracheary elements were observed in a low-auxin medium supplemented with oligosaccharides, but not in a low-cytokinin medium, suggesting a close relationship between auxin and the oligosaccharides during tracheary element formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kákošová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia,
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Johnston SL, Prakash R, Chen NJ, Kumagai MH, Turano HM, Cooney JM, Atkinson RG, Paull RE, Cheetamun R, Bacic A, Brummell DA, Schröder R. An enzyme activity capable of endotransglycosylation of heteroxylan polysaccharides is present in plant primary cell walls. PLANTA 2013; 237:173-87. [PMID: 23001197 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heteroxylans in the plant cell wall have been proposed to have a role analogous to that of xyloglucans or heteromannans, forming growth-restraining networks by interlocking cellulose microfibrils. A xylan endotransglycosylase has been identified that can transglycosylate heteroxylan polysaccharides in the presence of xylan-derived oligosaccharides. High activity was detected in ripe fruit of papaya (Carica papaya), but activity was also found in a range of other fruits, imbibed seeds and rapidly growing seedlings of cereals. Xylan endotransglycosylase from ripe papaya fruit used a range of heteroxylans, such as wheat arabinoxylan, birchwood glucuronoxylan and various heteroxylans from dicotyledonous primary cell walls purified from tomato and papaya fruit, as donor molecules. As acceptor molecules, the enzyme preferentially used xylopentaitol over xylohexaitol or shorter-length acceptors. Xylan endotransglycosylase was active over a broad pH range and could perform transglycosylation reactions up to 55 °C. Xylan endotransglycosylase activity was purified from ripe papaya fruit by ultrafiltration and cation exchange chromatography. Highest endotransglycosylase activity was identified in fractions that also contained high xylan hydrolase activity and correlated with the presence of the endoxylanase CpaEXY1. Recombinant CpaEXY1 protein transiently over-expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves showed both endoxylanase and xylan endotransglycosylase activities in vitro, suggesting that CpaEXY1 is a single enzyme with dual activity in planta. Purified native CpaEXY1 showed two- to fourfold higher endoxylanase than endotransglycosylase activity, suggesting that CpaEXY1 may act primarily as a hydrolase. We propose that xylan endotransglycosylase activity (like xyloglucan and mannan endotransglycosylase activities) could be involved in remodelling or re-arrangement of heteroxylans of the cellulose-non-cellulosic cell wall framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Johnston
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Henare SJ, Rutherfurd SM. Digestion of kiwifruit fiber. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2013; 68:187-203. [PMID: 23394988 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber affects the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, it is generally believed that fiber largely escapes digestion in the human small intestine and is therefore mainly a substrate for microbial fermentation in the hindgut. Kiwifruit is a food naturally high in dietary fiber, yet the impact of dietary kiwifruit on nutrient availability has not been reported. The digestion of kiwifruit has been investigated but only in in vitro digestion studies. With its naturally high nonstarch polysaccharide content, it would be expected that kiwifruit would possess the characteristics of a good source of fiber for nutrition and health. Kiwifruit contains soluble and nonsoluble fiber components, both of which would be expected to affect the physical attributes of digesta as it transits the gastrointestinal tract. This chapter summarizes fiber digestion in general and current knowledge of kiwifruit fiber digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Sims IM, Monro JA. Fiber: composition, structures, and functional properties. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2013; 68:81-99. [PMID: 23394983 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394294-4.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit dietary fiber consists of cell-wall polysaccharides that are typical of the cell walls of many dicotyledonous fruits, being composed of pectic polysaccharides, hemicelluloses, and cellulose. The kiwifruit pectic polysaccharides consist of homo- and rhamnogalacturonans with various neutral, (arabino)-galactan side chains, while the hemicelluloses are mostly xyloglucan and xylan. The proportions of pectic polysaccharide, hemicellulose, and cellulose in both green 'Hayward' and 'Zespri® Gold' are similar and are little affected by in vitro exposure to gastric and small intestinal digestion. The hydration properties of the kiwifruit-swelling and water retention capacity-are also unaffected by foregut digestion, indicating that the functional properties of kiwifruit fiber survive in the foregut. However, in the hindgut, kiwifruit fiber is fermented, but whole kiwifruit consumed in association with slowly fermented fiber leads to distal displacement of fermentation, indicating that hindgut benefits of kiwifruit may result from its interaction with other dietary sources of fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Sims
- Industrial Research Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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Mannina L, Sobolev AP, Viel S. Liquid state 1H high field NMR in food analysis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:1-39. [PMID: 22980032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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Ekholm FS, Ardá A, Eklund P, André S, Gabius HJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Leino R. Studies related to Norway spruce galactoglucomannans: chemical synthesis, conformation analysis, NMR spectroscopic characterization, and molecular recognition of model compounds. Chemistry 2012; 18:14392-405. [PMID: 23008171 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Galactoglucomannan (GGM) is a polysaccharide mainly consisting of mannose, glucose, and galactose. GGM is the most abundant hemicellulose in the Norway spruce (Picea abies), but is also found in the cell wall of flax seeds, tobacco plants, and kiwifruit. Although several applications for GGM polysaccharides have been developed in pulp and paper manufacturing and the food and medical industries, attempts to synthesize and study distinct fragments of this polysaccharide have not been reported previously. Herein, the synthesis of one of the core trisaccharide units of GGM together with a less-abundant tetrasaccharide fragment is described. In addition, detailed NMR spectroscopic characterization of the model compounds, comparison of the spectral data with natural GGM, investigation of the acetyl-group migration phenomena that takes place in the polysaccharide by using small model compounds, and a binding study between the tetrasaccharide model fragment and a galactose-binding protein (the toxin viscumin) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S Ekholm
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Åbo, Finland
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Prakash R, Johnston SL, Boldingh HL, Redgwell RJ, Atkinson RG, Melton LD, Brummell DA, Schröder R. Mannans in tomato fruit are not depolymerized during ripening despite the presence of endo-β-mannanase. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1125-1133. [PMID: 22658221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls of tomato fruit contain hemicellulosic mannans that may fulfill a structural role. Two populations were purified from cell walls of red ripe tomato tissue and named galactoglucomannan-glucuronoxylan I and II (GGM-GX I and II), respectively. Both polysaccharides not only consisted of mannose, glucose and galactose, indicating the presence of GGM, but also contained xylose and glucuronic acid, indicating the presence of GX. Treatment of both polysaccharides with xylanase or endo-β-mannanase showed that the GX and the GGM were associated in a complex. The composition of GGM-GX II changed slightly during tomato ripening, but both GGM-GX I and II showed no change in molecular weight, indicating that they were not hydrolyzed during ripening. Ripe tomato fruit also possess an endo-β-mannanase, an enzyme that in vitro was capable of either hydrolyzing GGM-GX I and II (endo-β-mannanase activity), or transglycosylating them in the presence of mannan oligosaccharides (mannan transglycosylase activity). The lack of evidence for hydrolysis of these potential substrates in vivo suggests either that the enzyme and potential substrates are not accessible to each other for some reason, or that the main activity of endo-β-mannanase is not hydrolysis but transglycosylation, a reaction in which polysaccharide substrates and end-products are indistinguishable. Transglycosylation would remodel rather than weaken the cell wall and allow the fruit epidermis to possibly retain flexibility and plasticity to resist cracking and infection when the fruit is ripe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Richterová-Kučerová D, Kollárová K, Zelko I, Vatehová Z, Lišková D. How do galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides regulate cell growth in epidermal and cortical tissues of mung bean seedlings? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 57:154-8. [PMID: 22705590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) alone or in combination with IBA stimulate primary root elongation and inhibit hypocotyl elongation in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedlings. For a more detailed view of GGMOs effect in these processes, the present work is focused on cell growth in selected tissues (epidermis and primary cortex) and on xylem formation. The GGMOs effect on tissue level has not been studied so far. The results show that GGMOs-induced stimulation of primary root growth is mainly caused by enhancing cell elongation (and in less extent by cell production rate) in all tissues observed. Xylem elements were formed at longer distance from the root tip than in the control. In hypocotyl GGMOs reduced cell elongation. IBA in roots caused decrease of cell elongation and cell production rate and acceleration of xylem maturation; in hypocotyls IBA strongly stimulated cell elongation. Application of GGMOs with IBA resulted in increase of cell elongation, cell production rate and delay of xylem maturation in roots. In GGMOs + IBA treated hypocotyls, cell length was decreased to 50% compared to IBA. Based on our results it can be concluded that GGMOs induced elongation growth in mung bean seedlings was caused by increased cell production rate and cell elongation and was accompanied with delay of xylem maturation.
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Mannina L, Sobolev AP, Capitani D. Applications of NMR metabolomics to the study of foodstuffs: truffle, kiwifruit, lettuce, and sea bass. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2290-313. [PMID: 22887151 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, four examples of the NMR metabolomic approach to foodstuff investigation are reported. Different types of foodstuff of different origin (namely truffle, kiwifruit, lettuce, and sea bass), with different metabolite composition, processing, and storage procedures have been chosen to demonstrate the versatility and potentiality of NMR in the foodstuff analysis. Fundamental aspects of NMR methodology such as sample preparation, metabolites extraction, quantitative elaboration of spectral data, and statistical analysis have been described. Metabolic profilings of aqueous and/or organic extracts as obtained by one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments have been reported together with the results obtained from their statistical elaboration. Discrimination between wild and farmed sea bass and between genetically modified and wild lettuces as well as changes in the kiwifruit metabolic profiles monitored over the season have been investigated. For each foodstuff, some complementary findings provided by other analytical methods are also described to underline the importance of different analytical approaches to explore specific aspects related to foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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Andersen MR, Giese M, de Vries RP, Nielsen J. Mapping the polysaccharide degradation potential of Aspergillus niger. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:313. [PMID: 22799883 PMCID: PMC3542576 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The degradation of plant materials by enzymes is an industry of increasing importance. For sustainable production of second generation biofuels and other products of industrial biotechnology, efficient degradation of non-edible plant polysaccharides such as hemicellulose is required. For each type of hemicellulose, a complex mixture of enzymes is required for complete conversion to fermentable monosaccharides. In plant-biomass degrading fungi, these enzymes are regulated and released by complex regulatory structures. In this study, we present a methodology for evaluating the potential of a given fungus for polysaccharide degradation. Results Through the compilation of information from 203 articles, we have systematized knowledge on the structure and degradation of 16 major types of plant polysaccharides to form a graphical overview. As a case example, we have combined this with a list of 188 genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes from Aspergillus niger, thus forming an analysis framework, which can be queried. Combination of this information network with gene expression analysis on mono- and polysaccharide substrates has allowed elucidation of concerted gene expression from this organism. One such example is the identification of a full set of extracellular polysaccharide-acting genes for the degradation of oat spelt xylan. Conclusions The mapping of plant polysaccharide structures along with the corresponding enzymatic activities is a powerful framework for expression analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Applying this network-based approach, we provide the first genome-scale characterization of all genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes identified in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Effects of simulated digestion in vitro on cell wall polysaccharides from kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tiwari A, Prabaharan M. An Amphiphilic Nanocarrier Based on Guar Gum-graft-Poly(ε-caprolactone) for Potential Drug-Delivery Applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 21:937-49. [DOI: 10.1163/156856209x452278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tiwari
- a Division of Engineering Materials, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Mani Prabaharan
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Basanta MF, Ponce NMA, Rojas AM, Stortz CA. Effect of extraction time and temperature on the characteristics of loosely bound pectins from Japanese plum. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:230-5. [PMID: 24750628 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall composition of Japanese plums (Prunus salicina) at six developmental stages was previously evaluated (Ponce et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 2562-2570). This fruit is an interesting source of pectins, polysaccharides of valuable functionality for pharmaceutical and food formulations. In the present work it was investigated how the different conditions for the aqueous extraction of pectins from Japanese plums affect the yield as well as their chemical and rheological characteristics. It has been determined that extraction with water at room temperature for periods longer than 2h did not produce additional increment of yield (12%) but decreased the average molecular weights of the extracted pectins. Pectins with a degree of methylation ≈40% with high viscosity in water and with adequate molecular weights (≈72,000) were obtained. Conversely, utilization of boiling water for extraction increased considerably the yields (33-38%) but the extracted pectins showed significant lower viscosity in water in spite of their higher molecular weights. The poorer thickening ability was associated to the lower proportion of arabinose residues present in the hairy regions of the pectin macromolecules extracted by hot water, which led the polymers to interact more transiently in a 2% w/v water solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Basanta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora M A Ponce
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Rojas
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Stortz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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