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Aarsand AK, To-Figueras J, Whatley S, Sandberg S, Schmitt C. Practical recommendations for biochemical and genetic diagnosis of the porphyrias. Liver Int 2024. [PMID: 38940544 DOI: 10.1111/liv.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The porphyrias are a group of rare inborn errors of metabolism associated with various clinical presentations and long-term complications, making them relevant differential diagnoses to consider for many clinical specialities, especially hepatologists, gastroenterologists and dermatologists. To diagnose a patient with porphyria requires appropriate biochemical investigations, as clinical features alone are not specific enough. Furthermore, it is important to be aware that abnormalities of porphyrin accumulation and excretion occur in many other disorders that are collectively far more common than the porphyrias. In this review, we provide an overview of porphyria-related tests with their strengths and limitations, give recommendations on requesting and diagnostic approaches in non-expert and expert laboratories for different clinical scenarios and discuss the role of genetic testing in the porphyrias. To diagnose porphyria in a currently symptomatic patient requires analysis of biochemical markers to demonstrate typical patterns of haem precursors in urine, faeces and blood. The use of genomic sequencing in diagnostic pathways for porphyrias requires careful consideration, and the demonstration of increased porphyrin-related markers is necessary prior to genomic testing in symptomatic patients. In the acute porphyrias, genomic testing is presently a useful adjunct for genetic counselling of asymptomatic family members and the most common cutaneous porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, is usually a sporadic, non-hereditary disease. Getting a correct and timely porphyria diagnosis is essential for delivering appropriate care and ensuring best patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasne K Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (NOKLUS), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jordi To-Figueras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Clinic-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sharon Whatley
- Cardiff Porphyria Service, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, University Hospital of Wales Healthcare NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sverre Sandberg
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (NOKLUS), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Université Paris Cité and INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- French Centre of Porphyrias, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
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2
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Abstract
The porphyrias are a group of rare diseases, each resulting from a defect in a different enzymatic step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. They can be broadly divided into two categories, hepatic and erythropoietic porphyrias, depending on the primary site of accumulation of heme intermediates. These disorders are multisystemic with variable symptoms that can be encountered by physicians in any specialty. Here, we review the porphyrias and describe their clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. We discuss novel therapies that are approved or in development. Early diagnosis is key for the appropriate management and prevention of long-term complications in these rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Dickey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Karp Leaf
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA;
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3
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Dickey AK, Naik H, Keel SB, Levy C, Beaven SW, Elmariah SB, Erwin AL, Goddu RJ, Hedstrom K, Leaf RK, Kazamel M, Mazepa M, Philpotts LL, Quigley J, Raef H, Rudnick SR, Saberi B, Thapar M, Ungar J, Wang B, Balwani M. Evidence-based consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of erythropoietic protoporphyria and X-linked protoporphyria. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:1227-1237. [PMID: 36041558 PMCID: PMC9968824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria and X-linked protoporphyria are rare genetic photodermatoses. Limited expertise with these disorders among physicians leads to diagnostic delays. Here, we present evidence-based consensus guidelines for the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of erythropoietic protoporphyria and X-linked protoporphyria. A systematic literature review was conducted, and reviewed among subcommittees of experts, divided by topic. Consensus on guidelines was reached within each subcommittee and then among all members of the committee. The appropriate biochemical and genetic testing to establish the diagnosis is reviewed in addition to the interpretation of results. Prevention of symptoms, management of acute phototoxicity, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment options are discussed. The importance of ongoing monitoring for liver disease, iron deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency is discussed with management guidance. Finally, management of pregnancy and surgery and the safety of other therapies are summarized. We emphasize that these are multisystemic disorders that require longitudinal monitoring. These guidelines provide a structure for evidence-based diagnosis and management for practicing physicians. Early diagnosis and management of these disorders are essential, particularly given the availability of new and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Dickey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hetanshi Naik
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Siobán B Keel
- Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cynthia Levy
- Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Simon W Beaven
- Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarina B Elmariah
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angelika L Erwin
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert J Goddu
- Division of Continuing Education, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Karli Hedstrom
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca K Leaf
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohamed Kazamel
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marshall Mazepa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - John Quigley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haya Raef
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sean R Rudnick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Behnam Saberi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Manish Thapar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Ungar
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Bruce Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Di Pierro E, De Canio M, Mercadante R, Savino M, Granata F, Tavazzi D, Nicolli AM, Trevisan A, Marchini S, Fustinoni S. Laboratory Diagnosis of Porphyria. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081343. [PMID: 34441276 PMCID: PMC8391404 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of diseases that are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and originate mostly from inherited dysfunctions of specific enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis. Such dysfunctions result in the excessive production and excretion of the intermediates of the heme biosynthesis pathway in the blood, urine, or feces, and these intermediates are responsible for specific clinical presentations. Porphyrias continue to be underdiagnosed, although laboratory diagnosis based on the measurement of metabolites could be utilized to support clinical suspicion in all symptomatic patients. Moreover, the measurement of enzymatic activities along with a molecular analysis may confirm the diagnosis and are, therefore, crucial for identifying pre-symptomatic carriers. The present review provides an overview of the laboratory assays used most commonly for establishing the diagnosis of porphyria. This would assist the clinicians in prescribing appropriate diagnostic testing and interpreting the testing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0255036155
| | - Michele De Canio
- Porphyria and Rare Diseases Centre, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (D.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Savino
- Servizio di Medicina Trasfusionale e Laboratorio Analisi, Laboratorio di Immunogenetica, IRCCS Ospedale “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Francesca Granata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Dario Tavazzi
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (D.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Anna Maria Nicolli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (A.M.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrea Trevisan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (A.M.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Stefano Marchini
- Laboratorio Malattie Rare-Settore Porfirie, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Materno-Infantili e Dell’Adulto, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (D.T.); (S.F.)
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Yuan H, Guo L, Su Q, Su X, Wen Y, Wang T, Yang P, Xu M, Li F. Afterglow Amplification for Fast and Sensitive Detection of Porphyria in Whole Blood. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27991-27998. [PMID: 34110123 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porphyria is a group of genetic photodermatoses that cause too much porphyrin to accumulate in the blood, skin, and liver, resulting in skin photosensitivity and damage, liver disease, or potential liver failure. Conventional detection methods include high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence spectrometry. However, these methods usually require complicated pretreatment and time-consuming processes. Therefore, efficient and fast detection of porphyria is urgently needed. Herein, we develop a molecular afterglow reporter-based sensing scheme for the detection of porphyrins in whole blood. The afterglow reporter can respond to the production of singlet oxygen (1O2) of porphyrins after light excitation, and the detection signals can be amplified through adjusting the amount of singlet oxygen and afterglow reporter molecules. Moreover, without the use of a real-time excitation source, afterglow signals can avoid the scattering and autofluorescence interference in biological samples, thereby reducing background noise. More importantly, we prove the applicability of the afterglow reporter in the quantitative detection of porphyrins in whole blood and demonstrate its great clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Linna Guo
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Su
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xianlong Su
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wen
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Gotardelo DR, Courrol LC, Bellini MH, de Oliveira Silva FR, Soares CRJ. Porphyrins are increased in the faeces of patients with prostate cancer: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1090. [PMID: 30419859 PMCID: PMC6233593 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental models of prostate cancer have demonstrated increased levels of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in the blood and faeces of mice. Hence, the quantification of these autofluorescent molecules could be hypothesized to be a potential marker for this type of tumour. In this case-control study, the autofluorescence of porphyrins in human faeces from patients with prostate cancer and control subjects was analysed using fluorescence spectroscopy. Methods First, 3 mL of analytical-grade acetone was added to 0.3 g of faeces, and the mixture was macerated and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant was analysed spectroscopically. The emission spectra from 550 to 750 nm were obtained by exciting the samples at 405 nm. Results A significant difference between the samples from control and cancer subjects was established in the spectral region of 670–675 nm (p = 0.000127), which corresponds to a significant increase in faecal porphyrins in patients with cancer. There was no statistically significant correlation between PSA levels and faecal porphyrins. Conclusion In this preliminary study conducted in humans, the results show a simple and non-invasive method to assess faecal porphyrins, which have the potential to function as a tumour biomarker in patients with prostate cancer. This approach has improved sensitivity and specificity over PSA testing. Additional prospective studies with larger sample sizes are required to validate these findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5030-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Riani Gotardelo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242- Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil. .,Instituto Tocantinense Presidente Antônio Carlos - ITPAC Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.
| | - Lilia Coronato Courrol
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas (ICAQF), Departamento de Física (DF), UNIFESP, Campus Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Bellini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242- Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Flávia Rodrigues de Oliveira Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242- Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Jorge Soares
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242- Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
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A study of concentration changes of Protoporphyrin IX and Coproporphyrin III in mixed samples mimicking conditions inside cancer cells for Photodynamic Therapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202349. [PMID: 30169536 PMCID: PMC6118380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) using Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) could be an effective and minimally invasively applicable way to treat many different types of tumors without radiation and large incisions by just applying a light pulse. However the PDT process is difficult to observe, control and optimize and the dynamical relationships between the variables involved in the process is complex and still hardly understood. One of the main variables affecting the outcome of the process is the determination of the interval of time between ALA inoculation and starting of light delivery. This interval, better known as drug-light interval, should ensure that enough Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is located in the vicinity of functional structures inside the cells for the greatest damage during the PDT procedure. One route to better estimate this time interval would be by predicting PPIX from the dynamical changes of its precursors. For that purpose, in this work a novel optical setup (OS) is proposed for differentiating fluorescence emitted by Coproporphyrin III (CPIII) and PPIX itself in samples composed of mixed solutions. The OS is tested using samples with different concentrations in mixed solutions of PPIX and the precursor CPIII as well as with a Polymethyl methacrylate test sample as additional reference. Results show that emitted fluorescence of the whole process can be measured independently for PPIX and its precursor, which can enable future developments on PPIX prediction from the dynamical changes of its precursor for subject-dependent drug-light interval assessment.
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Abstract
The diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is often overlooked. We describe a patient with this condition who had all the 'bells and whistles', in whom the diagnosis was only made after considerable delay. Far from an esoteric condition haunting examination candidates, AIP is an important cause of a broad spectrum of neurological symptoms. Its early recognition allows the astute clinician to prevent potentially devastating sequelae. We provide practical guidance on the investigation and management of this complex disorder. With a 'back to basics' approach to the underlying genetics and biochemistry, we hope to dispel some of the confusion that may obstruct a timely diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan O'Malley
- Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals (STH), Sheffield, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Neurophysiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals (STH), Sheffield, UK
| | - Penelope Stein
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals (STH), Sheffield, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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11
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Curcio R, Stettler H, Suter PM, Aksözen JB, Saleh L, Spanaus K, Bochud M, Minder E, von Eckardstein A. Reference intervals for 24 laboratory parameters determined in 24-hour urine collections. Clin Chem Lab Med 2016; 54:105-16. [PMID: 26053007 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reference intervals for many laboratory parameters determined in 24-h urine collections are either not publicly available or based on small numbers, not sex specific or not from a representative sample. METHODS Osmolality and concentrations or enzymatic activities of sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, creatinine, citrate, cortisol, pancreatic α-amylase, total protein, albumin, transferrin, immunoglobulin G, α1-microglobulin, α2-macroglobulin, as well as porphyrins and their precursors (δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen) were determined in 241 24-h urine samples of a population-based cohort of asymptomatic adults (121 men and 120 women). For 16 of these 24 parameters creatinine-normalized ratios were calculated based on 24-h urine creatinine. The reference intervals for these parameters were calculated according to the CLSI C28-A3 statistical guidelines. RESULTS By contrast to most published reference intervals, which do not stratify for sex, reference intervals of 12 of 24 laboratory parameters in 24-h urine collections and of eight of 16 parameters as creatinine-normalized ratios differed significantly between men and women. For six parameters calculated as 24-h urine excretion and four parameters calculated as creatinine-normalized ratios no reference intervals had been published before. For some parameters we found significant and relevant deviations from previously reported reference intervals, most notably for 24-h urine cortisol in women. Ten 24-h urine parameters showed weak or moderate sex-specific correlations with age. CONCLUSIONS By applying up-to-date analytical methods and clinical chemistry analyzers to 24-h urine collections from a large population-based cohort we provide as yet the most comprehensive set of sex-specific reference intervals calculated according to CLSI guidelines for parameters determined in 24-h urine collections.
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12
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Ventura P, Cappellini MD, Biolcati G, Guida CC, Rocchi E. A challenging diagnosis for potential fatal diseases: recommendations for diagnosing acute porphyrias. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:497-505. [PMID: 24809927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute porphyrias are a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders resulting from a variable catalytic defect of four enzymes out of the eight involved in the haem biosynthesis pathway; they are rare and mostly inherited diseases, but in some circumstances, the metabolic disturbance may be acquired. Many different environmental factors or pathological conditions (such as drugs, calorie restriction, hormones, infections, or alcohol abuse) often play a key role in triggering the clinical exacerbation (acute porphyric attack) of these diseases that may often mimic many other more common acute medical and neuropsychiatric conditions and whose delayed diagnosis and treatment may be fatal. In order to obtain an accurate diagnosis of acute porphyria, the knowledge and the use of appropriate diagnostic tools are mandatory, even in order to provide as soon as possible the more effective treatment and to prevent the use of potentially unsafe drugs, which can severely precipitate these diseases, especially in the presence of life-threatening symptoms. In this paper, we provide some recommendations for the diagnostic steps of acute porphyrias by reviewing literature and referring to clinical experience of the board members of the Gruppo Italiano Porfiria (GrIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ventura
- Centre for Porphyrias, Division of Internal Medicine II, Department of Medical and Surgical Science - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Cà Granda Foundation - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Biolcati
- Centre for Porphyrias, Istituto Dermatologico S. Gallicano - Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Carmine Guida
- Centro Interregionale di Riferimento per la prevenzione, la sorveglianza, la diagnosi e la terapia delle Porfirie - I.R.C.C.S. Casa Sollievo Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (Foggia), Italy
| | - Emilio Rocchi
- Centre for Porphyrias, Division of Internal Medicine II, Department of Medical and Surgical Science - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy
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13
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Spectrophotometric quantification of total urinary porphyrins as a screening test for porphyrias: Threshold value revisited. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1825-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges in acute porphyrias. Case Rep Hematol 2013; 2013:628602. [PMID: 23476835 PMCID: PMC3583083 DOI: 10.1155/2013/628602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The porphyrias are a group of disorders characterized by an enzyme deficiency in the heme biosynthetic pathway. These can be classified into either erythropoietic or hepatic forms depending on the site of the major enzyme deficiency. The diagnosis of acute porphyrias, however, can be very challenging due to overlapping features amongst the various types. Initial suspicion is based on a myriad of clinical manifestations, which then are confirmed by laboratory testing where available. Genetic testing is now also available for the different types of porphyrias, aiding in the definitive diagnosis. Here, we present a challenging case of porphyria in a patient with end-stage renal disease and present the diagnostic challenges associated with the case and the ways forward.
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Abstract
Porphyric neuropathy often poses a diagnostic dilemma; it is typically associated with the hepatic porphyrias, characterized by acute life-threatening attacks of neurovisceral symptoms that mimic a range of acute medical and psychiatric conditions. The development of acute neurovisceral attacks is responsive to environmental factors, including drugs, hormones, and diet. This chapter reviews the clinical manifestations, genetics, pathophysiology, and mechanisms of neurotoxicity of the acute hepatic porphyrias. While the etiology of the neurological manifestations in the acute porphyrias remains undefined, the main hypotheses include toxicity of porphyrin precursors and deficiency of heme synthesis. These hypotheses will be discussed with reference to novel experimental models of porphyric neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Shin-Yi Lin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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16
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Benton CM, Couchman L, Marsden JT, Rees DC, Moniz C, Lim CK. Direct and simultaneous determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in urine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation/tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1033-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lewis Couchman
- Clinical Biochemistry; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS; UK
| | - Joanne T. Marsden
- Clinical Biochemistry; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS; UK
| | - David C. Rees
- Department of Haematology; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS; UK
| | - Caje Moniz
- Clinical Biochemistry; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS; UK
| | - Chang Kee Lim
- Clinical Biochemistry; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS; UK
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A novel rapid method for simultaneous determination of three diagnostically important porphyrins in erythrocytes using hyphenated synchronous fluorescence techniques. Talanta 2012; 88:663-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Zhang J, Yasuda M, Desnick RJ, Balwani M, Bishop D, Yu C. A LC-MS/MS method for the specific, sensitive, and simultaneous quantification of 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2389-96. [PMID: 21783436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determinations of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) in physiologic fluids are required for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of acute porphyrias. Current colorimetric methods are insensitive and over-estimate ALA and PBG due to poor specificity, while LC-MS/MS methods increase sensitivity, but have limited matrices. An LC-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously determine ALA and PBG concentrations in fluids or tissues which were solid phase extracted, butanol derivatized, and quantitated by selective reaction monitoring using (13)C(5), (15)N-ALA and 2,4-(13)C(2)-PBG internal standards. ALA was separated from interfering compounds on a reverse phase C8-column. For ALA and PBG, the matrix effects (87.3-105%) and process efficiencies (77.6-97.8% and 37.2-41.6%, respectively) were acceptable in plasma and urine matrices. The assay was highly sensitive for ALA and PBG (LLOQ=0.05 μM with 25 μL urine or 100 μL plasma), and required ∼4 h from extraction to results. ALA and PBG accuracy ranged from 88.2 to 110% (n=10); intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations were <10% for urine and plasma. In clinical applications, patients with mutation-confirmed acute porphyrias had normal to slightly increased urinary ALA and PBG levels when asymptomatic, and high levels during acute attacks, which decreased with hemin therapy. In AIP mice, baseline ALA and PBG levels in urine, plasma, and liver were increased after phenobarbital induction 28-/63-, 42-/266-, and 13-/316-fold, respectively. This LC-MS/MS method is rapid, specific, highly sensitive, accurate, and simultaneously measures ALA and PBG in urine, plasma, and tissues permitting porphyria clinical diagnoses, therapeutic monitoring, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Fifth Avenue at 100th Street, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Hasanoglu A, Balwani M, Kasapkara CS, Ezgü FS, Okur I, Tümer L, Cakmak A, Nazarenko I, Yu C, Clavero S, Bishop DF, Desnick RJ. Harderoporphyria due to homozygosity for coproporphyrinogen oxidase missense mutation H327R. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:225-31. [PMID: 21103937 PMCID: PMC3091031 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is an autosomal dominant acute hepatic porphyria due to the half-normal activity of the heme biosynthetic enzyme, coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX). The enzyme catalyzes the step-wise oxidative decarboxylation of the heme precursor, coproporphyrinogen III, to protoporphyrinogen IX via a tricarboxylic intermediate, harderoporphyrinogen. In autosomal dominant HCP, the deficient enzymatic activity results primarily in the accumulation of coproporphyrin III. To date, only a few homozygous HCP patients have been described, most having Harderoporphyria, a rare variant due to specific CPOX mutations that alter enzyme residues D400-K404, most patients described to date having at least one K404E allele. Here, we describe a Turkish male infant, the product of a consanguineous union, who presented with the Harderoporphyria phenotype including neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, hemolytic anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and skin lesions when exposed to UV light. He was homoallelic for the CPOX missense mutation, c.980A>G (p.H327R), and had massively increased urinary uroporphyrins I and III (9,250 and 2,910 μM, respectively) and coproporphyrins I and III (895 and 19,400 μM, respectively). The patient expired at 5 months of age from an apparent acute neurologic porphyric attack. Structural studies predicted that p.H327R interacts with residue W399 in the CPOX active site, thereby accounting for the Harderoporphyria phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alev Hasanoglu
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Cappellini MD, Brancaleoni V, Graziadei G, Tavazzi D, Di Pierro E. Porphyrias at a glance: diagnosis and treatment. Intern Emerg Med 2010; 5 Suppl 1:S73-80. [PMID: 20865478 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-010-0449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of eight rare inherited metabolic disorders of heme biosynthesis pathway. Porphyrias are still underdiagnosed, although examinations of urine and plasma are first-line tests for detecting excess of porphyrins or heme precursors in suspected patients. Diagnosis, particularly for the acute forms, is essential to avoid precipitating factors and the use of triggering drugs. Mutation screening of family members is recommended to identify presymptomatic carriers and to prevent acute attacks. The therapeutic approach should be appropriate regarding specific forms of porphyria and treatment should be started promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Abstract
Hereditary porphyrias are a group of eight metabolic disorders of the haem biosynthesis pathway that are characterised by acute neurovisceral symptoms, skin lesions, or both. Every porphyria is caused by abnormal function of a separate enzymatic step, resulting in a specific accumulation of haem precursors. Seven porphyrias are the result of a partial enzyme deficiency, and a gain of function mechanism has been characterised in a new porphyria. Acute porphyrias present with acute attacks, typically consisting of severe abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, confusion, and seizure, and can be life-threatening. Cutaneous porphyrias present with either acute painful photosensitivity or skin fragility and blisters. Rare recessive porphyrias usually manifest in early childhood with either severe cutaneous photosensitivity and chronic haemolysis or chronic neurological symptoms with or without photosensitivity. Porphyrias are still underdiagnosed, but when they are suspected, and dependent on clinical presentation, simple first-line tests can be used to establish the diagnosis in all symptomatic patients. Diagnosis is essential to enable specific treatments to be started as soon as possible. Screening of families to identify presymptomatic carriers is crucial to decrease risk of overt disease of acute porphyrias through counselling about avoidance of potential precipitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Puy
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
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22
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Thiery-Vuillemin A, Chaigneau L, Meaux-Ruault N, Villanueva C, N'guyen T, Maurina T, Stein U, Lorgis V, Demarchi M, Pivot X. Anticancer therapy in patients with porphyrias: evidence today. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2008; 7:159-65. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.7.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Nowakowska J. The retention behavior of selected porphyrins on silica gel, polyamide, and cellulose TLC plates. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.19.2006.5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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To-Figueras J, Badenas C, Carrera C, Muñoz C, Milá M, Lecha M, Herrero C. Genetic and biochemical characterization of 16 acute intermittent porphyria cases with a high prevalence of the R173W mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2006; 29:580-5. [PMID: 16817012 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-006-0344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a metabolic disease with a variable prevalence among different countries. In some areas of southern Europe it remains to be fully evaluated. We undertook a genetic and biochemical study of 16 unrelated Spanish AIP patients and relatives. The genetic analyses showed they harboured the following mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene: R173W, G111R, L278P, L238P, R116W, R26C, 340insT, 730delCT, 691del30bp, and IVS14+1g>a. The mutation R173W was found in 6 patients (37.5%), including the only patients of our series with >3 recurrent porphyria attacks. While in clinical remission, all AIP patients exhibited sustained increased excretion of porphyrins and precursors. PBG excretion showed a high between-subject variation and was not related to erythrocyte PBG deaminase activity. The study of family members allowed the identification of 22 asymptomatic AIP carriers. These included 8 persons harbouring the R173W mutation belonging to four different families. Six of these latent AIP subjects showed increased PBG elimination, and in two the urinary levels were >10-fold the normal limit. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the R173W mutation may have a high biochemical and clinical penetrance among AIP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J To-Figueras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Dermatology Unit, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reuben
- Division of GI/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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Macours P, Cotton F. Improvement in HPLC separation of porphyrin isomers and application to biochemical diagnosis of porphyrias. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44:1433-40. [PMID: 17163819 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2006.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1433–40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Macours
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University Erasme Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Bozek P, Hutta M, Hrivnáková B. Rapid analysis of porphyrins at low ng/l and μg/l levels in human urine by a gradient liquid chromatography method using octadecylsilica monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1084:24-32. [PMID: 16114232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid gradient RP-HPLC method with fluorimetric detection for trace analysis of diagnostically significant porphyrins in human urine was developed for clinical and diagnostic purposes. Results show that optimized high-pressure gradient elution and monolithic column Chromolith SpeedRod RP18e enabled separation of seven urine porphyrins including baseline separation of I and III positional isomers of uro- and coproporphyrins within 3.2 min. Problems associated with high metal cation complexing ability of the analytes and common stainless steel based instrumentation were substantially reduced by use of 0.1 mol/l ammonium citrate buffer (pH 5.47) and methanol as a mobile phase components. Good reproducibilities of retention times (within +/- 0.36% RSD) and peak areas (from +/- 0.6 to +/- 2.5% RSD) at 5-20 microg/l level of the analytes were achieved. Determined LOQ (10 x S/N) values of diagnostically important porphyrins using fluorimetric detection (ex.405 nm/em.620 nm) were 82 pmol/l (65 ng/l, 1.30 pg/injection) for uroporphyrin I, 44 pmol/l (33 ng/l, 0.66 pg/injection) for uroporphyrin III, 50 pmol/l (40 ng/l, 0.80 pg/injection) for coproporphyrin I and 47 pmol/l (39 ng/l, 0.78 pg/injection) for coproporphyrin III. Attained LOQ concentration level is approximately 20-120 times lower than concentration of porphyrins in a urine of healthy person. Calculated LOD's (3 x S/N) were at a low ng/l levels, what enabled quantification of carry-over effect to be from 2.0% to 0.2% in each of three consecutive blank runs and from 2.5% to 7% in total after injection of mixed standard of porphyrins with 5-20 microg/l concentrations. Recovery of porphyrins at low microg/l concentration levels was from 93% to 97.5%. Devised method increases productivity of clinical laboratory from 2 to 10 times in dependence of duration of currently used method.
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Dinya M, Székely E, Szentmihályi K, Tasnádi G, Blázovics A. Major and trace elements in whole blood of phlebotomized patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2005; 19:217-20. [PMID: 16325539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is a disorder of hem biosynthesis resulting from a decreased activity of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase enzyme. Hem precursors are accumulated in the blood, liver and skin. Inherited and acquired factors also contribute to the pathogenesis of PCT. Hem precursors and porphyrins are excreted with urine and faeces. Whole blood of 8 PCT patients and 6 volunteers of Caucasian origin were analysed. In addition to routine laboratory measurements, 19 elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, S, V, Zn) were determined by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Mg, P and S concentrations in whole blood were decreased significantly (p<0.05), whereas Ba was increased in PCT patients compared to controls. Metabolic alterations are reflected in the correlation of parameters. Positive correlations were found between the element pairs of Zn-Al, Zn-Mg, Zn-Mn, B-S, Fe-Mg, K-P, Mg-Mn for PCT patients, whereas in the control group Al-Mn, Ca-Cu, Ca-Na, Cu-Mg, Fe-K, Mg-Na, Zn-P showed positive correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Dinya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Hogyes Endre u. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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29
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Nowakowska J. Use of HPTLC with non-aqueous binary mobile phases for determination of selected porphyrins. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2004. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.17.2004.5.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and biochemical diagnosis of the porphyrias is a difficult task and is currently based upon review of the clinical features and measurement of the various porphyrin metabolites in body fluids. MATERIALS Different techniques are available for the diagnosis of the porphyrias and the identification of the eventual defect(s), ranging from simple biochemical measurement of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) through enzymatic assays to the investigation of genetic abnormalities. RESULTS Except for erythrocyte porphobilinogen deaminase, the use of porphyrin enzyme measurement is beyond the scope of most laboratories. Genetic studies are progressing apace in all the porphyrias and are rapidly becoming the 'gold standard' for difficult diagnoses, but actually, these techniques are confined to highly specialized research laboratories. CONCLUSION At present time, most clinical chemists must rely on the measurement of porphyrin metabolites for diagnosis and a proposed algorithm for this purpose is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Hindmarsh
- Division of Biochemistry, The Ottawa Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Canada.
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31
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Fleck C, Scholle T, Schwertfeger M, Appenroth D, Stein G. Determination of renal porphyrin handling in rats suffering from different kinds of chronic renal failure (CRF): uranyl nitrate (UN) induced fibrosis or 5/6-nephrectomy (5/6NX). EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2003; 54:393-9. [PMID: 12877351 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The renal handling of porphyrins is reported to be a sensitive marker for chronic renal failure (CRF) for two reasons: heme is synthesised in proximal tubules and porphyrins are reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubule by apical peptide transporter PEPT 2. Two different models of CRF in female Wistar rats have been used for investigation of renal porphyrin handling: (1) single administration of uranyl nitrate (UN; 0.5 mg/100 g b.wt.) and (2) 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NX). Renal clearance experiments were performed at weeks 2 and 10 after the onset of CRF. The concentrations of porphyrin intermediates (uroporphyrin I and III, coproporphyrin I and II, heptaporphyrin, and pentaporphyrin) were measured by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Both after UN and 5/6NX a significant reduction of body weight occurred. The kidney weight was enhanced 2 weeks after UN compared to controls (+31%). After 5/6NX, the weight of the remnant kidney was 44% (2nd week) and 140% (10th week) higher compared to one control kidney. Urine volumes and GFR were significantly reduced at week 2 and 10 after 5/6NX, but at week 10 after UN values were comparable to controls. Two weeks after UN and 5/6NX the concentrations of heptaporphyrin was moderately decreased in renal tissue whereas after 10 weeks the concentrations of most porphyrins were increased in the kidney. The plasma levels of free porphyrins were only slightly enhanced (week 2). The renal excretion of porphyrins was initially slightly reduced in both models, whereas it increases 10 weeks after UN, but it remained reduced 10 weeks after 5/6NX. UN induces tubulointerstitial fibrosis including atrophic glomeruli, whereas 5/6NX was characterized by distinct proteinuria, dilated tubules containing hyaline casts. A modulation of porphyrin metabolism in the kidney seems first of all to be responsible for UN effect on renal porphyrin handling. Summing up the 5/6NX results, both reduction in intact renal tissue mass and a modification of enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis by uraemic toxins are responsible for accumulation of porphyrins in renal tissue. After 5/6NX reduced excretion of porphyrins into urine and enhanced porphyrin concentrations in the kidney indicate more a damage of renal porphyrin biosynthesis than changes in their reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fleck
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
The human hereditary hepatic porphyrias are diseases due to marked deficiencies of enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Porphyrias can be classified as either hepatic or erythroid, depending on the major production site of porphyrins or their precursors. The pathogenesis of inherited hepatic porphyrias has now been defined at the molecular level. Some gene carriers are vulnerable to a range of exogenous and endogenous factors, which may trigger neuropsychiatric and/or cutaneous symptoms. Early diagnosis is of prime importance since it makes way for counselling. In this article we present an overview of recent advances on hepatic porphyrias: 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency porphyria, acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), hereditary coproporphyria (HC), and variegate porphyria (VP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Nordmann
- INSERM U409, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Université Paris VII, 16, rue Henri Huchard, BP 416-75018, Paris Cedex 18, France.
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Zuijderhoudt FMJ, Kamphuis JS, Kluitenberg WE, Dorresteijn-de Bok J. Precision and accuracy of a HPLC method for measurement of fecal porphyrin concentrations. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40:1036-9. [PMID: 12476945 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2002.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied precision and accuracy of a HPLC method for determination of porphyrins in feces. A commercial standard solution appeared to contain less coproporphyrin (15%) than stated by the manufacturer. The between-batch coefficients of variation were often below 15% and were higher than the within-batch coefficients. The precision of porphyrin measurements was not influenced by the type of porphyria. Recoveries of added coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin were 90% and 108%; coefficients of variation were 6% and 19%, respectively.
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Kühnel A, Gross U, Doss MO. Hereditary coproporphyria in Germany: clinical-biochemical studies in 53 patients. Clin Biochem 2000; 33:465-73. [PMID: 11074238 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(00)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the biochemical and clinical features in hereditary coproporphyria (HCP). DESIGN AND METHOD Within the last 20 years, we investigated 53 patients (male:female = 1:2.5; age = 8-86 years) suffering from HCP. We describe the characteristic levels of urine, and fecal porphyrins and their precursors in hereditary coproporphyria and present the clinical features. Especially, we measured the coproporphyrin isomers I and III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The group of hereditary coproporphyria patients exhibited a significantly higher (p<0.0001) excretion of urinary porphyrin precursors, delta-aminolevulinic acid (median = 84 micromol/24 h) and porphobilinogen (median = 39 micromol/24 h), as compared to controls (delta-aminolevulinic acid: 22 micromol/24 h, porphobilinogen: 3 micromol/24 h; median, n = 20). The median of coproporphyrin in urine (1315 nmol/24 h) and feces (1855 nmol/g) were enhanced 12- and 168-fold, as compared to healthy subjects (urinary coproporphyrin: 106 nmol/24 h, fecal coproporphyrin: 11 nmol/g; median, n = 20). During therapy on one female patient, with IV application of heme arginate, a considerable decline of porphyrin precursors and porphyrin excretion was observed. The examination of urinary and fecal coproporphyrin isomers I and III revealed an excessive elevation of the coproporphyrin isomer III of 87% in urine and 94% in feces, respectively (normal: urinary isomer III = 69-83% and fecal isomer III = 25-40%). In feces the increase of isomer III caused an inversion of the physiologic coproporphyrin isomer III:I ratio that could be recognized in all various stages in hereditary coproporphyria and in children. Acute attacks of hereditary coproporphyria are accompanied by an acute polysymptomatic clinical syndrome, and this is associated with high levels of urinary porphyrin precursors. On review of our patients, the highest percentage had abdominal pain (89%), followed by neurologic (33%), psychiatric (28%), cardiovascular (25%), and skin symptoms (14%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kühnel
- Abteilung für Klinische Biochemie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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