1
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Wang L, Li Z, Wang E, Li C. The effect of ligand and acid promoter on hydroesterification of ethylene to methyl propionate and kinetic studies. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2
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Ferrocenylmethylphosphanes and the Alpha Process for Methoxycarbonylation: The Original Story. INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics9070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lucite Alpha process is the predominant technology for the preparation of acrylics. This two-stage process involves the palladium-catalysed formation of methyl propanoate from ethene, CO, and methanol, followed by the oxidative formylation of methyl propanoate into methyl methacrylate. A range of bis-1,2-disubstituted aminomethylferrocenes has been prepared and characterised. These complexes serve as precursors to a variety of bulky ferrocenylmethyldiphosphanes that, in turn, function as ligands in the palladium-catalysed process. We describe the crystal structures of five ligand precursors and provide a rationale for their design. In situ catalyst testing on palladium complexes derived from ferrocenylphosphanes demonstrates that these are highly selective (>99.5%) catalysts for the formation of methyl propanoate from ethene, CO, and methanol and have turnover numbers exceeding 50,000. This article credits those researchers who worked on this project in the early days, who received little or no credit for their achievements and endeavours.
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Vondran J, Furst MRL, Eastham GR, Seidensticker T, Cole-Hamilton DJ. Magic of Alpha: The Chemistry of a Remarkable Bidentate Phosphine, 1,2-Bis(di- tert-butylphosphinomethyl)benzene. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6610-6653. [PMID: 33961414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bidentate phosphine ligand 1,2-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)benzene (1,2-DTBPMB) has been reported over the years as being one of, if not the, best ligands for achieving the alkoxycarbonylation of various unsaturated compounds. Bonded to palladium, the ligand provides the basis for the first step in the commercial (Alpha) production of methyl methacrylate as well as very high selectivity to linear esters and acids from terminal or internal double bonds. The present review is an overview covering the literature dealing with the 1,2-DTBPMB ligand: from its first reference, its catalysis, including the alkoxycarbonylation reaction and its mechanism, its isomerization abilities including the highly selective isomerizing methoxycarbonylation, other reactions such as cross-coupling, recycling approaches, and the development of improved, modified ligands, in which some tert-butyl ligands are replaced by 2-pyridyl moieties and which show exceptional rates for carbonylation reactions at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Vondran
- Laboratory for Industrial Chemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc R L Furst
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST Scotland, U.K.,Athénée du Luxembourg, 24, Boulevard Pierre Dupong, L-1430 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Thomas Seidensticker
- Laboratory for Industrial Chemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - David J Cole-Hamilton
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST Scotland, U.K
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4
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Bézier D, Daugulis O, Brookhart M. Oligomerization of Ethylene Using a Diphosphine Palladium Catalyst. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bézier
- Center for Polymer Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Center for Polymer Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Center for Polymer Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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5
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Vasseur A, Muzart J, Le Bras J. Ubiquitous Benzoquinones, Multitalented Compounds for Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Reactions. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Carbonylation of ethene catalysed by Pd(II)-phosphine complexes. Molecules 2014; 19:15116-61. [PMID: 25247684 PMCID: PMC6271251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190915116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review deals with olefin carbonylation catalysed by Pd(II)-phosphine complexes in protic solvents. In particular, the results obtained in the carbonylation with ethene are reviewed. After a short description of the basic concepts relevant to this catalysis, the review treats in greater details the influence of the bite angle, skeletal rigidity, electronic and steric bulk properties of the ligand on the formation of the products, which range from high molecular weight perfectly alternating polyketones to methyl propanoate. It is shown that the steric bulk plays a major role in directing the selectivity. Particular emphasis is given to the factors governing the very active and selective catalysis to methyl propanoate, including the mechanism of the catalytic cycles with diphosphine- and monophosphine-catalysts. A brief note on the synthesis of methyl propanoate using a “Lucite” type catalyst in ionic liquids is also illustrated. A chapter is dedicated to the carbonylation of olefins in aqueous reaction media. The nonalternating CO-ethene copolymerization is also treated.
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7
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Zwitterion enhanced performance in palladium–phosphine catalyzed ethylene methoxycarbonylation. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Roberts GM, Pierce PJ, Woo LK. Palladium Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands As Catalysts for the Alkoxycarbonylation of Olefins. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om300959f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Roberts
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames,
Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Philip J. Pierce
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames,
Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - L. Keith Woo
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames,
Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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9
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Ol’khov YA, Allayarov SR, Belov GP. Molecular-topological and thermal properties of gamma-irradiated alternating carbon monoxide-ethylene copolymer. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143912030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Heeres H, Minnaard AJ, Hessen B, Heeres HJ. Optimization Studies on the Hydro-acylation of 1-Alkenes to α-Methylketones using a Homogeneous Palladium/Josiphos Catalyst. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op100342v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Heeres
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ITM and ‡Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4,
9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adri J. Minnaard
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ITM and ‡Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4,
9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Hessen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ITM and ‡Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4,
9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ITM and ‡Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4,
9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Kageyama T, Ito S, Nozaki K. Vinylarene/CO Copolymerization and Vinylarene/Polar Vinyl Monomer/CO Terpolymerization Using Palladium/Phosphine-Sulfonate Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:690-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Osichow A, Mecking S. Alkoxycarbonylation of ethylene with cellulose in ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4980-1. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00606h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Núñez Magro AA, Robb LM, Pogorzelec PJ, Slawin AMZ, Eastham GR, Cole-Hamilton DJ. Highly selective formation of unsaturated esters or cascade reactions to α,ω-diesters by the methoxycarbonylation of alkynes catalysed by palladium complexes of 1,2-bis(ditertbutylphosphinomethyl)benzene. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Nakamura A, Ito S, Nozaki K. Coordination−Insertion Copolymerization of Fundamental Polar Monomers. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5215-44. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900079r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan
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15
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Chukanova OM, Shul’ga YM, Belov GP. Alternating copolymerization of ethylene with carbon monoxide on a supported palladium catalyst. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090409070112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Samant RG, Trepanier SJ, Wigginton JR, Xu L, Bierenstiel M, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Cowie M. Unsymmetrically Bridged Methyl Groups as Intermediates in the Transformation of Bridging Methylene to Bridging Acetyl Groups: Ligand Migrations and Migratory Insertions in Mixed Iridium/Ruthenium Complexes. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900127u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G. Samant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Steven J. Trepanier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - James R. Wigginton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Matthias Bierenstiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Martin Cowie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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17
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Smith G, Vautravers NR, Cole-Hamilton DJ. Polymer producing palladium complexes of unidentate phosphines in the methoxycarbonylation of ethene. Dalton Trans 2009:872-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b812132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Anselment TMJ, Vagin SI, Rieger B. Activation of late transition metal catalysts for olefin polymerizations and olefin/CO copolymerizations. Dalton Trans 2008:4537-48. [PMID: 19024349 DOI: 10.1039/b802913j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The late transition metal catalysts for homo- and copolymerizations of olefins expand the polymer properties and the usable monomer feedstock of early transition metal catalysts. A critical step for a polymerization is the activation of catalyst precursors and the generation of the actual active site. This perspective discusses possible activation protocols for two well-known catalyst systems, the a-diimine Ni or Pd olefin polymerization catalysts and the Pd catalysts for alkene/CO copolymerization. The general concept of catalyst activation is outlined and similarities as well as differences between single-component catalysts and in situ activated systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo M J Anselment
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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19
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20
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Williams D, Shaw M, Green M, Holzapfel C. Aluminum Triflate as a Highly Active and Efficient Nonprotic Cocatalyst in the Palladium-Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Williams DBG, Shaw ML, Green MJ, Holzapfel CW. Aluminum Triflate as a Highly Active and Efficient Nonprotic Cocatalyst in the Palladium-Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:560-3. [PMID: 18041799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bradley G Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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22
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Cavinato G, Vavasori A, Amadio E, Toniolo L. CO–ethene copolymerisation catalysed by [PdCl2(PPh3)2]/PPh3/HCl in MeOH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Fabrello A, Vavasori A, Dall’Acqua F, Toniolo L. Influence of the reaction conditions on the productivity and on the molecular weight of the polyketone obtained by the CO–ethene copolymerisation catalysed by [Pd(TsO)(H2O)(dppp)](TsO) in MeOH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Ferreira AC, Crous R, Bennie L, Meij AMM, Blann K, Bezuidenhoudt BCB, Young DA, Green MJ, Roodt A. Borate Esters as Alternative Acid Promoters in the Palladium-Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation of Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2273-5. [PMID: 17299818 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alta C Ferreira
- SASOL Technology, 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa.
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25
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Ferreira A, Crous R, Bennie L, Meij A, Blann K, Bezuidenhoudt B, Young D, Green M, Roodt A. Borate Esters as Alternative Acid Promoters in the Palladium-Catalyzed Methoxycarbonylation of Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Agostinho M, Braunstein P. Structurally characterized intermediates in the stepwise insertion of CO–ethylene or CO–methyl acrylate into the metal–carbon bond of Pd(ii) complexes stabilized by (phosphinomethyl)oxazoline ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:58-60. [PMID: 17279260 DOI: 10.1039/b613865a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial CO-ethylene or CO-methyl acrylate insertion steps into the Pd-Me bond of methylpalladium(II) complexes with (phosphinomethyl)oxazoline ligands, leading to metallacycles, have been fully characterized, including by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magno Agostinho
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (UMR 7177 CNRS), Institut de Chimie, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cédex, France
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Agostinho M, Braunstein P, Welter R. Phosphinito- and phosphonito-oxazoline Pd(ii) complexes as CO/ethylene insertion intermediates: synthesis and structural characterization. Dalton Trans 2007:759-70. [PMID: 17279247 DOI: 10.1039/b616962g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phosphinito-oxazoline ligand 4,4-dimethyl-2-[methoxy(diphenylphosphine)]-4,5-dihydrooxazole (2a) and the phosphonite-oxazoline ligand 4,4-dimethyl-2-[methoxy(6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin)]-4,5-dihydrooxazole (8a) were prepared by deprotonation of (4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyloxazol-2-yl)methanol (1a) and reaction with the corresponding P-Cl function, similar to the ligands 2b (4,4-dimethyl-2-[1-oxy(diphenylphosphine)-1-methylethyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazole) and 8b (4,4-dimethyl-2-[1-oxy(6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin)-1-methylethyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazole) reported previously. These ligands react with [PdClX(COD)] to give complexes of the type [PdClX(P,N)] (3a P,N = 2a, X = Cl; 4a P,N = 2a, X = Me; 4b P,N = 2b , X = Me; 9a P,N = 8a, X = Cl; 9b P,N = 8b, X = Cl; 10a P,N = 8a, X = Me; 10b P,N = 8b, X = Me). Complexes 4a,b and 10a,b reacted with AgCF(3)SO(3) to yield [PdMe(P,N)OSO(2)CF(3)] 5a,b and 11a,b, respectively. From the stepwise insertion reaction of CO and ethylene into the Pd-C bond of 5a and 11a,b, the alkyl ketone chelate complexes [Pd{CH(2)CH(2)C(O)Me}(P,N)]CF(3)SO(3) 7a and 14a,b respectively, have been isolated and spectroscopically characterized. Complexes 3a.CH(2)Cl(2), 5a, 9b, 10a,b, [PdMe(H(2)O)(P,N)]CF(3)SO(3) 12b, (P,N = 8b) and 14a,b have also been characterized by X-ray crystallography and the structures of 14a,b represent still rare examples of structurally characterized CO/ethylene coupling products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magno Agostinho
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070, Strasbourg Cédex, France
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Rucklidge A, Morris G, Slawin A, Cole-Hamilton D. The Methoxycarbonylation of Vinyl Acetate Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes of [1,2-Phenylenebis(methylene)]bis[di(tert-butyl)phosphine]. Helv Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200690174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Bi S, Wang B, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhu S. Theoretical study on reaction of [(Ind∗)Rh(CO)2Me]BF4 with nbd. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu J, Heaton BT, Iggo JA, Whyman R, Bickley JF, Steiner A. The Mechanism of the Hydroalkoxycarbonylation of Ethene and Alkene–CO Copolymerization Catalyzed by PdII–Diphosphine Cations. Chemistry 2006; 12:4417-30. [PMID: 16557624 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
All the intermediates in the "carboalkoxy" pathway, and their interconversions giving complete catalytic cycles, for palladium-diphosphine-catalyzed hydroalkoxycarbonylation of alkenes, and for alkene-CO copolymerization, have been demonstrated using (31)P{(1)H} and (13)C{(1)H} NMR spectroscopy. The propagation and termination steps of the "hydride" cycles and the crossover between the hydride and carboalkoxy cycles have also been demonstrated, providing the first examples of both cycles, and of chain crossover, being delineated for the same catalyst. Comparison of the propagation and termination steps in the pathways affords new insight into the selectivity-determining steps. Thus, reaction of [Pd(dibpp)(CH(3)CN)(2)](OTf)(2) (dibpp = 1,3-(iBu(2)P)(2)C(3)H(6)) with Et(3)N and CH(3)OH affords [Pd(dibpp)(OCH(3))(CH(3)CN)]OTf, which, on exposure to CO, gives [Pd(dibpp){C(O)OCH(3)}(CH(3)CN)]OTf immediately. Labeling studies show the reaction to be readily reversible. However, the back reaction is strongly inhibited by PPh(3), indicating an insertion/deinsertion pathway. Ethene reacts with [Pd(dibpp){C(O)OCH(3)}(CH(3)CN)]OTf at 243 K to give [Pd(dibpp){CH(2)CH(2)C(O)OCH(3)}]OTf, that is, there is no intrinsic barrier to alkene insertion into the Pd--C(O)OMe bond, as had been proposed. Instead, termination is proposed to be selectivity determining. Methanolysis of the acyl intermediate [Pd(dibpp){C(O)CH(3)}L]X (L = CO, CH(3)OH; X = CF(3)SO(3) (-) (OTf(-)), CH(3)C(6)H(4)SO(3) (-) (OTs(-))) is required in the hydride cycle to give an ester and occurs at 243 K on the timescale of minutes, whereas methanolysis of the beta chelate, required to give an ester from the carbomethoxy cycle, is slow on a timescale of days, at 298 K. These results suggest that slow methanolysis of the beta chelate, rather than slow insertion of an alkene into the Pd--carboalkoxy bond, as had previously been proposed, is responsible for the dominance of the hydride mechanism in hydroalkoxycarbonylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianke Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Donnan and Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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Palladium(II) complexes with o-aryl substituted 1,1′-bis(phosphino)ferrocenes [Fe(η5-C5H4PR2)2Pd(NCMe)n](OTf)2 (R=o-MeOC6H4, o-MeC6H4, o-PriC6H4, C6F5): Synthesis, structure and catalytic properties in methoxycarbonylation of ethylene. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Cavinato G, Toniolo L, Vavasori A. Carbonylation of Ethene in Methanol Catalysed by Cationic Phosphine Complexes of Pd(II): from Polyketones to Monocarbonylated Products. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Eriksson J, Antoni G, Långström B. Synthesis of [1-11C]propyl and [1-11C]butyl iodide from [11C]carbon monoxide and their use in alkylation reactions. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Knorr M, Jourdain I, Braunstein P, Strohmann C, Tiripicchio A, Ugozzoli F. Insertion reactions of alkynes and organic isocyanides into the palladium–carbon bond of dimetallic Fe–Pd alkoxysilyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2006:5248-58. [PMID: 17088964 DOI: 10.1039/b610324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insertion of MeO(2)C-C[triple bond]C-CO(2)Me (DMAD) into the Pd-C bond of the heterodimetallic complex [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d(dmba-C)] (2) (dppm = Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2), dmba-C = metallated dimethylbenzylamine) and [(OC)(3){(MeO)(3)Si}F[upper bond 1 start]e(mu-dppm)P[upper bond 1 end]d(8-mq-C,N)] (3) (8-mq-C,N = cyclometallated 8-methylquinoline) yielded the sigma-alkenyl complexes [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d{C(CO(2)Me)=C(CO(2)Me)(o-C(6)H(4)CH(2)NMe(2))}] (7) and [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d{C(CO(2)Me)[double bond, length as m-dash]C(CO(2)Me)(CH(2)C(9)H(6)N)}] (8), respectively. The latter afforded the adduct [(OC)(3){(MeO)(3)Si}F[upper bond 1 start]e(mu-dppm)P[upper bond 1 end]d{C(CO(2)Me)=C(CO(2)Me)(CH(2)C(9)H(6)N)}(CNBu(t))] (9) upon reaction with 1 equiv. of Bu(t)NC. The heterodinuclear sigma-butadienyl complexes [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d{C(Ph=C(Ph)C(CO(2)Me)=(CO(2)Me)(o-C(6)H(4)CH(2)NMe(2))}] (11) and [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d{C(Ph)=C(CO(2)Et)C(Ph)=C(CO(2)Et)(CH(2)C(9)H(6)N)}] (13) have been obtained by reaction of the metallate K[Fe{Si(OMe)(3)}(CO)(3)(dppm-P)] (dppm = Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2)) with [P[upper bond 1 start]dCl{C(Ph)=C(Ph)C(CO(2)Me)=C(CO(2)Me)(o-C(6)H(4)CH(2)N[upper bond 1 end]Me(2))}] or [P[upper bond 1 start]dCl{C(Ph)=C(CO(2)Et)C(Ph)=(CO(2)Et)}(CH(2)C(9)H(6)N[upper bond 1 end])], respectively. Monoinsertion of various organic isocyanides RNC into the Pd-C bond of 2 and 3 afforded the corresponding heterometallic iminoacyl complexes. In the case of complexes [(OC)(3){(MeO)(3)Si}F[upper bond 1 start]e(mu-dppm)P[upper bond 1 end][upper bond 1 start]d{C=(NR)(CH(2)C(9)H(6)N[upper bond 1 end])}] (15a R = Ph, 15b R = xylyl), a static six-membered C,N chelate is formed at the Pd centre, in contrast to the situation in [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d{C(=NR)(o-C(6)H(4)CH(2)NMe(2))}] (14a R = o-anisyl, 14b R = 2,6-xylyl) where formation of a mu-eta(2)-Si-O bridge is preferred over NMe(2) coordination. The outcome of the reaction of the dimetallic alkyl complex [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]dMe] with RNC depends both on the stoichiometry and the electronic donor properties of the isocyanide employed for the migratory insertion process. In the case of o-anisylisocyanide, the iminoacyl complex [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d{C(=N-o-anisyl)Me}] (16) results from the reaction in a 1 : 1 ratio. Addition of three equiv. of o-anisylisocyanide affords the tris(insertion) product [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d{[C(=N-o-anisyl)](3)Me}] (18). After addition of a fourth equivalent of o-anisylNC, exclusive formation of the isocyanide adduct [(OC)(3){(MeO)(3)Si}F[upper bond 1 start]e(mu-dppm)P[upper bond 1 end]d{[C(=N-o-anisyl)](3)Me}(CN-o-anisyl)] (19) was spectroscopically evidenced. In the complex [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]d{[C(=N-o-C(6)H(4)COCH(2))](2)Me}] (20), the sigma-bound diazabutadienyl unit is part of a 12-membered organic macrocyle which results from bis(insertion) of 1,2-bis(2-isocyanophenoxy)ethane into the Pd-Me bond of the precursor complex [(OC)(3)F[upper bond 1 start]e{mu-Si(OMe)(2)([lower bond 1 start]OMe)}(mu-dppm)P[lower bond 1 end][upper bond 1 end]dMe]. In contrast, addition of two equivalents of tert-butylisocyanide to a solution of the latter afforded [(OC)(3){(MeO)(3)Si}F[upper bond 1 start]Fe(mu-dppm)P[upper bond 1 end]d{C(=NBu(t))Me}(CNBu(t))] (21) in which both a terminal and an inserted isocyanide ligand are coordinated to the Pd centre. In all cases, there was no evidence for competing CO substitution at the Fe(CO)(3) fragment by RNC. The molecular structures of the insertion products 8 x CH(2)Cl(2) and 16 x CH(2)Cl(2) have been determined by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Knorr
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et Interfaces, Université de Franche-Comté, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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Synthesis, characterization and X-ray structure of [Pd(SO4)(dppp)]·H2O, a catalyst for the CO-ethene copolymerization [dppp=1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane]. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Diphenylphosphino(phenyl pyridin-2-yl methylene)amine palladium(II) complexes: Chemoselective alkene hydrocarboxylation initiators. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Funk JK, Newsham DK, Goldstein DN, Liu S, Sen A. Catalytic carbonylation of 4-penten-1-ol to ɛ-caprolactone and oligocaprolactone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Oberbeckmann-Winter N, Morise X, Braunstein P, Welter R. Synthesis and Structure of Pt(II) Phosphonato-Phosphine Complexes and of a P,O-Stabilized Metal−Metal-Bonded Pt2Ag2 Complex. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:1391-403. [PMID: 15732979 DOI: 10.1021/ic0485559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of our interest in the design and reactivity of P,O ligands, and because the insertion chemistry of small molecules into a metal alkyl bond is very dependent on the ancillary ligands, the behavior of Pt-methyl complexes containing the beta-phosphonato-phosphine ligand rac-Ph2PCH(Ph)P(O)(OEt)2 (abbreviated PPO in the following) toward CO insertion has been explored. New, mononuclear Pt(II) complexes containing one or two PPO ligands, [PtClMe(kappa2-PPO)] (1), [Pt{C(O)Me}Cl(kappa2-PPO)] (2), [PtMe(CO)(kappa2-PPO)]OTf (3 x OTf), [PtMe(OTf)(kappa2-PPO)] (4), trans-[PtClMe(kappa1-PPO)2] (5), [PtMe(kappa2-PPO)(kappa1-PPO)]BF4 (6 x BF4), [PtMe(kappa2-PPO)(kappa1-PPO)]OTf (6 x OTf), and [Pt{C(O)Me}(kappa2-PPO)(kappa1-PPO)]BF4 (7 x BF4) have been prepared and characterized. Hemilability of the ligands is observed in the cations 6 and 7 in which the terminally bound and chelating PPO ligands exchange their role on the NMR time-scale. The acetyl complexes 2 and 7 are stable in solution, but the former deinserts CO upon chloride abstraction. We also demonstrate the ability of PPO to behave as an assembling ligand and to stabilize a heterometallic Pt-Ag metal complex, [PtMe(kappa2-PPO){mu-(eta1-P;eta1-O)PPO)}Ag(OTf)(Pt-Ag)]OTf (8 x OTf), which was obtained by reaction of 5 with AgOTf to generate more reactive, cationic complexes. Whereas the first equivalent of AgOTf abstracted the chloride ligand, the second equivalent added to the cationic complex with formation of a Pt-Ag bond (2.819(1) A). The complexes 1, 2, 4, 5 x CH2Cl2, and (8 x OTf)2 have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The latter has a dimeric nature in the solid state, with two silver-bound triflates acting as bridging ligands between two Pt-Ag moieties. In addition to the Ag-Pt bond, the Ag+ cation is stabilized by a dative O -->Ag interaction involving one of the PPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Oberbeckmann-Winter
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination and Laboratoire DECMET, UMR 7513 CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cédex, France
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Bianchini C, Meli A, Oberhauser W, Parisel S, Passaglia E, Ciardelli F, Gusev OV, Kal'si AM, Vologdin NV. Ethylene Carbonylation in Methanol and in Aqueous Media by Palladium(II) Catalysts Modified with 1,1‘-Bis(dialkylphosphino)ferrocenes. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om049109w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Caporali M, Müller C, Staal BBP, Tooke DM, Spek AL, van Leeuwen PWNM. New diphosphine ligands based on diphenyl ether for the Pd-catalyzed CO/ethene copolymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:3478-80. [PMID: 15997303 DOI: 10.1039/b503764f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic activity and selectivity of palladium(II) complexes of new, flexible bidentate ligands in the CO/ethene copolymerization reaction have been found to change considerably with the steric properties of the ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caporali
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Methoxycarbonylation of styrene to methyl arylpropanoates catalyzed by palladium(II) precursors with 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)metallocenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in the carbonylation of ethene of cis-[Pd(H2O)2(PPh3)2]X2·nH2O (X=p-CH3C6H4SO3, n=2; X=CH3SO3, n=0). X-ray structure of cis-Pd(H2O)2(PPh3)2](p-CH3C6H4SO3)2·2H2O and of cis-[Pd(H2O)2(PPh3)2](CH3SO3)2·2CH2Cl2. Inorganica Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Speiser F, Braunstein P, Saussine L. Nickel and iron complexes with oxazoline- or pyridine-phosphonite ligands; synthesis, structure and application for the catalytic oligomerisation of ethylene. Dalton Trans 2004:1539-45. [PMID: 15252602 DOI: 10.1039/b401792g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bis(oxazolinyl)phenylphosphonite ligand (bis(4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole)phenylphosphonite, NOPONMe2)) and the new pyridine-phosphonite ligand (2-ethyl(1'-methyl-1-hydroxy)pyridine-6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin) have been used for the preparation of the mononuclear complexes [NiCl2(NOPONMe2)] 18 and [NiCl2(6)2] 19, respectively, which catalyze the oligomerisation of ethylene with activities up to 57300 mol C2H4 mol Ni(-1) h(-1) (19 in the presence of only 6 equivalents of AlEtCl2). The selectivities for C4 dimers were as high as 90% (18 in the presence of only 2 equivalents of AlEtCl2) with selectivities for 1-butene of 21-22% of the C4 fraction. In the presence of 400 or 800 equivalents of MAO as cocatalyst, complex 19 yielded turnover frequencies of 7400 mol C2H4 mol Ni(-1) h(-1) and 13200 mol C2H4 mol Ni(-1) h(-1), respectively. The selectivities for 1-butene and ethylene dimers were similar to those obtained with AlEtCl2. The fact that 19 with a cyclic phosphonite moiety leads to higher activities and selectivities than 18 which contains an acyclic phosphonite group underlines the importance of the ligand on the catalytic properties of its metal complex. An unprecedented dinuclear iron complex [FeCl2(4,4-dimethyl-2-[(1-hydroxy-1-methyl)ethyl]-4,5-dihydrooxazolate)]2 20 was also obtained which contains two pentacoordinated metal centers coordinated by a bridging-chelating oxazoline-alcoholate. Complexes 18-20 are paramagnetic in solution, as determined by the Evans method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Speiser
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (UMR 7513 CNRS), Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg, France
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Bianchini C, Meli A, Oberhauser W, Piet W. N. M. van Leeuwen,*, Zuideveld MA, Freixa Z, Kamer PCJ, Spek AL, Gusev OV, Kal'sin AM. Methoxycarbonylation of Ethene by Palladium(II) Complexes with 1,1‘-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) and 1,1‘-Bis(diphenylphosphino)octamethylferrocene (dppomf). Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om021049b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anthony L. Spek
- Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gusev OV, Kalsin AM, Petrovskii PV, Lyssenko KA, Oprunenko YF, Bianchini C, Meli A, Oberhauser W. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of 1,1‘-Bis(diphenylphosphino)osmocene: Palladium(II) Complexes and Their Use as Catalysts in the Methoxycarbonylation of Olefins. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om0208366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuri F. Oprunenko
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119899 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Mul WP, van der Made AW, Smaardijk AA, Drent E. Catalytic Synthesis of Copolymers and Terpolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9266-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Palladium-Catalysed Synthesis of Mono-Esters, -Ketones and — Aldehydes/Alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9266-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gusev OV, Kalsin AM, Peterleitner MG, Petrovskii PV, Lyssenko KA, Akhmedov NG, Bianchini C, Meli A, Oberhauser W. Palladium(II) Complexes with 1,1‘−Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenes [Fe(η5-C5R4PPh2)2]n+ (dppf, R = H, n = 0; dppomf, R = Me, n = 0; dppomf+, R = Me, n = 1). Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity in Ethene Methoxycarbonylation. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Novruz G. Akhmedov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119899 Moscow, Russian Federation
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