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Fang YG, Wei L, Francisco JS, Zhu C, Fang WH. Mechanistic Insights into Chloric Acid Production by Hydrolysis of Chlorine Trioxide at an Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39013148 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Chlorine oxides play crucial roles in ozone depletion, and the final oxidation steps of chlorine oxide potentially result in the formation of chloric acid (HClO3) or perchloric acid (HClO4). Herein, the solvation and reactive uptake of three stable isomers of chlorine trioxide (Cl2O3), namely, ClOCl(O)O, ClClO3, and ClOOOCl, at the air-water interface were investigated using classical and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) coupled with advanced free energy methods. Two distinct mechanisms were revealed for the hydrolysis of ClOCl(O)O and ClClO3: molecular and ionic mechanisms. A comparison of the computed free-energy profiles for the gaseous and air-water interfacial systems indicated that the air-water interface could markedly lower the free-energy barrier for ClO 3 - or HClO3 formation while stabilizing the product state. In particular, the hydrolysis of ClClO3 at the air-water interface was barrierless. In contrast, our calculations showed that the hydrolysis of ClOOOCl was very slow, indicating that ClOOOCl was inert to water at the air-water interface. This study provides theoretical evidence for the hypothesis that HClO3 is a sink for chlorine oxides and for the widespread distributions of HClO3 recently observed in the Arctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Guang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Laiyang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Zhu R, Lin M. Ab initio chemical kinetics for ClO reactions with HOx, ClOx and NOx (x=1,2): A review. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhu RS, Lin MC. Ab initio chemical kinetics for reactions of ClO with Cl 2O 2 isomers. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:054307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3541353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Zabel F. Chlorine Perchlorate Formation in the Gas Phase Photolysis of Chlorine Dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19910950809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
ClOOCl was prepared in situ in a temperature controlled photoreactor (v = 420 L) by photolyzing OClO/N2 mixtures in the wavelength range 300-500 nm at temperatures between 242 and 261 K and total pressures between 2 and 480 mbar. After switching off the lights, excess NO2 was added, and IR and UV spectra were monitored simultaneously as a function of time. By spectral stripping of all other known UV absorbers (in particular, other chlorine oxides and chlorine nitrate), we determined rate constants k-1 of the reaction ClOOCl (+M) --> ClO + ClO (+M) from the first-order decay of the residual UV absorption of ClOOCl at 246 and 255 nm. k-1,0 = [N2] x 7.6 x 10(-9) exp[(-53.6 +/- 6.0) kJ mol(-1)/RT] cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (2sigma) was derived for the low-pressure limiting rate constant. Application of Troe's expression for the limiting low-pressure rate constants of unimolecular decomposition reactions leads to E0 = Delta(r)H0(0)(ClOOCl-->ClO+ClO) = 66.4 +/- 3.0 kJ mol(-1). k-1,0 started to fall off from the pressure proportional low pressure behavior at p approximately 30 mbar; however, reliable extrapolation to the high pressure limit was not possible. The decomposition rate constants of ClOOCl were directly measured for the first time, and they are higher, depending on temperature and pressure, by factors between 1.5 and 4.2 as compared to experimental data on k-1 by Nickolaisen et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 155] which were derived from the approach of ClO to thermal equilibrium with its dimer ClOOCl. Combination of the present dissociation rate constants with recommended temperature and pressure dependent data on the reverse reaction (k1) demonstrate inconsistencies between the dissociation and recombination rate constants. Summarizing laboratory data on k1 and k-1 above 250 K and field measurements on the ClO + ClO <= => ClOOCl equilibrium in the nighttime polar stratosphere close to 200 K, the expression Kc = k1/k-1 = 3.0 x 10(-27) exp(8433 K/T) cm3 molecule(-1) is derived for the temperature range 200-300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bröske
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Physikalische Chemie/FB C, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Papayannis DK, Kosmas * AM. Structural and relative stability studies of (IClO3) and (IBrO3) polyoxides. Mol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970410001723019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios K. Papayannis
- a Department of Science and Technology of Materials , University of Ioannina , Gr- 451 10 Ioannina , Greece
| | - Agnie M. Kosmas *
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Ioannina , Gr- 451 10 Ioannina , Greece
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Xu ZF, Lin MC. Ab initio studies of ClOx reactions. IX. Combination and disproportionation reactions of ClO and s-ClO3 radicals. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1613632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Zhu RS, Lin MC. Ab initiostudies of ClOx reactions. VII. Isomers of Cl2O3 and their roles in the ClO+OClO reaction. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1565315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Sicre J, Cobos C. Thermochemistry of the higher chlorine oxides ClOx (x=3, 4) and Cl2Ox (x=3–7)†. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(02)00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jia Z, Margerum DW, Francisco JS. General-acid-catalyzed reactions of hypochlorous acid and acetyl hypochlorite with chlorite ion. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:2614-20. [PMID: 11197017 DOI: 10.1021/ic991486r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rate of oxidation of ClO2- by HOCl is first order in each reactant and is general-acid catalyzed. In the initial steps of the proposed mechanism, a steady-state intermediate, HOClOClO-, forms (k1 = 1.6 M-1 s-1) and undergoes general-acid (HA)-catalyzed reactions (k2HA) to generate a metastable intermediate, ClOClO. Values of k2HA/k-1 are 1.6 x 10(4) M-1 (H3O+), 20 M-1 (HOAc), and 8.5 M-1 (H2PO4-). Subsequent competitive reactions of ClOClO with ClO2- (k3) to give 2ClO2 and with OH- (k4OH) and other bases (k5B) to give ClO3- are very rapid. The relative yields of these products give k4OH/k3 = 1.3 x 10(5), k5HPO4/k3 = 0.20, and k5OAc/k3 = 0.06. At low pH and low buffer concentrations, the apparent yield of ClO2, based on 2ClO2 per initial HOCl, reaches 140%. This anomaly is attributed to the induced disproportionation of ClO2- by ClOClO to give ClO3- and additional HOCl. A highly reactive intermediate, ClOCl(O)OClO-, is proposed that can undergo Cl-O bond cleavage to give 2ClO2 + Cl- via one path and ClO3- + 2HOCl via another path. The additional HOCl recycles in the presence of excess ClO2- to give more ClO2. Ab initio calculations show feasible structures for the proposed reaction intermediates. Acetic acid has a second catalytic role through the formation of acetyl hypochlorite, which is much more reactive than HOCl in the transfer of Cl+ to ClO2- to form ClOClO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Li WK, Lau KC, Ng CY, Baumgärtel H, Weitzel KM. Gaussian-2 and Gaussian-3 Study of the Energetics and Structures of Cl2On and Cl2On+, n = 1−7. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993398y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kee Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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Kim KH, Han YK, Lee YS. Basis set effects on the stability of the Cl2O3 isomers using B3P86 and B3LYP methods of density functional theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(98)00269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Guha S, Francisco JS. A Density Functional Study of the Equilibrium Structure, Vibrational Spectrum, and Heat of Formation of Br2O3. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9819184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Guha
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
| | - Jason Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Phillips DH, Quelch GE. Normal-Valent ClOnX Compounds for n = 2, 3 and X = Cl, H: An MCSCF Investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9532780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald H. Phillips
- Materials Division, NESB, Mail Stop 231, NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001
| | - Geoffrey E. Quelch
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109-7486
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Morris VR, Bhatia SC, Dibble TS, Francisco JS. Evaluating the accuracy of density functional methods for ClOO. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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López MI, Croce AE, Sicre JE. Explosive decomposition of gaseous chlorine dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9949003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Simon F, Schneider W, Moortgat G, Burrows J. A study of the ClO absorption cross-section between 240 and 310 nm and the kinetics of the self-reaction at 300 K. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(90)80014-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sander SP, Friedl RR, Yung YL. Rate of formation of the ClO dimer in the polar stratosphere: implications for ozone loss. Science 1989; 245:1095-8. [PMID: 11538343 DOI: 10.1126/science.245.4922.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase recombination of chlorine monoxide (ClO) has been investigated under the conditions of pressure and temperature that prevail in the Antarctic stratosphere during the period of maximum ozone (O3) disappearance. Measured rate constants are less than one-half as great as the previously accepted values. One-dimensional model calculations based on the new rate data indicate that currently accepted chemical mechanisms can quantitatively account for the observed O3 losses in late spring (17 September to 7 October). A qualitative assessment indicates that the existing mechanisms can only account for at most one-half of the measured O3 depletion in the early spring (28 August to 17 September), indicating that there may be additional catalytic cycles, besides those currently recognized, that destroy O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91109, USA
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