1
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Nair RR, Debnath S, Ghosh R, Bhattacharya A, Raju M, Chatterjee PB. Label-Free Detection of Unbound Bilirubin and Nitrophenol Explosives in Water by a Mechanosynthesized Dual Functional Zinc Complex: Recognition of Picric Acid in Various Common Organic Media. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303068. [PMID: 38150640 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
High levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UB) in serum lead to asymptomatic and neonatal jaundice and brain dysfunctions. Herein, we have reported the detection of UB at as low as 1 μM in an aqueous alkaline medium using a Zn(II) complex. The specificity of the complex has been validated by the HPLC in the concentration window 6-90 μM, which is rare. The sensory response of the probe at physiological pH against nitro explosives developed it as an instant-acting fluorosensor for picric acid (PA) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Spectroscopic titration provided a binding constant of 4×105 M-1 with PA. The naked eye detection was found to be 15 μM. The solid-state photoluminescent nature of the complex enabled it for PA sensing in the solid phase. Interestingly, the probe remained fluorescent in various volatile and non-volatile organic solvents. As a result, it can also detect PA and 2,4-DNP in a wide range of common organic media. NMR studies revealed the coordination of PA, 2,4-DNP, and UB to the Zn(II) center of the probe, which is responsible for the observed quenching of the probe with the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratish R Nair
- Analytical & Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Snehasish Debnath
- Analytical & Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Riya Ghosh
- Analytical & Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arnab Bhattacharya
- Analytical & Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, India
| | - M Raju
- Analytical & Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Bowrampet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pabitra B Chatterjee
- Analytical & Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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2
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Cheng L, Li G, Nawaz MZ, Fan M, Lin L. Non-invasive detection of total bilirubin based on multi-wavelength PPG signal. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 236:107570. [PMID: 37126889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Abnormal bilirubin metabolism can result in various liver function disorders. Current clinical practice for bilirubin level detection involves invasive blood collection from patients, which is time-consuming, painful, and poses infection risks. Thus, there is a pressing need for non-invasive bilirubin detection methods. This study aims to develop a non-invasive total serum bilirubin(TSB) detection method in humans based on multi-wavelength photoplethysmography (PPG) signals. METHODS The experimental instrument includes a light source and a spectrometer. PPG signals are collected from the subjects' fingers, and the samples are selected based on the PPG deviation degree screening method. The absorption spectrum of blood is extracted from the PPG signal using dynamic spectroscopy. Finally, locally developed software calculates the total bilirubin value. The instrument is modeled and validated according to the clinical-biochemical test values. RESULTS The results of the prediction set (correlation coefficient is 0.91, RSMEP is 2.32 umol/L, average absolute error percentage is 9.3%) show that our method has a strong correlation with the detection results of clinical-biochemical analysis instruments. The Bland-Altman test showed that the device deviated from the data detected by biochemical methods in the clinic with a mean deviation of about 0.12 umol/L and a 95% confidence interval between -2.95 umol/L and 2.7 umol/L. CONCLUSIONS This study's non-invasive bilirubin detection method has high accuracy, which can meet the needs of continuous non-invasive total bilirubin detection in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
| | - Muhammad Zeehan Nawaz
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
| | - Meiling Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
| | - Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China.
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Das J, Ta S, Salam N, Das S, Ghosh S, Das D. Polymeric copper(ii) and dimeric oxovanadium(v) complexes of amide-imine conjugate: bilirubin recognition and green catalysis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13195-13205. [PMID: 37124003 PMCID: PMC10141293 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An exceptionally simple amide-imine conjugate, (E)-N'-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methylbenzohydrazide (L), derived by the condensation of 4-methyl-benzoic acid hydrazide (PTA) with 4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde was utilized to prepare a dimeric oxo-vanadium (V1) and a one-dimensional (1D) copper(ii) coordination polymer (C1). The structures of L, V1 and C1 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results indicate that V1 is a promising green catalyst for the oxidation of sulfide, whereas C1 has potential for a C-S cross-coupling reaction in a greener way. Most importantly, C1 is an efficient 'turn-on' fluorescence sensor for bilirubin that functions via a ligand displacement approach. The displacement equilibrium constant is 7.78 × 105 M-1. The detection limit for bilirubin is 1.15 nM in aqueous chloroform (chloroform/water, 1/4, v/v, PBS buffer, and pH 8.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Sabyasachi Ta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Noor Salam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
- Department of Chemistry, Surendranath College 24/2 MG Road Kolkata 700009 WB India
| | - Sudipta Das
- Raina Swami Bholananda Vidyayatan Burdwan 713421 WB India
| | - Subhasis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
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4
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Tanaka M, Tanaka S, Suzuki E, Kobayashi R, Takahashi S. Effect of albumin measurement methods on the albumin-bilirubin grade. Ann Clin Biochem 2023; 60:100-108. [PMID: 36411535 DOI: 10.1177/00045632221143685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade is an index of liver function based on total bilirubin (T-BIL) and albumin levels, and its usefulness has been widely reported. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different methods of measuring T-BIL and albumin levels on the ALBI grade in patients with liver disease. METHODS In total, 170 patients from our hospital were included in this study. Correlations between T-BIL levels measured using the vanadate oxidation and enzymatic methods were analysed. Similarly, a correlation analysis of albumin levels between the bromocresol green (BCG) and modified bromocresol purple (BCP) methods was performed. Additionally, the ALBI grade was calculated for patients with liver disease, and the differences between each method of albumin measurement were compared. RESULTS No differences were observed in the measured T-BIL values between the two methods. Contrastingly, the albumin levels of 100 random samples and 70 liver disease patients obtained using the modified BCP method were significantly lower than those measured using the BCG method. The rate of change in the modified ALBI grade between the BCG and BCP methods was 25.7%. CONCLUSIONS Caution should be taken when comparing ALBI grades with those measured by other facilities because the method of albumin measurement can affect the ALBI grade. Standardization of albumin measurement is needed worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makito Tanaka
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, 13035Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ema Suzuki
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, 13035Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Qi S, He X, Zhang S, Xu P, Su M, Dong B, Song B. Turn-off near-infrared fluorescent probe for free bilirubin detection constructed by enhanced excimer emission. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Highly sensitive and selective detection of free bilirubin using blue emitting graphene quantum dots (GQDs). J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor based on molecular imprinted polymer and ferromagnetic nanocomposite for bilirubin analysis in the saliva and serum of newborns. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Parnianchi F, Kashanian S, Nazari M, Santoro C, Bollella P, Varmira K. Highly selective and sensitive molecularly imprinting electrochemical sensing platform for bilirubin detection in saliva. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Kiuchi S, Ihara H, Osawa S, Ishibashi M, Kinpara K, Ohtake K, Ida T, Miura Y, Fujimura Y, Ueda S, Hirano Y, Watahiki K, Takada D, Shinzaki A, Tanimoto K, Adachi H, Nejime T, Totani M, Itoh S. A survey of the reactivity of in vitro diagnostic bilirubin reagents developed in Japan using artificially prepared bilirubin materials: A comparison of synthetic delta, unconjugated, and taurine-conjugated bilirubin. Ann Clin Biochem 2021; 58:563-571. [PMID: 34120480 DOI: 10.1177/00045632211026699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro diagnostic bilirubin reagents based on oxidation with bilirubin oxidase or vanadic acid for total and direct-reacting bilirubin are widely used in Japan; however, their reactivity to unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin and delta bilirubin has not been completely disclosed by manufacturers. We used artificially prepared bilirubin materials to investigate the reactivity with four in vitro diagnostic bilirubin reagents. METHODS Porcine unconjugated bilirubin solution, chemically synthesized ditaurobilirubin solution, and chemically synthesized delta bilirubin solution were used as surrogates of naturally occurring unconjugated bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, and delta bilirubin, respectively. The total bilirubin and direct-reacting bilirubin concentrations were measured by three bilirubin oxidase methods and one vanadic acid method, and the observed concentrations were compared with those obtained by the diazo-based reference measurement procedure. RESULTS The unconjugated bilirubin and delta bilirubin concentrations were similar when any of the four in vitro diagnostic bilirubin reagents were used during total bilirubin measurement. This was consistent with reference measurement procedure and exhibited a converged inter-method variation. Compared with reference measurement procedure, significantly low ditaurobilirubin concentrations were observed by the in vitro diagnostic bilirubin reagents despite the converged inter-method variation. In delta bilirubin measurement, some reagents reacted doubtfully with unconjugated bilirubin, while showed lower ditaurobilirubin concentrations than its corresponding total bilirubin concentration. Reactivity with delta bilirubin was different for each method including reference measurement procedure. Some reagents were developed to react less with delta bilirubin and others to strongly react with delta bilirubin. CONCLUSIONS We revealed the reactivity of IVD-TB and IVD-DB reagents to artificially prepared bilirubin materials, and their consistency with reference measurement procedure. The delta bilirubin data results vary depending on the reagents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kiuchi
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ihara
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susumu Osawa
- Medical laboratory Sciences, Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoko Kinpara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Ohtake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Ida
- Central Laboratory, Saiseikai Chuwa Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Miura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitasato University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fujimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kitasato University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ueda
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susumu Itoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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10
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An effective enzymatic assay for pH selectively measuring direct and total bilirubin concentration by using of CotA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:192-197. [PMID: 33618226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop B. subtilis spore coat protein A (CotA) for the enzymatic determination of bilirubin. Firstly, molecular docking and oxidation kinetic analysis confirmed the feasibility of CotA for oxidizing bilirubin. Secondly, CotA showed pH-preferable oxidization performance to direct bilirubin (DB) in acidic conditions and an alkaline-catalytic oxidation capacity to total bilirubin (TB). Mechanism analysis results confirm that the conformational changes of CotA, DB and UB caused by pH changes are responsible for the selective oxidation of DB and TB by CotA. Then, CotA exhibits better structural characteristics and enzymatic performance than M. verrucaria-derived bilirubin oxidase (Mv-BOD). Besides, the strong anti-interference ability helps CotA adapt to complex catalytic environment in the detection of DB and TB. Our results prove that CotA can be used as a promising candidate bio-enzymatic detection reagent for DB and TB.
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11
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Avan AA, Filik H. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Ionic Liquid and Spectrophotometric Determination of Bilirubin in Biological Samples. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190212123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
An Ionic Liquid-based based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction
(IL-DLLME) method was not applied to preconcentration and determination of bilirubin. Ionic
Liquids (ILs) are new chemical compounds. In recent years, Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been employed
as alternative solvents to toxic organic solvents. Due to these perfect properties, ILs have already
been applied in many analytical extraction processes, presenting high extraction yield and selectivity
for analytes.
Methods:
In this study, IL-DLLME was applied to biological samples (urine and serum) for the spectrophotometric
detection of bilirubin. For bilirubin analysis, the full-color development was based on
the reaction with periodate in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The high affinity of bilirubin for the
ionic liquid phase gave extraction percentages above 98% in 0.3 M HCl solution.
Results:
Several IL-extraction parameters were optimized and room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-
1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and ethanol were used as extraction and
disperser solution. The linear range was found in the range of 0.5-6.0 μM (0.3-3.5 μg mL-1) and the
limits of detection of the proposed method was 0.5 μM (0.3 μg mL-1). The proposed method was applied
for the preconcentration and separation of trace bilirubin in real urine samples. Also, the recoveries
for bilirubin in spiked biological samples (urine and serum) were found to be acceptable, between
95-102%.
Conclusion:
The proposed IL-DLLMEapproach was employed for the enrichment and determination
of trace levels of bilirubin in urine samples using NaIO4 as an oxidizing agent and Uv-vis spectrophotometric
detection. The periodate oxidation of bilirubin is rapid, effective, selective, and simple to
perform. The method contains only HCl, NaOI4, and an anionic surfactant. The method may be useful
for economizing in the consumption of reagents in bilirubin determining. The IL-DLLMEmethod
ensures a high yield and has a low toxicity no skin sensitization, no mutagenicity and no ecotoxicity in an
aquatic environment since only very low quantities of an IL is required. For full-color formation, no
any extra auxiliary reagents are required. Besides, the IL-DLLME technique uses a low-cost instrument
such as Uv-vis which is present in most of the medical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye A. Avan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hayati Filik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rawal R, Kharangarh PR, Dawra S, Tomar M, Gupta V, Pundir C. A comprehensive review of bilirubin determination methods with special emphasis on biosensors. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Kiuchi S, Ihara H, Koyasu M, Tani A, Hashizume N. A Case of β-Carotenemia Misdiagnosed as Jaundice by the Bilirubin Oxidase Method. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:451-454. [PMID: 31666483 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serum bilirubin measurement is necessary to accurately distinguish jaundice from carotenemia. A 59.8-y old Japanese male showed symptoms of yellow skin pigmentation as a result of β-carotenemia. Diagnostic laboratory results indicated elevated levels of serum muscle enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase), but normal levels in liver function tests (alanine aminotransferase and direct bilirubin). The laboratory results indicated hypothyroid myopathy. Moreover, although the patient did not show significant abnormalities in liver function tests, the serum level of total bilirubin (TBIL) measured by bilirubin oxidase method was markedly increased beyond the upper limit of normal. Fundamental experiments revealed that the bilirubin oxidase method had a positive interference by β-carotene. These findings suggested that hyper β-carotenemia could have caused the falsely elevated serum TBIL levels in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kiuchi
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science
| | - Hiroshi Ihara
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science
| | - Mio Koyasu
- Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research
| | - Asuka Tani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center
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Shanmugaraj K, John SA. Water-soluble MoS 2 quantum dots as effective fluorescence probe for the determination of bilirubin in human fluids. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 215:290-296. [PMID: 30849603 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin is an important biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with liver disorders. Herein, we report a simple, rapid, sensitive and selective quantitative determination of bilirubin using molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) as a probe. The MoS2 QDs were synthesized through a hydrothermal route by using sodium molybdate and cysteine as the starting materials. The obtained MoS2 QDs exhibits strong luminescence property and excellent stability. The HR-TEM image shows that the size of the prepared MoS2 QDs was 2.4 nm with a spherical morphology. The MoS2 QDs emit intense blue photoluminescence (with excitation/emission peaks at 310/392 nm) under UV light and the fluorescence of MoS2 QDs was drastically quenched by the addition of bilirubin. The Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and inner filter effect (IFE) between MoS2 QDs and bilirubin resulted in the fluorescence quenching of MoS2 QDs. The present method demonstrated high sensitivity towards bilirubin with the limit of detection (LOD) of 2.1 nM (S/N = 3). The MoS2 QDs probe showed remarkable selectivity to bilirubin over other possible interferences. Moreover, the present fluorophore was successfully utilized for the detection of bilirubin in human serum and urine samples. QDs based fluorescence probe for the recognition of bilirubin is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Shanmugaraj
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram-624 302, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Abraham John
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram-624 302, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Tang L, Zhang M, Li X, Zhang L. Glucuronidated bilirubin: Significantly increased in hepatic encephalopathy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 162:363-376. [PMID: 30905463 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin in senescent erythrocytes by macrophages and carried by albumin from blood circulation to the liver for removal in normal physiology. Glucuronic acid modification of bilirubin by UDP-glucuronyltransferase in the liver is the key event for its subsequent elimination from human body. Conditions that accelerate the breakdown of erythrocytes may cause an elevated blood level of unconjugated bilirubin whereas the factors affect the glucuronidated bilirubin formation and subsequent elimination may cause decreased or increased blood level of glucuronidated bilirubin, the water soluble "direct bilirubin" measured by clinical blood test. Studies showed that increased total serum bilirubin has a protective effect on cardiovascular and other related diseases, but it is unknown how direct bilirubin levels were related to different diseases. By taking advantage of the data collected in the clinical laboratory of our hospital, the direct bilirubin data from 192,535 patients with 72 clinically defined diseases were compared to that of healthy controls (10,497). Based on the mean, median, and p values, we found that patients with hepatic encephalopathy had the highest serum direct bilirubin level, which resembled acute hepatic encephalopathy caused by increased serum direct bilirubin level in neonates. In contrast, patients with uremia, nephrotic syndrome, and preeclampsia had significantly lower levels of serum direct bilirubin. Taken together, our data revealed that serum direct bilirubin levels were either increased or decreased in a disease-dependent manner. The possible molecular mechanisms of increased direct bilirubin levels in patients suffering hepatic encephalopathy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Tang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiulian Li
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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16
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Zhang M, Xu L, Ma Q, Yu H, Fang H, Lin Z, Zhang Q, Chen Z. A pH-Controlled Kit for Total and Direct Bilirubin Built on Mimetic Peroxidase CoFe 2O 4-DOPA-Catalyzed Fluorescence Enhancement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42155-42164. [PMID: 30457836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Facile and reliable detection of total bilirubin (Bt, summation of indirect and direct bilirubin) and direct bilirubin (Bd) in human serum is of crucial importance to clinical diagnosis. However, it is still a challenge to explore an ideal recognition system for discriminating Bd and indirect bilirubin (Bi). In this work, a dual-functional sensor for Bt and Bd was first built on pH-controlled and mimetic peroxidase-catalyzed fluorescence enhancement. The fluorescence of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) can be effectively quenched by bilirubin through the IFE process. With the catalysis of dopamine-derived magnetic ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4-DOPA), both Bd and Bi were oxidized by H2O2 to colorless and fluorescent oxidates at pH 8.0. Interestingly, only Bd was oxidized at pH 3.5. The discriminating principle of Bd and Bi relied on their pH-controlled oxidation potentials. A sensitive sensor for Bt and Bd was developed on the enhanced fluorescence of the NGQDs/CoFe2O4-DOPA/H2O2 sensing system after bilirubin oxidation, which was originated from a combination of the fluorescence recovery of NGQDs and newly spawned fluorescence of bilirubin oxidates. The designed probe well quantifies Bt and Bd with the detection limits of 10 and 50 nM, respectively. Moreover, a portable diagnostic kit was fabricated and successfully used for the detection of Bt and Bd in 60 unrelated human serum samples, and the obtained results were almost consistent with those measured by biochemistry analyzer. The present kit exhibits the superiorities of high sensitivity and stability, interference-resistant, and green reagents, making it a promising candidate for bilirubin detection in the clinical diagnosis of jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China
| | - Linyu Xu
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China
| | - Quanbao Ma
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China
| | - Hufeng Fang
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China
| | - Zhuxia Lin
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230601 , China
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17
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Jayasree M, Aparna R, Anjana R, Anjali Devi J, John N, Abha K, Manikandan A, George S. Fluorescence turn on detection of bilirubin using Fe (III) modulated BSA stabilized copper nanocluster; A mechanistic perception. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1031:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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A contrivance based on electrochemical integration of graphene oxide nanoparticles/nickel nanoparticles for bilirubin biosensing. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Okada H, Kawada K, Itoh S, Ozaki M, Kakutani I, Arai T, Koyano K, Yasuda S, Iwase T, Murao K, Kusaka T. Effects of bilirubin photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin by the bilirubin oxidase method. Ann Clin Biochem 2017; 55:276-280. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563217716474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We occasionally encounter increases in direct bilirubin value on reanalysis of the surplus serum collected in the past from a neonate with indirect hyperbilirubinemia. But the details of this phenomenon are unclear. We evaluated the change of direct bilirubin and the relation of bilirubin photoisomer of the serum exposed to room light. Methods Surplus serum samples from neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia were exposed to room light for 24 h. The bilirubin fraction assay of samples was performed by the bilirubin oxidase method (Nescauto and Aqua-auto Kainos reagent) and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Direct bilirubin increased significantly from 0.61 to 2.36 mg/dL. The respective ratios of bilirubin photoisomers before and after exposure were as follows: cyclobilirubin (0.007 to 0.29) and (EZ)-bilirubin (0.018 to 0.041) increased significantly, (ZZ)-bilirubin decreased 0.84 to 0.55 significantly. The difference of the cyclobilirubin concentration was most closely associated with those of the direct bilirubin concentration. Conclusion Direct bilirubin value was increased after exposure to the room light, and increase in direct bilirubin was significantly correlated by cyclobilirubin increase in the serum samples from neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kou Kawada
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Itoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Miyo Ozaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kagawa University Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Isami Kakutani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kagawa University Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Koyano
- Maternal Perinatal Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Saneyuki Yasuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwase
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Murao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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20
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Dhungana N, Morris C, Krasowski MD. Operational impact of using a vanadate oxidase method for direct bilirubin measurements at an academic medical center clinical laboratory. Pract Lab Med 2017; 8:77-85. [PMID: 28856232 PMCID: PMC5575373 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the operational impact of using vanadate oxidase versus diazo direct bilirubin assays for an academic medical center patient population. Design and methods Retrospective study was done over an approximately 3.5 year period. The main automated chemistry instrumentation was a Roche Diagnostics cobas 8000 line. The Roche Direct Bilirubin assay was compared to Diazyme Laboratories Direct Bilirubin Assay and Randox Laboratories Direct Bilirubin assay using manufacturer's guidelines for hemolysis index, lipemia index, and analytical measurement range (AMR). Results Retrospective data was analyzed for 47,333 serum/plasma specimens that had clinical orders for direct bilirubin. A total of 5943 specimens (12.6%) exceeded the hemolysis index limit for the Roche method compared to only 0.2% and 0.05% of specimens for the Diazyme and Randox methods, respectively. The impact was particularly large on patients less than 2 years old, for which 51.3% of specimens exceeded the hemolysis index for the Roche method. A total of 1671 specimens (3.5%) exceeded the lipemia index limit for the Roche method compared to less than 0.1% for the Randox method. Lastly, 988 (2.1%) of specimens had direct bilirubin concentrations exceeding the upper AMR limit of 10 mg/dL [171 µmol/L] for the Roche assay compared to less than 1% of specimens for the vanadate oxidase methods. Conclusions Vanadate oxidase direct bilirubin methods offer advantages over diazo methods in terms of less interference by hemolysis and lipemia, as well as wider AMR. The advantages are particularly evident for neonatal and infant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dhungana
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Cory Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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21
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Kimura N, Kamagata Y. A Thermostable Bilirubin-Oxidizing Enzyme from Activated Sludge Isolated by a Metagenomic Approach. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:435-441. [PMID: 27885197 PMCID: PMC5158116 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me16106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A gene coding for a multicopper oxidase (BopA) was identified through the screening of a metagenomic library constructed from wastewater treatment activated sludge. The recombinant BopA protein produced in Escherichia coli exhibited oxidation activity toward 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) in the presence of copper, suggesting that BopA is laccase. A bioinformatic analysis of the bopA gene sequence indicated that it has a phylogenetically bacterial origin, possibly derived from a bacterium within the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus. Purified BopA exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.5 with bilirubin as its substrate and was found to be active over a markedly broad pH range from 6 to 11. It also showed notable thermostability; its activity remained intact even after a heat treatment at 90°C for 60 min. This enzyme is a thermostable-bilirubin oxidase that exhibits markedly higher thermostability than that previously reported for laccases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutada Kimura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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22
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Vidal MM, Gil MH, Delgadillo I, Chamarro JA. Swelling and Thermal Properties of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Containing Hemoglobin Membranes. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159901400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a hydrophilic polymer bearing hydroxyl functional groups, readily forms gels on the addition of a bifunctional agent such as glutaraldehyde. This gelation is caused by the formation of acetal bonds between the aldehyde groups and the hydroxyl groups, in the presence of HCL. The crosslink density is easily controlled by changing the concentration of glutaraldehyde, offering a way to control the total water content and, consequently, the permeability. Strong transparent films were obtained by drying these gels. These were suitable for supporting biologically active molecules, providing a viable, better alternative to the usual PVA gels which are physically crosslinked. To establish the relationship between their thermal properties and the occurrence of the physical or chemical gelling, their water vapor sorption and thermal behavior were investigated and compared. PVA/glutaraldehyde membranes were prepared with immobilized hemoglobin for bilirubin analysis. Assisted by the respective equilibrium swelling ratio and thermal stability data, it was found that, for these particular PVA/hemoglobin membranes, the occurrence of either chemical or physical crosslinking is mainly determined by the Hb/HCl ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M.B. Vidal
- Depart. Eng. Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. H. Gil
- Depart. Eng. Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. Delgadillo
- Depart. Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3800 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J. Alonso Chamarro
- Grupo de Sensores y Biosensores, Depart. Química, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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Chauhan N, Rawal R, Hooda V, Jain U. Electrochemical biosensor with graphene oxide nanoparticles and polypyrrole interface for the detection of bilirubin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15671a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bilirubin biosensor was fabricated by immobilization of bilirubin oxidase (BOx) on a graphene oxide nanoparticle (GONP) decorated polypyrrole (Ppy) layer electrochemically deposited onto a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology
- Amity University
- Noida – 201303
- India
| | - R. Rawal
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics
- University of Delhi
- Delhi 110007
- India
| | - V. Hooda
- Department of Botany
- M. D. University
- Rohtak 124001
- India
| | - U. Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology
- Amity University
- Noida – 201303
- India
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24
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Ghiasi M, Molaei M, Zahedi M. QM study of complexation between natural bilirubin and poly-terthiophene carboxylic acid–Mn(II) as a biosensor: Temperature and interferences effect. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633615500480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin is an insoluble yellow pigment produced from heme catabolism and serves as a diagnostic marker of liver and blood disorders. Here, a systematic study of several interactions and arrangements between different forms of natural bilirubin and poly-5, 2[Formula: see text]-5[Formula: see text], 2[Formula: see text]-terthiophene-3-carboxylic acid/Mn(II)2complex, PTTCA–Mn(II)2, as a biosensor of bilirubin has been investigated extensively. The PTTCA–Mn(II)2biosensor detects natural bilirubin through the mediated electron transfer by the Mn[Formula: see text]. Initially, density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP and different basis sets including 6-31G* and 6-311G** has been employed to calculate the details of electronic structure and electronic energies of natural biliverdin and [Formula: see text]-, [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-bilirubin. Next, the interaction of the PTTCA–Mn(II)2biosensor, being in three possible spin states, with [Formula: see text]-, [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-natural bilirubin with 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometry using UB3LYP/6-31G* method has been investigated. Natural population analysis (NPA) calculations have been used to derive more suitable interaction sites of bilirubin with Mn[Formula: see text] ions in PTTCA–Mn(II)2biosensor. Investigation of different manganese complexes with bilirubin shows that the most stable complex is high spin state (total electron spin [Formula: see text]) rather than intermediate and low spin states with 1:2 stoichiometry. Also, the temperature effect and interferences from other biological compounds such as ascorbic acid, L-glutamic acid, uric acid, creatine, glucose and dopamine have been investigated. The nature of the interaction between manganese metal cations and natural bilirubin is also discussed employing NPA, molecular orbital (MO) analysis and Bader’s Atoms in Molecule (AIM) theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ghiasi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, 19835-389 Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Molaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alzahra University, 19835-389 Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C. Evin, 19839-63113 Tehran, Iran
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25
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Shen YF, Tsai MR, Chen SC, Leung YS, Hsieh CT, Chen YS, Huang FL, Obena RP, Zulueta MML, Huang HY, Lee WJ, Tang KC, Kung CT, Chen MH, Shieh DB, Chen YJ, Liu TM, Chou PT, Sun CK. Imaging Endogenous Bilirubins with Two-Photon Fluorescence of Bilirubin Dimers. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7575-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Shen
- 3D
Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
City 40447, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min-Huey Chen
- Graduate
Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute
of Oral Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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26
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Selective nonenzymatic bilirubin detection in blood samples using a Nafion/Mn–Cu sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:554-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Santhosh M, Chinnadayyala SR, Kakoti A, Goswami P. Selective and sensitive detection of free bilirubin in blood serum using human serum albumin stabilized gold nanoclusters as fluorometric and colorimetric probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 59:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Yamazaki K, Shinke K, Ogino T. Selective adsorption of bilirubin against albumin to oxidized single-wall carbon nanohorns. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:103-7. [PMID: 23973910 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin adsorption capacities of single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) are investigated to develop an efficient adsorbent in plasma apheresis. Pristine, thermally oxidized and H2O2-oxidized SWNHs are examined and it is demonstrated that higher oxidization levels of the SWNHs enhance bilirubin adsorption capacity owing to increase in their dispersibility and formation of nanoscaled holes on the SWNH walls. Under co-existance of albumin molecules, the bilirubin adsorption capacity of the SWNHs increases with the oxidation level whereas the albumin adsorption capacity is kept small. Bilirubin is selectively adsorbed to the SWNHs, especially to the SWNHs with high oxidation levels, against albumin. This selectivity is maintained under high-concentrations of albumin in the near-clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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29
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Mano N. Features and applications of bilirubin oxidases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:301-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Durand F, Kjaergaard CH, Suraniti E, Gounel S, Hadt RG, Solomon EI, Mano N. Bilirubin oxidase from Bacillus pumilus: a promising enzyme for the elaboration of efficient cathodes in biofuel cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 35:140-146. [PMID: 22410485 PMCID: PMC3724473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A CotA multicopper oxidase (MCO) from Bacillus pumilus, previously identified as a laccase, has been studied and characterized as a new bacterial bilirubin oxidase (BOD). The 59 kDa protein containing four coppers, was successfully over-expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity in one step. This 509 amino-acid enzyme, having 67% and 26% sequence identity with CotA from Bacillus subtilis and BOD from Myrothecium verrucaria, respectively, shows higher turnover activity towards bilirubin compared to other bacterial MCOs. The current density for O(2) reduction, when immobilized in a redox hydrogel, is only 12% smaller than the current obtained with Trachyderma tsunodae BOD. Under continuous electrocatalysis, an electrode modified with the new BOD is more stable, and has a higher tolerance towards NaCl, than a T. tsunodae BOD modified electrode. This makes BOD from B. pumilus an attractive new candidate for application in biofuel cells (BFCs) and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Durand
- CRPP-UPR 8641, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | | | | | - Ryan G Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicolas Mano
- CRPP-UPR 8641, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600, Pessac, France.
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31
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Bilirubin oxidase from Magnaporthe oryzae: an attractive new enzyme for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1489-98. [PMID: 22350257 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel bilirubin oxidase (BOD), from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, has been identified and isolated. The 64-kDa protein containing four coppers was successfully overexpressed in Pichia pastoris and purified to homogeneity in one step. Protein yield is more than 100 mg for 2 L culture, twice that of Myrothecium verrucaria. The k(cat)/K(m) ratio for conjugated bilirubin (1,513 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) is higher than that obtained for the BOD from M. verrucaria expressed in native fungus (980 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹), with the lowest K(m) measured for any BOD highly desirable for detection of bilirubin in medical samples. In addition, this protein exhibits a half-life for deactivation >300 min at 37 °C, high stability at pH 7, and high tolerance towards urea, making it an ideal candidate for the elaboration of biofuel cells, powering implantable medical devices. Finally, this new BOD is efficient in decolorizing textile dyes such as Remazol brilliant Blue R, making it useful for environmentally friendly industrial applications.
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32
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Yang Z, Yan J, Zhang C. Piezoelectric detection of bilirubin based on bilirubin-imprinted titania film electrode. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Cracknell JA, Blanford CF. Developing the mechanism of dioxygen reduction catalyzed by multicopper oxidases using protein film electrochemistry. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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34
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Ponhong K, Teshima N, Grudpan K, Motomizu S, Sakai T. Simultaneous injection effective mixing analysis system for the determination of direct bilirubin in urinary samples. Talanta 2011; 87:113-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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35
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Molecularly imprinted hydroxyapatite thin film for bilirubin recognition. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 29:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Kannan P, Chen H, Lee VTW, Kim DH. Highly sensitive amperometric detection of bilirubin using enzyme and gold nanoparticles on sol–gel film modified electrode. Talanta 2011; 86:400-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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37
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Bian W, Zhang N, Jiang C. Spectrofluorimetric determination of bilirubin in serum samples. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:54-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Ameri M, Schnaars H, Sibley J, Honor D. Comparison of the Vanadate Oxidase Method with the Diazo Method for Serum Bilirubin Determination in Dog, Monkey, and Rat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:120-3. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely used method for bilirubin concentration determination is the diazo method, which measures the color of azobilirubin. The vanadate oxidase method is based on oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin by vanadate. The objective of this study was to compare total and direct bilirubin concentration ([Bt] and [Bd], respectively) determined by the diazo and vanadate oxidase methods in pooled serum samples from dogs, monkeys, and rats spiked with panels of different concentrations of bilirubin standards. Pooled serum samples from 40 dogs, 40 monkeys, and 60 rats were spiked with either ditaurine conjugates of bilirubin or a standard reference material. The results obtained from both assays were compared using Deming regression analysis. The intra- and interassay precision, expressed as a percentage of the coefficient of variation (%CV), was determined for [Bt] and [Bd], and the mean percentage of recovery was calculated. The vanadate oxidase method displayed an excellent correlation ( r = 0.99–1.00) with the diazo method. Using Deming regression, there were minimal negative or positive constant and proportional biases for [Bt] and [Bd]. The precision studies revealed that the vanadate oxidase method has comparable between-run and within-run CVs to those of the diazo method. The recovery study demonstrated that the diazo method more closely approximates the expected values of [Bt]. In conclusion, the vanadate oxidase method is a simple and rapid method that can be employed as an alternative to the diazo method when interfering substances are present in the serum samples of dog, monkey, and rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ameri
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Wyeth Research, Chazy, NY
| | - Henry Schnaars
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Wyeth Research, Chazy, NY
| | - John Sibley
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Wyeth Research, Chazy, NY
| | - David Honor
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Wyeth Research, Chazy, NY
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39
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Cracknell JA, McNamara TP, Lowe ED, Blanford CF. Bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria: X-ray determination of the complete crystal structure and a rational surface modification for enhanced electrocatalytic O2 reduction. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6668-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Decolorization and biodegradation of remazol brilliant blue R by bilirubin oxidase. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 108:496-500. [PMID: 19914582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The dye-decolorizing potential of bilirubin oxidase (BOX) was demonstrated for an anthraquinone dye, remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR). The dye was decolorized 40% within 4 h by the BOX alone, whereas it was more efficient in the presence of 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), showing 91.5% decolorization within 25 min. The effects of operational parameters on decolorization were examined. The results showed that the decolorization efficiency decreased with increasing RBBR concentration, and a marked inhibition effect was exhibited when the dye concentrations were above 100 mg l(-1). The optimum temperature for enzymatic decolorization was 40 degrees C. BOX showed efficient decolorization of the dye with a wide pH range of 5-8.5. The maximum decolorization activity occurred at pH 8 with ABTS and at pH 5 without ABTS. Analysis of RBBR ultraviolet and visible (UV-VIS) spectra after BOX treatment indicated that the decolorization of RBBR was due to biodegradation. Our results suggested that ABTS can serve as an electron mediator to facilitate the oxidation of RBBR, and the BOX-ABTS mediator-involved dye decolorization mechanism was similar to that of laccase. Operation over a wide range of pH and efficient decolorization suggested that the BOX can be used to decolorize synthetic dyes from effluents, especially for anthraquinonic dyes.
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BIAN W, ZHANG N, WANG L. Spectrofluorometric Determination of Total Bilirubin in Human Serum Samples Using Tetracycline-Eu3+. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:785-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei BIAN
- Medical Chemistry Staff Room, Weifang Medical University
| | - Na ZHANG
- Department of Chemistry, Huangshan University
| | - Le WANG
- State Key Laboratory of Ceramic, Zibo Entry and Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
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Kirk JM. Neonatal jaundice: a critical review of the role and practice of bilirubin analysis. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45:452-62. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2008.008076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal jaundice is common, and usually harmless, because of physiological jaundice or breast-feeding. In some neonates unconjugated bilirubin concentration, coupled with other risk factors, is sufficient to allow free bilirubin to cross the blood-brain barrier and cause kernicterus. Another subgroup of infants is jaundiced because of elevated conjugated bilirubin; a marker for a number of pathological conditions. Bilirubin measurement must identify those infants at risk. Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement is increasingly used in healthy infants, especially before early discharge or at home, to assess the need for laboratory bilirubin measurement. Transcutaneous measurements are not covered by laboratory quality assessment schemes. Guidelines on management of neonatal jaundice utilize age in hours and other risk factors to define bilirubin action thresholds, which may be as low as 100 μmol/L for sick premature infants, whereas early discharged babies may only present after bilirubin concentrations are extremely high. Hence, there is a requirement for accurate total bilirubin measurement from <100 to >500 μmol/L, with sufficient precision to assess the rate of bilirubin change with time. Babies presenting with late jaundice always require conjugated bilirubin measurement. It is of concern that many total and direct bilirubin automated kit methods suffer from haemolysis interference, while use of in-house methods or modification of commercial methods has virtually disappeared. External quality assessment has a vital role in providing data on different methods' performance, including accuracy, precision and susceptibility to interference. Laboratories should consider whether their adult bilirubin methods are suitable for neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Kirk
- Department of Paediatric Biochemistry/Haematology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
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Nie Z, Fung YS. Microchip capillary electrophoresis for frontal analysis of free bilirubin and study of its interaction with human serum albumin. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1924-31. [PMID: 18393342 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To meet the need for bedside monitoring of free bilirubin for neonates under critical conditions, a microfluidic chip was fabricated and tested for its coupling with CE/frontal analysis (FA) to determine free bilirubin and study of its binding interaction with HSA, which regulated its concentration in plasma. The poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) multichannel chip was fabricated by CO2 laser ablation and bonded with a fused-silica separation capillary for CE/FA separation with UV detection. The chip was designed to allow a complete assay of four electrophoretic runs using preconditioned channels to speed up the determination of free bilirubin and to deliver quick results for bedside monitoring. Under optimized conditions, the linear working range for free bilirubin was from 10 to 200 micromol with RSDs from 2.1 to 5.0% for n=3, and the LOD at 9 micromol for S/N=3. From a binding study between bilirubin and HSA under FA condition, the second binding constant for bilirubin-HSA was determined as 1.07x10(5) L/mol and the number of binding sites per HSA as 3.46. The results enabled the calculation of free bilirubin for jaundiced infants based on the clinically significant level of total bilirubin, producing a range of 118.3-119.4 micromol/L. The developed method is shown to meet the clinical requirement with additional margin of protection to detect the early rising level of free bilirubin prior to jaundice condition. The low-cost microchip CE/FA device is shown to produce quick results with high potential to deliver a suitable bed-side monitoring method for bilirubin management in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Nie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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Molecularly imprinted polymer using β-cyclodextrin as functional monomer for the efficient recognition of bilirubin. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 606:92-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Yan K, Wu H. Decolorization of anthraquinone-type dye by bilirubin oxidase-producing nonligninolytic fungus Myrothecium sp. IMER1. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:104-10. [PMID: 17884654 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The decolorization of an anthraquinone dye, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), was carried out using a new isolated nonligninolytic fungus, strain Myrothecium sp. IMER1. In potato dextrose broth (PDB) containing RBBR, this strain was able to grow and decolorize the dye efficiently at pHs ranging from 4.0 to 9.0, and the optimal pH and temperature were pH 7.0 and 28 degrees C. A decolorization efficiency of approximately 90% was achieved by cultivation for 7 d at an initial dye concentration of 80 mg l(-1). The adsorption of the dye by cells was observed at the beginning of the decolorization, then the color became faint and finally disappeared when bilirubin oxidase (BOX) was released by the strain. Additionally, the visual observation and ultraviolet- visible (UV-VIS) spectral analysis demonstrated that decolorization involved biosorption and biodegradation. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude enzyme and purified BOX confirmed that BOX, which is an important extracellular oxidoreductase, played a major role in decolorization. Furthermore, purified BOX was demonstrated to degrade RBBR and other dyes by in vitro enzymatic experiments. Our results suggest that both the strain and its extracellular BOX have promising applications in dye effluent decolorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Syu MJ, Nian YM, Chang YS, Lin XZ, Shiesh SC, Chou TC. Ionic effect on the binding of bilirubin to the imprinted poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate). J Chromatogr A 2006; 1122:54-62. [PMID: 16674963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) capable of detecting bilirubin was successfully synthesized. Bilirubin template was imprinted in poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate) [poly(MAA-co-EGDMA)]. MAA and EGDMA were used as the monomer and the cross-linker, respectively. The optimal solvent conditions to maintain its stability were discussed. Solvent system based on ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ascorbic acid was compared with respect to the stability of bilirubin. pH and bilirubin concentration were both investigated for the bilirubin stability. Blue light as well as aeration was applied to inspect the regarding effects. The cross-linking effect was further confirmed by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of salts, such as NaCl and KCl on the binding capacity of the molecularly imprinted polymer was also discussed. Further, the rat serum and bile samples were applied and the binding of the MIPs for bilirubin was thus confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jywan Syu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Osawa S, Sugo S, Yoshida T, Yamaoka T, Nomura F. An assay for separating and quantifying four bilirubin fractions in untreated human serum using isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 366:146-55. [PMID: 16426596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quantification of serum bilirubin fractions has been widely performed with both the diazo-method and an enzymatic method; however, the accuracy of these methods has not been evaluated because quantitative fractional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) reference methods have yet to be established. METHODS Samples were analyzed using HPLC and Shodex Asahipak GS-320HQ columns. Human serum was subjected to HPLC using direct injection, then eluted with acetonitrile: 0.3 mol/l phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 1% Brij 35 and 0.08% sodium ascorbate (30:70, v/v). RESULTS Serum bilirubin was separated into 4 fractions; retention times of 9.24, 19.92, 24.07, 35.75 min were identified as delta bilirubin, bilirubin diglucuronide, bilirubin monoglucuronide, and unconjugated bilirubin, respectively. Mean recovery was 93.0%-99.2%. Total precision of peak retention time, height and area exhibited <4.26% variation. Detection range was 3.1 to 348 mg/l. Hemoglobin (6 g/l) and immunoglobins produced a small positive interference. beta-carotene (20 mg/l), vitamin-B2 (370 microg/l) and B(12) (9.5 microg/l) did not interfere with this analysis. Results (n=30) with this method were closely correlated to those by Adachi's HPLC method as r=0.9941 to 0.9960, slope=0.88 to 1.27, intercept=-3.2 to +4.9, for each fraction. CONCLUSIONS Since this method was a precise quantitative HPLC method for serum bilirubin fractionation, it might be used to evaluate the accuracy and the characteristics of various routine methods for bilirubin measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Osawa
- Division of Biological Sciences and Technology, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higasshi-Ku, Fukuoka City, 812-8582, Japan.
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Sakasegawa SI, Ishikawa H, Imamura S, Sakuraba H, Goda S, Ohshima T. Bilirubin oxidase activity of Bacillus subtilis CotA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:972-5. [PMID: 16391148 PMCID: PMC1352294 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.1.972-975.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spore coat protein CotA from Bacillus subtilis was previously identified as a laccase. We have now found that CotA also shows strong bilirubin oxidase activity and markedly higher affinity for bilirubin than conventional bilirubin oxidase. This is the first characterization of bilirubin oxidase activity in a bacterial protein.
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Wu AH, Syu MJ. Synthesis of bilirubin imprinted polymer thin film for the continuous detection of bilirubin in an MIP/QCM/FIA system. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:2345-53. [PMID: 16490352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 12/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A bilirubin imprinted polymer (BIP) was coated on a thiol pretreated Au electrode on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) chip. The BIP thin film was synthesized using 4-vinylpyridine (4-Vpy) as the monomer, divinylbenzene (DVB) as the cross-linker, and benzophenone as the initiator. By using a photo-graft surface polymerization technique with irradiation by ultra-violet (UV) light, a thin BIP film was prepared, from which a biomimetic sensor for the detection of bilirubin was developed. The sensor was able to discriminate bilirubin in solution owing to the specific binding of the imprinted sites. The BIP/QCM chip has been repeatedly used for more than 7 months in many continuous experiments. The detection signal of bilirubin from the BIP thin film/QCM was compared with the non-BIP thin film/QCM. Biliverdin, an analogue of bilirubin, was used for comparison. The analogue comparison confirmed the binding specificity of the BIP film toward bilirubin. The selectivity can be as high as 31.2. The effect of pH on the detection of bilirubin is also discussed. With proper solvent for elution and recovery, flow injection analysis (FIA) could be applied to the system. The performance of the BIP/QCM chip was evaluated. A linear calibration of the bilirubin concentration with respect to the frequency shift was successfully obtained. The reproducibility of measurements from the same BIP/QCM chip was confirmed. In addition, repeatability of detection was also confirmed from different BIP/QCM chips. In conclusion, a combined BIP thin film/QCM/FIA method was successfully established for the detection of bilirubin concentration using a molecularly imprinted film.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Hua Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Syu MJ, Nian YM. An allosteric model for the binding of bilirubin to the bilirubin imprinted poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate). Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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