1
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Wang K, Wu H, Zhang B, Yao X, Zhang J, Oxborrow M, Zhao Q. Tailoring Coherent Microwave Emission from a Solid-State Hybrid System for Room-Temperature Microwave Quantum Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401904. [PMID: 39007198 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quantum electronics operating in the microwave domain are burgeoning and becoming essential building blocks of quantum computers, sensors, and communication devices. However, the field of microwave quantum electronics has long been dominated by the need for cryogenic conditions to maintain delicate quantum characteristics. Here, a solid-state hybrid system, constituted by a photo-excited pentacene triplet spin ensemble coupled to a dielectric resonator, is reported for the first time capable of both coherent microwave quantum amplification and oscillation at X band via the masing process at room temperature. By incorporating external driving and active dissipation control into the hybrid system, efficient tuning of the maser emission characteristics at ≈9.4 GHz is achieved, which is key to optimizing the performance of the maser device. The work not only pushes the boundaries of the operating frequency and functionality of the existing pentacene masers but also demonstrates a universal route for controlling the masing process at room temperature, highlighting opportunities for optimizing emerging solid-state masers for quantum information processing and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipu Wang
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuri Yao
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiakai Zhang
- Xi'an Electronic Engineering Research Institute, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Mark Oxborrow
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Qing Zhao
- Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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2
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Yamauchi A, Tanaka K, Fuki M, Fujiwara S, Kimizuka N, Ryu T, Saigo M, Onda K, Kusumoto R, Ueno N, Sato H, Kobori Y, Miyata K, Yanai N. Room-temperature quantum coherence of entangled multiexcitons in a metal-organic framework. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi3147. [PMID: 38170775 PMCID: PMC10775993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission can generate an exchange-coupled quintet triplet pair state 5TT, which could lead to the realization of quantum computing and quantum sensing using entangled multiple qubits even at room temperature. However, the observation of the quantum coherence of 5TT has been limited to cryogenic temperatures, and the fundamental question is what kind of material design will enable its room-temperature quantum coherence. Here, we show that the quantum coherence of singlet fission-derived 5TT in a chromophore-integrated metal-organic framework can be over hundred nanoseconds at room temperature. The suppressed motion of the chromophores in ordered domains within the metal-organic framework leads to the enough fluctuation of the exchange interaction necessary for 5TT generation but, at the same time, does not cause severe 5TT decoherence. Furthermore, the phase and amplitude of quantum beating depend on the molecular motion, opening the way to room-temperature molecular quantum computing based on multiple quantum gate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Saiya Fujiwara
- RIKEN, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaki Saigo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryota Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nami Ueno
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Harumi Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyata
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- FOREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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3
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Xie F, Mao H, Lin C, Feng Y, Stoddart JF, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Quantum Sensing of Electric Fields Using Spin-Correlated Radical Ion Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37364237 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing affords the possibility of using quantum entanglement to probe electromagnetic fields with exquisite sensitivity. In this work, we show that a photogenerated spin-correlated radical ion pair (SCRP) can be used to sense an electric field change created at one radical ion of the pair using molecular recognition. The SCRP is generated within a covalent donor-chromophore-acceptor system PXX-PMI-NDI, 1, where PXX = peri-xanthenoxanthene, PMI = 1,6-bis(p-t-butylphenoxy)perylene-3,4-dicarboximide, and NDI = naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide). The electron-rich PXX donor in 1 acts as a guest molecule that can be encapsulated selectively by a tetracationic cyclophane ExBox4+ host to give a supramolecular complex 1 ⊂ ExBox4+. Selective photoexcitation of the PMI chromophore results in ultrafast generation of the PXX•+-PMI-NDI•- SCRP. When PXX is encapsulated by ExBox4+, the cyclophane generates an electric field that repels the positive charge on PXX•+ within PXX•+-PMI-NDI•-, reducing the SCRP distance, i.e., the distance between the centers-of-charge on the donor and acceptor. Pulse-EPR measurements are used to measure the coherent oscillations created primarily by the electron-electron dipolar coupling in the SCRP, which yields the distance between the two charges (spins) of PXX•+-PMI-NDI•-. The experimental results show that the distance between PXX•+ and NDI•- decreases when ExBox4+ encapsulates PXX•+, which demonstrates that the SCRP can function as a quantum sensor to detect electric field changes in the vicinity of the radical ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbai Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Chenjian Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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4
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Mao H, Pažėra GJ, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Quantum Gate Operations on a Spectrally Addressable Photogenerated Molecular Electron Spin-Qubit Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6585-6593. [PMID: 36913602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanosecond photodriven electron transfer from a molecular donor to an acceptor can be used to generate a radical pair (RP) having two entangled electron spins in a well-defined pure initial singlet quantum state to serve as a spin-qubit pair (SQP). Achieving good spin-qubit addressability is challenging because many organic radical ions have large hyperfine couplings (HFCs) in addition to significant g-anisotropy, which results in significant spectral overlap. Moreover, using radicals with g-factors that deviate significantly from that of the free electron results in difficulty generating microwave pulses with sufficiently large bandwidths to manipulate the two spins either simultaneously or selectively as is necessary to implement the controlled-NOT (CNOT) quantum gate essential for quantum algorithms. Here, we address these issues by using a covalently linked donor-acceptor(1)-acceptor(2) (D-A1-A2) molecule with significantly reduced HFCs that uses fully deuterated peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) as D, naphthalenemonoimide (NMI) as A1, and a C60 derivative as A2. Selective photoexcitation of PXX within PXX-d9-NMI-C60 results in sub-nanosecond, two-step electron transfer to generate the long-lived PXX•+-d9-NMI-C60•- SQP. Alignment of PXX•+-d9-NMI-C60•- in the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-(n-pentyl)biphenyl (5CB) at cryogenic temperatures results in well-resolved, narrow resonances for each electron spin. We demonstrate both single-qubit gate and two-qubit CNOT gate operations using both selective and nonselective Gaussian-shaped microwave pulses and broadband spectral detection of the spin states following the gate operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Gediminas J Pažėra
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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5
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Aiello CD, Abendroth JM, Abbas M, Afanasev A, Agarwal S, Banerjee AS, Beratan DN, Belling JN, Berche B, Botana A, Caram JR, Celardo GL, Cuniberti G, Garcia-Etxarri A, Dianat A, Diez-Perez I, Guo Y, Gutierrez R, Herrmann C, Hihath J, Kale S, Kurian P, Lai YC, Liu T, Lopez A, Medina E, Mujica V, Naaman R, Noormandipour M, Palma JL, Paltiel Y, Petuskey W, Ribeiro-Silva JC, Saenz JJ, Santos EJG, Solyanik-Gorgone M, Sorger VJ, Stemer DM, Ugalde JM, Valdes-Curiel A, Varela S, Waldeck DH, Wasielewski MR, Weiss PS, Zacharias H, Wang QH. A Chirality-Based Quantum Leap. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4989-5035. [PMID: 35318848 PMCID: PMC9278663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the study of chiral degrees of freedom occurring in matter and in electromagnetic fields. Opportunities in quantum sciences will likely exploit two main areas that are the focus of this Review: (1) recent observations of the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in chiral molecules and engineered nanomaterials and (2) rapidly evolving nanophotonic strategies designed to amplify chiral light-matter interactions. On the one hand, the CISS effect underpins the observation that charge transport through nanoscopic chiral structures favors a particular electronic spin orientation, resulting in large room-temperature spin polarizations. Observations of the CISS effect suggest opportunities for spin control and for the design and fabrication of room-temperature quantum devices from the bottom up, with atomic-scale precision and molecular modularity. On the other hand, chiral-optical effects that depend on both spin- and orbital-angular momentum of photons could offer key advantages in all-optical and quantum information technologies. In particular, amplification of these chiral light-matter interactions using rationally designed plasmonic and dielectric nanomaterials provide approaches to manipulate light intensity, polarization, and phase in confined nanoscale geometries. Any technology that relies on optimal charge transport, or optical control and readout, including quantum devices for logic, sensing, and storage, may benefit from chiral quantum properties. These properties can be theoretically and experimentally investigated from a quantum information perspective, which has not yet been fully developed. There are uncharted implications for the quantum sciences once chiral couplings can be engineered to control the storage, transduction, and manipulation of quantum information. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the experimental and theoretical fundamentals of chiral-influenced quantum effects and presents a vision for their possible future roles in enabling room-temperature quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice D. Aiello
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John M. Abendroth
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Muneer Abbas
- Department
of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Andrei Afanasev
- Department
of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Shivang Agarwal
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Amartya S. Banerjee
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David N. Beratan
- Departments
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jason N. Belling
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bertrand Berche
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR Université de Lorraine-CNRS, 7019 54506 Vandœuvre les
Nancy, France
| | - Antia Botana
- Department
of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Justin R. Caram
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Giuseppe Luca Celardo
- Institute
of Physics, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma
de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, 72570, Mexico
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aitzol Garcia-Etxarri
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ismael Diez-Perez
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqi Guo
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Suneet Kale
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Philip Kurian
- Quantum
Biology Laboratory, Graduate School, Howard
University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Ying-Cheng Lai
- School
of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Tianhan Liu
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexander Lopez
- Escuela
Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, PO Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
| | - Ernesto Medina
- Departamento
de Física, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Av. Diego de Robles
y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mohammadreza Noormandipour
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- TCM Group,
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Julio L. Palma
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, Lemont Furnace, Pennsylvania 15456, United States
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied
Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - William Petuskey
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - João Carlos Ribeiro-Silva
- Laboratory
of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, 05508-900 São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan José Saenz
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Higgs Centre
for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Solyanik-Gorgone
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Volker J. Sorger
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Dominik M. Stemer
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jesus M. Ugalde
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Ana Valdes-Curiel
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Solmar Varela
- School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay
Tech University, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Helmut Zacharias
- Center
for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qing Hua Wang
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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6
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Harvey SM, Wasielewski MR. Photogenerated Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs: From Photosynthetic Energy Transduction to Quantum Information Science. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15508-15529. [PMID: 34533930 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More than a half century ago, the NMR spectra of diamagnetic products resulting from radical pair reactions were observed to have strongly enhanced absorptive and emissive resonances. At the same time, photogenerated radical pairs were discovered to exhibit unusual electron paramagnetic resonance spectra that also had such resonances. These non-Boltzmann, spin-polarized spectra were observed in both chemical systems as well as in photosynthetic reaction center proteins following photodriven charge separation. Subsequent studies of these phenomena led to a variety of chemical electron donor-acceptor model systems that provided a broad understanding of the spin dynamics responsible for these spectra. When the distance between the two radicals is restricted, these observations result from the formation of spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRPs) in which the spin-spin exchange and dipolar interactions between the two unpaired spins play an important role in the spin dynamics. Early on, it was recognized that SCRPs photogenerated by ultrafast electron transfer are entangled spin pairs created in a well-defined spin state. These SCRPs can serve as spin qubit pairs (SQPs), whose spin dynamics can be manipulated to study a wide variety of quantum phenomena intrinsic to the field of quantum information science. This Perspective highlights the role of SCRPs as SQPs, gives examples of possible quantum manipulations using SQPs, and provides some thoughts on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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7
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Olshansky JH, Krzyaniak MD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Photogenerated Spin-Entangled Qubit (Radical) Pairs in DNA Hairpins: Observation of Spin Delocalization and Coherence. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2152-2160. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H. Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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8
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Nelson JN, Zhang J, Zhou J, Rugg BK, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Effect of Electron–Nuclear Hyperfine Interactions on Multiple-Quantum Coherences in Photogenerated Covalent Radical (Qubit) Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9392-9402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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9
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Nelson JN, Krzyaniak MD, Horwitz NE, Rugg BK, Phelan BT, Wasielewski MR. Zero Quantum Coherence in a Series of Covalent Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2241-2252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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10
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Wang J, Du X, Pan W, Wang X, Wu W. Photoactivation of the cryptochrome/photolyase superfamily. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Meier C, Behrends J, Bittl R. Electrical detection of Rabi oscillations in microcrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.820361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Srinivasan N, Golbeck JH. Protein–cofactor interactions in bioenergetic complexes: The role of the A1A and A1B phylloquinones in Photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1057-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Lupton JM, Boehme C. Magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2008; 7:598-599. [PMID: 18654576 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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14
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van der Est A. Light-induced spin polarization in type I photosynthetic reaction centres. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1507:212-25. [PMID: 11687216 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(01)00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of light-induced spin polarization to study the structure and function of type I reaction centres is reviewed. The absorption of light by these systems generates a series of sequential radical pairs, which exhibit spin polarization as a result of the correlation of the unpaired electron spins. A description of how the polarization patterns can be used to deduce the relative orientation of the radicals is given and the most important structural results from such studies on photosystem I (PS I) are summarized. Quinone exchange experiments which demonstrate the influence of protein-cofactor interactions on the polarization patterns are discussed. The results show that there are significant differences between the binding sites of the primary quinone acceptors in PS I and purple bacterial reaction centres and suggest that pi-pi interactions probably play a more important role in PS I. Studies using spin-polarized EPR transients and spectra to investigate the electron transfer pathway and kinetics are also reviewed. The results from PS I, green-sulphur bacteria and Heliobacteria are compared and the controversy surrounding the role of a quinone in the electron transfer in the latter two systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, L2S 3A1, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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15
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Kandrashkin Y, van der Est A. A new approach to determining the geometry of weakly coupled radical pairs from their electron spin polarization patterns. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:1697-1709. [PMID: 11471722 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Analytical expressions for the spin polarized EPR lineshapes of weakly coupled radical pairs (RPs) are derived as functions of the angles between the anisotropic g-tensors of the radicals and the vector describing the dipolar coupling. It is shown that with a singlet precursor the EPR signal of the RP can be written as a linear function of the dipolar coupling. Under these conditions, the calculated powder spectrum can be expressed as a linear combination of four powder spectra, which are independent of the geometry of the RP. To reproduce the experimental spectra the optimal set of coefficients can be found by least-squares fitting. The advantage of this approach is that the four powder spectra must only be calculated once. This treatment shows very clearly the restrictions placed on the information obtainable from such spectra. Most importantly, a unique set of angles can only be obtained if the absolute amplitude of the spectrum is known. In general, the calculated spectrum is related to the experimental spectrum by an unknown, arbitrary scaling factor. In this case, sets of angles consistent with the data are obtained. Possible strategies for obtaining unique geometric information are discussed and demonstrated with the experimental data for the state P+*(865)Q-*(A) in Zn-substituted bacterial reaction centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kandrashkin
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Link G, Berthold T, Bechtold M, Weidner JU, Ohmes E, Tang J, Poluektov O, Utschig L, Schlesselman SL, Thurnauer MC, Kothe G. Structure of the P700(+ )A1(-) radical pair intermediate in photosystem I by high time resolution multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance: analysis of quantum beat oscillations. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4211-22. [PMID: 11457186 DOI: 10.1021/ja003382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The geometry of the secondary radical pair P700(+)A1(-), in photosystem I (PSI) from the deuterated and 15N-substituted cyanobacterium Synechococcus lividus, has been determined by high time resolution electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), performed at three different microwave frequencies. Structural information is extracted from light-induced quantum beats observed in the transverse magnetization of P700(+)A1(-) at early times after laser excitation. A computer analysis of the two-dimensional Q-band experiment provides the orientation of the various magnetic tensors of with respect to a magnetic reference frame. The orientation of the cofactors of the primary donor in the g-tensor system of is then evaluated by analyzing time-dependent X-band EPR spectra, extracted from a two-dimensional data set. Finally, the cofactor arrangement of P700(+)A1(-) in the photosynthetic membrane is deduced from angular-dependent W-band spectra, observed for a magnetically aligned sample. Thus, the orientation of the g-tensor of P700(+) with respect to a chlorophyll based reference system could be determined. The angle between the g1(z) axis and the chlorophyll plane normal is found to be 29 +/- 7 degrees, while the g1(y) axis lies in the chlorophyll plane. In addition, a complete structural model for the reduced quinone acceptor, A1(-), is evaluated. In this model, the quinone plane of is found to be inclined by 68 +/- 7 degrees relative to the membrane plane, while the P700(+)-A1(-) axis makes an angle of 35 +/- 6 degrees with the membrane normal. All of these values refer to the charge separated state, observed at low temperatures, where forward electron transfer to the iron-sulfur centers is partially blocked. Preliminary room temperature studies of P700(+)A1(-), employing X-band quantum beat oscillations, indicate a different orientation of A1(-) in its binding pocket. A comparison with crystallographic data provides information on the electron-transfer pathway in PSI. It appears that quantum beats represent excellent structural probes for the short-lived intermediates in the primary energy conversion steps of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Link
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Pasimeni L, Ruzzi M, Prato M, Da Ros T, Barbarella G, Zambianchi M. Spin correlated radical ion pairs generated by photoinduced electron transfer in composites of sexithiophene/fullerene derivatives: a transient EPR study. Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(00)00339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Kiefer AM, Kast SM, Wasielewski MR, Laukenmann K, Kothe G. Exploring the Structure of a Photosynthetic Model by Quantum-Chemical Calculations and Time-Resolved Q-Band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981930+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Stehlik D, Möbius K. NEW EPR METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING PHOTOPROCESSES WITH PARAMAGNETIC INTERMEDIATES. Annu Rev Phys Chem 1997; 48:745-84. [PMID: 15012455 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.48.1.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
▪ Abstract Some of the significant advances in time-resolved multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods are reviewed, with the explicit focus on studies of light-driven processes and photoreactions in real time. Prominent examples are excited state electron transfer reactions with transient charge-separated radical pairs playing a central role. Paramagnetic intermediates and products are key functional states; thus EPR is the method of choice for their characterization. Photogenerated spin polarization and coherences as process-inherent features add the practical advantage of compensation in the trade-off between sensitivity and time resolution. Additionally, they provide detailed structural and dynamic information on the photoreactive system. Significance and specificity of the results achieved for charge separation in photosynthetic reaction centers and donor-acceptor model complexes indicate highly promising perspectives in photochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stehlik
- Department of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Dzuba S. Spin-correlated radical pairs in photosynthetic reaction centers: role of anisotropic hyperfine interaction as revealed by computational modeling. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Ostafin AE, Weber S. Quinone exchange at the A1 site in Photosystem I in spinach and cyanobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(97)00023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Tang J, Thurnauer MC, Kubo A, Hara H, Kawamori A. Anomalous pulse-angle and phase dependence of Hahn’s electron spin echo and multiple-quantum echoes in a photoinduced spin-correlated radical pair. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Weber S, Kothe G, Norris JR. Transient nutation electron spin resonance spectroscopy on spin-correlated radical pairs: A theoretical analysis on hyperfine-induced nuclear modulations. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Bittl R, Zech SG. Pulsed EPR Study of Spin-Coupled Radical Pairs in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers: Measurement of the Distance Between and in Photosystem I and between and in Bacterial Reaction Centers. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962256q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bittl
- Max-Volmer-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan G. Zech
- Max-Volmer-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Electron transfer and arrangement of the redox cofactors in photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(96)00112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Magnetic-field effects on primary reactions in Photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA (BBA) - BIOENERGETICS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(96)00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Electron spin echo detection of quantum beats and double-quantum coherence in spin-correlated radical pairs of protonated photosynthetic reaction centers. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)87702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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29
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Timmel C, Hore P. Flip-angle effects in Fourier-transform EPR spectra of spin-correlated radical pairs. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Bittl R, van der Est A, Kamlowski A, Lubitz W, Stehlik D. Time-resolved EPR of the radical pair P865+.QA−. in bacterial reaction centers. Observations of transient nutations, quantum beats and envelope modulation effects. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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van der Est A, Bittl R, Abresch E, Lubitz W, Stehlik D. Transient EPR spectroscopy of perdeuterated Zn-substituted reaction centres of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Füchsle G, Bittl R, van der Est A, Lubitz W, Stehlik D. Transient EPR spectroscopy of the charge separated state P+Q− in photosynthetic reaction centers. Comparison of Zn-substituted Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 and Photosystem I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Zwanenburg G, Hore P. EPR of spin-correlated radical pairs. Analytical treatment of selective excitation including zero-quantum coherence. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)89312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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