Reactions of halogen-substituted aziridinylbenzoquinones with glutathione. Formation of diglutathionyl conjugates and semiquinones

Mechanism of extracellular electron transport and reactive oxygen mediated Sb(III) oxidation by Klebsiella aerogenes HC10

Microbial oxidation and the mechanism of Sb(III) are key governing elements in biogeochemical cycling. A novel Sb oxidizing bacterium, Klebsiella aerogenes HC10, was attracted early and revealed that extracellular metabolites were the main fractions driving Sb oxidation. However, linkages between the extracellular metabolite driven Sb oxidation process and mechanism remain elusive. Here, model phenolic and quinone compounds, i.e., anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and hydroquinone (HYD), representing extracellular oxidants secreted by K. aerogenes HC10, were chosen to further study the Sb(III) oxidation mechanism. N2 purging and free radical quenching showed that oxygen-induced oxidation accounted for 36.78% of Sb(III) in the metabolite reaction system, while hydroxyl free radicals (·OH) accounted for 15.52%. ·OH and H2O2 are the main driving factors for Sb oxidation. Radical quenching, methanol purification and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed that ·OH, superoxide radical (O2•-) and semiquinone (SQ-•) were reactive intermediates of the phenolic induced oxidation process. Phenolic-induced ROS are one of the main oxidants in metabolites. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that electron transfer of quinone also mediated Sb(III) oxidation. Part of Sb(V) was scavenged by the formation of the secondary Sb(V)-bearing mineral mopungite [NaSb(OH)6] in the incubation system. Our study demonstrates the microbial role of oxidation detoxification and mineralization of Sb and provides scientific references for the biochemical remediation of Sb-contaminated soil.

The role of NAD(P)H oxidoreductase (DT-Diaphorase) in the bioactivation of quinone-containing antitumor agents: a review

Bioactivation of quinone-containing anticancer agents has been studied extensively within the context of the chemistry and structure of the individual quinones which may result in various mechanisms of bioactivation and activity. In this review we focus on the two electron enzymatic reduction/activation of quinone-containing anticancer agents by DT Diaphorase (DTD). This enzyme has become important in oncopharmacology because its activity varies with tissues and it has been found to be elevated in tumors. Thus, a selective tumor cell kill can exist for agents that are good substrates for this enzyme. In addition, the enzyme can be induced by a variety of agents, a fact that can be used in chemotherapy. That is induction by a nontoxic agent followed by treatment with a good DT-Diaphorase substrate. A wide variety of anticancer drugs are discussed some of which are not good substrates such as Adriamycin, and some of which are excellent substrates. The latter category includes a variety of quinone containing alkylating agents.

Extracellular activation of fluorinated aziridinylbenzoquinone in HT29 cells EPR studies

The plasma membrane of HT29 human colon carcinoma cells was characterized by EPR spectroscopy as the site for redox activation of 3,6-difluoro-2,5-bis(aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (F-DZQ). Supplementation of HT29 cells with F-DZQ yielded an EPR signal ascribed to the semiquinone species; the hyperfine splitting constants of the 11-line spectrum were 1.4 and 1.35 G for aN and aF, respectively. The intensity of the EPR signal was inhibited competitively by potassium ferricyanide, a compound which has no access to the intracellular milieu and used to evaluate transmembrane NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity. The extracellular localization of the signal was confirmed by using chromium trioxalate, a membrane-impermeant spin-broadening agent, which abolished in a concentration-dependent manner the semiquinone signal originating from the metabolism of F-DZQ by HT29 cells. The intensity of the semiquinone signal was decreased by agents which block sulfhydryl groups upon alkylation, fluorodinitrobenzene and p-chloromercuribenzoate, presumably acting on plasma membrane dehydrogenases. Other flavin dehydrogenase inhibitors, such as allopurinol, deprenyl or clorgyline, and D-arginine or NG-methyl-L-arginine did not affect the EPR signal. Conversely, the intensity of the semiquinone signal was increased upon supplementation of HT29 cells with glucose and insulin, which may enhance the intracellular levels of electron donors for the transplasma membrane dehydrogenase activity. The extracellular semiquinone signal was abolished by superoxide dismutase by a mechanism implying displacement of the equilibrium of the autoxidation reaction. Formation of oxygen-centered radicals during this redox activity was evaluated by EPR in conjunction with the spin trap 4-POBN. A composite signal consisting of the spin adducts of methyl, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals was observed (the former arising from hydroxyl radical attack on the quinone solvent, dimethylsulfoxide). The formation of these spin adducts was abolished by superoxide dismutase and their detection became impossible in the presence of the line broadening agent chromiun trioxalate, thus indicating their extracellular formation and localization, respectively. The occurrence of a redox site at the plasma membrane of HT29 cells for the activation of this halogenated aziridinylbenzoquinone is discussed in terms of its significance for intracellular processes and a build-up of oxyradicals in the extracellular milieu.