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Sikorska C. Design and Investigation of Superatoms for Redox Applications: First-Principles Studies. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:78. [PMID: 38258197 PMCID: PMC10820084 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A superatom is a cluster of atoms that acts like a single atom. Two main groups of superatoms are superalkalis and superhalogens, which mimic the chemistry of alkali and halogen atoms, respectively. The ionization energies of superalkalis are smaller than those of alkalis (<3.89 eV for cesium atom), and the electron affinities of superhalogens are larger than that of halogens (>3.61 eV for chlorine atom). Exploring new superalkali/superhalogen aims to provide reliable data and predictions of the use of such compounds as redox agents in the reduction/oxidation of counterpart systems, as well as the role they can play more generally in materials science. The low ionization energies of superalkalis make them candidates for catalysts for CO2 conversion into renewable fuels and value-added chemicals. The large electron affinity of superhalogens makes them strong oxidizing agents for bonding and removing toxic molecules from the environment. By using the superatoms as building blocks of cluster-assembled materials, we can achieve the functional features of atom-based materials (like conductivity or catalytic potential) while having more flexibility to achieve higher performance. This feature paper covers the issues of designing such compounds and demonstrates how modifications of the superatoms (superhalogens and superalkalis) allow for the tuning of the electronic structure and might be used to create unique functional materials. The designed superatoms can form stable perovskites for solar cells, electrolytes for Li-ion batteries of electric vehicles, superatomic solids, and semiconducting materials. The designed superatoms and their redox potential evaluation could help experimentalists create new materials for use in fields such as energy storage and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Sikorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Sikorska C, Gaston N. Molecular crystals vs. superatomic lattice: a case study with superalkali-superhalogen compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8763-8774. [PMID: 35352731 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05761h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Using a first-principles approach, we study the assembly of atomically-precise cluster solids with atomic precision. The aims are to create binary assemblies of clusters through charge transfer between neutral molecular clusters, and employing intercluster electrostatic attraction as a driving force for co-assembly. We combined pairs of complementary clusters in which one cluster is electron-donating (superalkali) and the other is electron-accepting (superhalogen). From the analysis of the binding energy between superatomic counterparts, charge transfer, and the relative size of the clusters, we analyze the resulting structures as either molecular crystals or superatomic lattices. We demonstrate that the substitution of a single atom can result in minor changes to the crystal structure of the binary solids or entirely new packing structures. The [N4Mg6Li]+[AlCl4]-, [N4Mg6Na]+[AlCl4]-, [N4Mg6K]+[AlCl4]-, [N4Mg6Li]+[AlF4]-, [N4Mg6Na]+[AlF4]-, and [N4Mg6K]+[AlF4]- compounds all form the same close-packed superatomic lattice structure through halogen bonding, with subtle differences in the orientation of the superatoms. These salts may also form molecular crystals where clusters are held to one another by electrostatic interactions. Our results emphasize how the structure of superatomic solids can be tuned upon single atom substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Sikorska
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Nicola Gaston
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Sikorska C, Gaston N. N 4Mg 6M (M = Li, Na, K) superalkalis for CO 2 activation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:144301. [PMID: 33086817 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Superatoms have exciting properties, including diverse functionalization, redox activity, and magnetic ordering, so the resulting cluster-assembled solids hold the promise of high tunability, atomic precision, and robust architectures. By utilizing adamantane-like clusters as building blocks, a new class of superatoms N4Mg6M (M = Li, Na, K) is proposed here. The studied superalkalis feature low adiabatic ionization energies, an antibonding character in the interactions between magnesium and nitrogen atoms, and highly delocalized highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Consequently, the N4Mg6M superalkalis might easily lose their HOMO electrons when interacting with superhalogen electrophiles to form stable superatom [superalkali]+[superhalogen]- compounds. Moreover, the studied superalkalis interact strongly with carbon dioxide, and the resulting N4Mg6M/CO2 systems represent two strongly interacting ionic fragments (i.e., N4Mg6M+ and CO2 -). In turn, the electron affinity of the N2 molecule (of -1.8 eV) is substantially lower than that observed for carbon dioxide (EA = -0.6 eV) and consequently, the N2 was found to form the weakly bound [N4Mg6M][N2] complex rather than the desired ionic [N4Mg6M]+[N2]- product. Thus, the N4Mg6M superalkalis have high selectivity over N2 when it comes to CO2 reduction and also are themselves stable. We believe that the results described within this paper will be useful for understanding CO2 activation, which is the first step for producing fuels from CO2. Moreover, we demonstrate that designing novel superatomic systems and exploring their physicochemical features might be used to create desirable functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Sikorska
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Tkachenko NV, Sun ZM, Boldyrev AI. Record Low Ionization Potentials of Alkali Metal Complexes with Crown Ethers and Cryptands. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2060-2062. [PMID: 31184431 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electronic properties of series of alkali metals complexes with crown ethers and cryptands were studied via DFT hybrid functionals. For [M([2.2.2]crypt)] (M=Li, Na, K) extremely low (1.70-1.52 eV) adiabatic ionization potentials were found. Such low values of ionization energies are significantly lower than those of alkali metal atoms. Thus, the investigated complexes can be defined as superalkalis. As a result, our investigation opens up new directions in the designing of chemical species with record low ionization potentials and extends the explanation of the ability of the cryptates and alkali crown ether complexes to stabilize multiple charged Zintl ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
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Sun WM, Wu D. Recent Progress on the Design, Characterization, and Application of Superalkalis. Chemistry 2019; 25:9568-9579. [PMID: 31025432 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Superalkalis are clusters or molecules featuring lower ionization energies (IEs) than that of cesium atoms, and thus exhibit excellent reducing properties. Such special species have great potential to be used in the synthesis of unusual charge-transfer salts and cluster-assembled nanomaterials with tailored properties, in the reduction of carbon dioxide, or as hydrogen storage materials and noble-gas-trapping agents, etc. In this regard, ongoing efforts have been devoted to designing and characterizing superalkalis of new types. The recent progress on the study of superalkalis in terms of theoretical design, characterization, and potential application is summarized in this minireview. We hope this review will not only provide a broad overview of this research field, but also highlight the prospect of further extending the experimental synthesis and practical application of superalkalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Sun
- Department of Basic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
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Srivastava AK. Ab initio investigations on non-metallic chain-shaped F H+1+ series of superalkali cations. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Reddy GN, Kumar AV, Parida R, Chakraborty A, Giri S. Zintl superalkalis as building blocks of supersalts. J Mol Model 2018; 24:306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Static second hyperpolarizability of diffuse electron compound M2X (M = Li, na; X = H, F): Ab-initio study of basis set effect and electron correlation. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Bhowmick S, Hagebaum-Reignier D, Jeung GH. Potential energy surfaces of the electronic states of Li 2F and Li 2F −. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:034306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4958829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bhowmick
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Gwang-Hi Jeung
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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10
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Hydrogenated superalkalis and their possible applications. J Mol Model 2016; 22:122. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-2994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Srivastava AK, Misra N. M2X (M= Li, Na; X= F, Cl): the smallest superalkali clusters with significant NLO responses and electride characteristics. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1132840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Misra
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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12
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Srivastava AK, Misra N. Remarkable NLO responses of hyperalkalized species: the size effect and atomic number dependence. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00584e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The large first order static hyperpolarizabilities (βo) of hyperalkalized species establish their strong NLO responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Misra
- Department of Physics
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow – 226007
- India
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13
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Srivastava AK, Misra N. Nonlinear optical behavior of Li n F (n = 2-5) superalkali clusters. J Mol Model 2015; 21:305. [PMID: 26546265 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlithiated clusters are known for their unusual bonding characteristics and lower ionization potentials. This study reports nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of a series of hyperlithiated clusters, Li n F (n = 2-5) for the first time. The structures of small Li n F (n = 2-5) clusters, obtained using second order Møller-Plesset perturbative method, are found to be stable against eliminations of F, F‾, and LiF. These Li n F species are stabilized by both ionic as well as covalent interactions. Our study shows that Li n F species can be thought of as superalkali-halogen (Li n - F) clusters but belong to the class of superalkalies themselves. These clusters may also possess alkalide and/or electride characteristics due to excess electrons. The dipole moment, mean polarizability, and hyperpolarizability suggest their significant NLO responses which are explained using the highest occupied molecular orbital surfaces and TD-DFT analysis. The exceptionally large hyperpolarizability of Li2F (~10(5) a.u.) and its electride characteristics are particularly highlighted. This study may guide the researchers in the design of novel materials with significant NLO responses useful for electro-optical applications. Graphical Abstract Li2F superalkali resemble an electride in which the excess electron is pushed out by Li2 (+) moiety, leading to its high hyperpolarizability of order of 10(5) a.u.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Misra
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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15
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Srivastava AK, Misra N. Ab initio investigations on the gas phase basicity and nonlinear optical properties of FLinOH species (n = 2–5). RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14735b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The superalkali hydroxide (FLi5OH) possesses alkalide characteristics which is responsible for its remarkable mean hyperpolarizability i.e. NLO properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Misra
- Department of Physics
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow – 226007
- India
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16
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Wen H, Liu Y, Xu K, Huang T, Hu C, Zhang W, Huang W. Sequential Observation of Alkali‐halide Gas Phase Clusters in High Resolution TOF‐MS and Prediction of Their Structures. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/26/06/729-738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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17
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Fernandez-Lima FA, Nascimento MAC, da Silveira EF. Alkali halide clusters produced by fast ion impact. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION B, BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2012; 273:102-104. [PMID: 22389542 PMCID: PMC3290408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2011.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant geometries and relative stabilities of alkali halide clusters with a (XY)(n) (o) configuration (e.g., LiF, NaCl, KBr) are described. Five main series were obtained: linear, cyclic, cubic, arc strips and nanotubes. The stability analysis shows that higher members are likely to be formed from the lower member of the same series and/or from two building blocks (n = 1, 2). The energy analysis (D-plot) indicates that the most compact ones (e.g., cubic and nanotubes) present higher stability when compared to the linear, cyclic and arc strip structures; moreover, relative stability between the cubic and nanotube series varies with the cluster size.
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Fernandez-Lima FA, VilelaNeto OP, Pimentel AS, Ponciano CR, Pacheco MAC, Nascimento MAC, Silveira EFD. A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Positive and Neutral LiF Clusters Produced by Fast Ion Impact on a Polycrystalline LiF Target. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1813-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8071684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Fernandez-Lima
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Electrical Engineering Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Physics Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - O. P. VilelaNeto
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Electrical Engineering Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Physics Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A. S. Pimentel
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Electrical Engineering Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Physics Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C. R. Ponciano
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Electrical Engineering Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Physics Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M. A. C. Pacheco
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Electrical Engineering Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Physics Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M. A. Chaer Nascimento
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Electrical Engineering Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Physics Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E. F. da Silveira
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Electrical Engineering Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Physics Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Koput J. Ab initio study on the structure and vibration-rotation energy levels of dilithium monofluoride. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:154306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2996108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Veličković SR, Koteski VJ, Belošević Čavor JN, Djordjević VR, Cvetićanin JM, Djustebek JB, Veljković MV, Nešković OM. Experimental and theoretical investigation of new hypervalent molecules LinF (n=2–4). Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Elliott BM, Boldyrev AI. Ozonic Acid and Its Ionic Salts: Ab Initio Probing of the O42- Dianion. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:4109-11. [PMID: 15236518 DOI: 10.1021/ic049418e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pyramidal O(4)(2)(-) dianion is valence isoelectronic to the well-known ClO(3)(-) and SO(3)(2)(-) anions, and yet it has not been observed. The synthesis of any molecule containing such a dianion would represent a major breakthrough in making molecules containing more than three covalently bound oxygen atoms. We found that the parent H(2)O(4) ozonic acid is unstable in the form of the valence isoelectronic sulfurous acid H(2)SO(3). Our quantum chemical probing of the Li(2)O(4) ionic salt molecule is inconclusive. However, we found that the specially designed FLi(3)O(4) gas phase molecule is a true metastable species and could be considered as the first molecule containing the O(4)(2)(-) dianion. Our theoretical prediction of the first compound containing the tetraatomic covalently bound O(4)(2)(-) dianion opens the possibility to even more oxygen rich compounds, which will have a great potential as high density oxygen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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Nesković OM, Veljković MV, Velicković SR, Petkovska LT, Perić-Grujić AA. Ionization energies of hypervalent Li2F, Li2Cl and Na2Cl molecules obtained by surface ionization electron impact neutralization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:212-4. [PMID: 12539186 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ionization energies of hypervalent Li(2)F, Li(2)Cl and Na(2)Cl molecules detected by surface ionization electron impact neutralization mass spectrometry are reported. The ionization energies were 3.78 +/- 0.2 eV for Li(2)F, 4.93 +/- 0.2 eV for Li(2)Cl, and 4.21 +/- 0.2 eV for Na(2)Cl. The ionization energies (IE) agree with theoretical ionization energies calculated by ab initio methods, supporting the theoretical prediction that Li(2)F has a hyperlithiated configuration in which the odd electron delocalizes over the two lithiums and with photoionization measurement. The first ionization energy of Na(2)Cl was experimentally confirmed earlier and for Li(2)Cl as well.8 We have developed and used this new approach for the problem--in the present work ions were first formed by surface ionization, followed by electron attachment (neutralization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera M Nesković
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, PO Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
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Theoretical study on the geometric and electronic structure of the lithium-rich LinFn−1 (n=2–5) clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(01)00655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tanaka H, Yokoyama K, Kudo H. Structure and energetics of Li[sub n](OH)[sub n−1] (n=2–5) clusters deduced from photoionization efficiency curves. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1329645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Yokoyama K, Haketa N, Tanaka H, Furukawa K, Kudo H. Ionization energies of hyperlithiated Li2F molecule and Li F−1 (n=3,4) clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Tanaka H, Yokoyama K, Kudo H. Ionization energies of hyperlithiated and electronically segregated isomers of Lin(OH)n−1 (n=2–5) clusters. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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