1
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Srinivas S, Senthil Kumar A. Electrical Wiring of Malarial Parasite Intermediate Hematin on a Tailored N-Doped Carbon Nanomaterial Surface and Its Bioelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction and Sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10634-10647. [PMID: 38723623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Hematin, an iron-containing porphyrin compound, plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including oxygen transport, storage, and functionality of the malarial parasite. Specifically, hematin-Fe interacts with the nitrogen atom of antimalarial drugs, forming an intermediate step crucial for their function. The electron transfer functionality of hematin in biological systems has been scarcely investigated. In this study, we developed a biomimicking electrical wiring of hematin-Fe with a model N-drug system, represented as {hematin-Fe---N-drug}. We achieved this by immobilizing hematin on a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/N-graphene quantum dot (N-GQD) modified electrode (MWCNT/N-GQD@Hemat). N-GQD serves as a model molecular drug system containing nitrogen atoms to mimic the {hematin-Fe---N-drug} interaction. The prepared bioelectrode exhibited a distinct redox peak at a measured potential (E1/2) of -0.410 V vs Ag/AgCl, accompanied by a surface excess value of 3.54 × 10-9 mol cm-2. This observation contrasts significantly with the weak or electroinactive electrochemical responses documented in literature-based hematin systems. We performed a comprehensive set of physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations on the MWCNT/N-GQD@Hemat system, employing techniques including FESEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and AFM. To evaluate the biomimetic electrode's electroactivity, we investigated the selective-mediated reduction of H2O2 as a model system. As an important aspect of our research, we demonstrated the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy to visualize the in situ electron transfer reaction of the biomimicking electrode. In an independent study, we showed enzyme-less electrocatalytic reduction and selective electrocatalytic sensing of H2O2 with a detection limit of 319 nM. We achieved this using a batch injection analysis-coupled disposable screen-printed electrode system in physiological solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
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2
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Yadav P, Bhalla A. Recent Advances in Green Synthesis of Functionalized Quinolines of Medicinal Impact (2018‐Present). ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Aman Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
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3
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Abid M, Singh S, Egan TJ, Joshi MC. Structural activity relationship of metallo-aminoquines as a next generation antimalarials. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:436-472. [PMID: 34986771 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220105103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexian parasite of the genus Plasmodium is the causative agent of malaria, one of the most devastating, furious and common infectious disease throughout the world. According to the latest World malaria report, there were 229 million cases of malaria in 2019 majorly consisting of children under 5 years of age. Some of known analogues viz. quinine, quinoline-containing compounds have been used for last century in the clinical treatment of malaria. Past few decades have witnessed the emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains of Plasmodium species to existing antimalarials pressing the need for new drug candidates. For the past few decades bioorganometallic approach to malaria therapy has been introduced which led to the discovery of noval metalcontaining aminoquinolines analogues viz. ferroquine (FQ or 1), Ruthenoquine (RQ or 2) and other related potent metal-analogues. It observed that some metal containing analogues (Fe-, Rh-, Ru-, Re-, Au-, Zn-, Cr-, Pd-, Sn-, Cd-, Ir-, Co-, Cu-, and Mn-aminoquines) were more potent; however, some were equally potent as Chloroquine (CQ) and 1. This is probably due to the intertion of metals in the CQ via various approaches, which might be a very attractive strategy to develop a SAR of novel metal containing antimalarials. Thus, this review aims to summarize the SAR of metal containing aminoquines towards the discovery of potent antimalarial hybrids to provide an insight for rational designs of more effective and less toxic metal containing amoniquines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abid
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehroli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town-7700, South Africa
| | - Mukesh C Joshi
- Dept. of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez marg, South Campus, New Delhi-110021. India
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4
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Singh B, Chetia D, Kumawat MK. Synthesis and In Vitro Antimalarial Activity Evaluation of Some New 1,2-Diaminopropane Side-Chain-Modified 4-Aminoquinoline Mannich Bases. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Sharma B, Singh P, Singh AK, Awasthi SK. Advancement of chimeric hybrid drugs to cure malaria infection: An overview with special emphasis on endoperoxide pharmacophores. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113408. [PMID: 33989911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to artemisinin-based combination therapy has led to a situation of haste in the scientific and pharmaceutical communities. Sincere efforts are redirected towards finding alternative chemotherapeutic agents that are capable of combating multidrug-resistant parasite strains. Extensive research yielded the concept of "Chimeric Bitherapy (CB)" which involves the linking of two molecules with individual pharmacological activity and exhibit dual mode of action into a single hybrid molecule. Current research in this field seems to endorse hybrid molecules as the next-generation antimalarial drugs and are more effective compared to the multi-component drugs because of the lower occurrence of drug-drug adverse effects. This review is an attempt to congregate complete survey on endoperoxide based hybrid antiplasmodial molecules that will give glimpse on the future directions for successful development and discovery of useful antimalarial hybrid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Sharma
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ashawani Kumar Singh
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Satish K Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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6
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Gentile D, Fuochi V, Rescifina A, Furneri PM. New Anti SARS-Cov-2 Targets for Quinoline Derivatives Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5856. [PMID: 32824072 PMCID: PMC7461590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created a severe global health crisis. In this paper, we used docking and simulation methods to identify potential targets and the mechanism of action of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against SARS-CoV-2. Our results showed that both CQ and HCQ influenced the functionality of the envelope (E) protein, necessary in the maturation processes of the virus, due to interactions that modify the flexibility of the protein structure. Furthermore, CQ and HCQ also influenced the proofreading and capping of viral RNA in SARS-CoV-2, performed by nsp10/nsp14 and nsp10/nsp16. In particular, HCQ demonstrated a better energy binding with the examined targets compared to CQ, probably due to the hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl group of HCQ with polar amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Virginia Fuochi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Pio Maria Furneri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
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7
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Veale CGL, Müller R. Recent Highlights in Anti-infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:809-826. [PMID: 32149446 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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8
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Summers KL. A Structural Chemistry Perspective on the Antimalarial Properties of Thiosemicarbazone Metal Complexes. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:569-590. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181015152657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease, affecting approx. 214 million people worldwide. Malaria is caused by a protozoan, Plasmodium falciparum, which is transmitted through the Anopheles mosquito. Malaria treatment is becoming more challenging due to rising resistance against the antimalarial drug, chloroquine. Novel compounds that target aspects of parasite development are being explored in attempts to overcome this wide-spread problem. Anti-malarial drugs target specific aspects of parasite growth and development within the human host. One of the most effective targets is the inhibition of hematin formation, either through inhibition of cysteine proteases or through iron chelation. Metal-thiosemicarbazone (TSC) complexes have been tested for antimalarial efficacy against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of P. falciparum. An array of TSC complexes with numerous transition metals, including ruthenium, palladium, and gold has displayed antiplasmodial activity. Au(I)- and Pd(II)-TSC complexes displayed the greatest potency; 4-amino-7-chloroquine moieties were also found to improve antiplasmodial activity of TSCs. Although promising metal-TSC drug candidates have been tested against laboratory strains of P. falciparum, problems arise when attempting to compare between studies. Future work should strive to completely characterize synthesized metal-TSC structures and assess antiplasmodial potency against several drug-sensitive and drugresistant strains. Future studies need to precisely determine IC50 values for antimalarial drugs, chloroquine and ferroquine, to establish accurate standard values. This will make future comparisons across studies more feasible and potentially help reveal structure-function relationships. Investigations that attempt to link drug structures or properties to antiplasmodial mechanism(s) of action will aid in the design of antimalarial drugs that may combat rising drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Summers
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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9
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Senerovic L, Opsenica D, Moric I, Aleksic I, Spasić M, Vasiljevic B. Quinolines and Quinolones as Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-virulence, Antiviral and Anti-parasitic Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1282:37-69. [PMID: 31515709 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infective diseases have become health threat of a global proportion due to appearance and spread of microorganisms resistant to majority of therapeutics currently used for their treatment. Therefore, there is a constant need for development of new antimicrobial agents, as well as novel therapeutic strategies. Quinolines and quinolones, isolated from plants, animals, and microorganisms, have demonstrated numerous biological activities such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and antitumor. For more than two centuries quinoline/quinolone moiety has been used as a scaffold for drug development and even today it represents an inexhaustible inspiration for design and development of novel semi-synthetic or synthetic agents exhibiting broad spectrum of bioactivities. The structural diversity of synthetized compounds provides high and selective activity attained through different mechanisms of action, as well as low toxicity on human cells. This review describes quinoline and quinolone derivatives with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-virulent, antiviral, and anti-parasitic activities with the focus on the last 10 years literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Senerovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dejan Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Center of excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, ICTM - University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Moric
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Aleksic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marta Spasić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Vasiljevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Corral MG, Leroux J, Stubbs KA, Mylne JS. Herbicidal properties of antimalarial drugs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45871. [PMID: 28361906 PMCID: PMC5374466 DOI: 10.1038/srep45871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary relationship between plants and the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum is well established and underscored by the P. falciparum apicoplast, an essential chloroplast-like organelle. As a result of this relationship, studies have demonstrated that herbicides active against plants are also active against P. falciparum and thus could act as antimalarial drug leads. Here we show the converse is also true; many antimalarial compounds developed for human use are highly herbicidal. We found that human antimalarial drugs (e.g. sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, cycloguanil) were lethal to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana at similar concentrations to market herbicides glufosinate and glyphosate. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of these herbicidal antimalarial compounds were similar to commercially used herbicides. The implications of this finding that many antimalarial compounds are herbicidal proffers two novel applications: (i) using the genetically tractable A. thaliana to reveal mode-of-action for understudied antimalarial drugs, and (ii) co-opting antimalarial compounds as a new source for much needed herbicide lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime G Corral
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Julie Leroux
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua S Mylne
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
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11
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Mishra M, Mishra VK, Kashaw V, Iyer AK, Kashaw SK. Comprehensive review on various strategies for antimalarial drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:1300-1320. [PMID: 27886547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of malaria parasites to existing drugs carries on growing and progressively limiting our ability to manage this severe disease and finally lead to a massive global health burden. Till now, malaria control has relied upon the traditional quinoline, antifolate and artemisinin compounds. Very few new antimalarials were developed in the past 50 years. Among recent approaches, identification of novel chemotherapeutic targets, exploration of natural products with medicinal significance, covalent bitherapy having a dual mode of action into a single hybrid molecule and malaria vaccine development are explored heavily. The proper execution of these approaches and proper investment from international agencies will accelerate the discovery of drugs that provide new hope for the control or eventual eradication of this global infectious disease. This review explores various strategies for assessment and development of new antimalarial drugs. Current status and scientific value of previous approaches are systematically reviewed and new approaches provide a pragmatic forecast for future developments are introduced as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India
| | - Vikash K Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India
| | - Varsha Kashaw
- SVN Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SVN University, Sagar, MP, India
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India; Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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12
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Hussain AI, Chatha SAS, Kamal GM, Ali MA, Hanif MA, Lazhari MI. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and extracts from Ocimum sanctum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1214145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Ekengard E, Kumar K, Fogeron T, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Haukka M, Monari M, Nordlander E. Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-rhodium and iridium complexes containing (N^N and N^O) bound chloroquine analogue ligands: synthesis, characterization and antimalarial properties. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3905-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03739e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium and iridium cyclopentadienyl complexes have been examined for anti-malarial activity. Three rhodium complexes are especially active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ekengard
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Chemical Physics
- Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
| | - Kamlesh Kumar
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Chemical Physics
- Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
| | - Thibault Fogeron
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Chemical Physics
- Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town Medical School
- Observatory 7925
- South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town Medical School
- Observatory 7925
- South Africa
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Jyväskylä
- Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Magda Monari
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group
- Chemical Physics
- Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund
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14
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Schnermann MJ, Shenvi RA. Syntheses and biological studies of marine terpenoids derived from inorganic cyanide. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:543-77. [PMID: 25514696 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00109e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanoterpenes (ICTs) are marine natural products biosynthesized through an unusual pathway that adorns terpene scaffolds with nitrogenous functionality derived from cyanide. The appendage of nitrogen functional groups - isonitriles in particular - onto stereochemically-rich carbocyclic ring systems provides enigmatic, bioactive molecules that have required innovative chemical syntheses. This review discusses the challenges inherent to the synthesis of this diverse family and details the development of the field. We also present recent progress in isolation and discuss key aspects of the remarkable biological activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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15
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Singla P, Luxami V, Paul K. Triazine as a promising scaffold for its versatile biological behavior. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:39-57. [PMID: 26241876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among all heterocycles, the triazine scaffold occupies a prominent position, possessing a broad range of biological activities. Triazine is found in many potent biologically active molecules with promising biological potential like anti-inflammatory, anti-mycobacterial, anti-viral, anti-cancer etc. which makes it an attractive scaffold for the design and development of new drugs. The wide spectrum of biological activity of this moiety has attracted attention in the field of medicinal chemistry. Due to these biological activities, their structure-activity relationship has generated interest among medicinal chemists and this has culminated in the discovery of several lead molecules. The outstanding development of triazine derivatives in diverse diseases within very short span of time proves its magnitude for medicinal chemistry research. Therefore, these compounds have been synthesized as target structure by many researchers, and were further evaluated for their biological activities. In this review, we have compiled and discussed the biological potential of s-triazine derivatives, which could provide a low-height flying bird's eye view of the triazine derived compounds to a medicinal chemist, for a comprehensive and target oriented information for the development of clinically viable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinka Singla
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India.
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16
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Nikolić S, Opsenica DM, Filipović V, Dojčinović B, Aranđelović S, Radulović S, Grgurić-Šipka S. Strong in Vitro Cytotoxic Potential of New Ruthenium–Cymene Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nikolić
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan M. Opsenica
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk Filipović
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Aranđelović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Radulović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Grgurić-Šipka
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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17
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Rodrigues CAB, Frade RFM, Albuquerque IS, Perry MJ, Gut J, Machado M, Rosenthal PJ, Prudêncio M, Afonso CAM, Moreira R. Targeting the Erythrocytic and Liver Stages of Malaria Parasites withs-Triazine-Based Hybrids. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:883-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Raj R, Land KM, Kumar V. 4-Aminoquinoline-hybridization en route towards the development of rationally designed antimalarial agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16361g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in 4-aminoquinoline-hybridization, as an attractive strategy for averting and delaying the drug resistance along with improvement in efficacy of new antimalarials, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Raj
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of the Pacific
- Stockton
- USA
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
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19
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Sandlin RD, Fong KY, Wicht KJ, Carrell HM, Egan TJ, Wright DW. Identification of β-hematin inhibitors in a high-throughput screening effort reveals scaffolds with in vitro antimalarial activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2014; 4:316-25. [PMID: 25516843 PMCID: PMC4266794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hemozoin formation is a prime drug target pathway to probe for new lead compounds. We examined the VICB library of compounds for in vitro β-hematin inhibition. β-Hematin inhibitors were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity in two P. falciparum strains. Chemical scaffolds with target-specific and in vitro antimalarial activity were identified.
The emergence of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium spp. creates a critical need for the development of novel antimalarials. Formation of hemozoin, a crystalline heme detoxification process vital to parasite survival serves as an important drug target. The quinoline antimalarials including chloroquine and amodiaquine owe their antimalarial activity to inhibition of hemozoin formation. Though in vivo formation of hemozoin occurs within the presence of neutral lipids, the lipophilic detergent NP-40 was previously shown to serve as a surrogate in the β-hematin (synthetic hemozoin) formation process. Consequently, an NP-40 mediated β-hematin formation assay was developed for use in high-throughput screening. Here, the assay was utilized to screen 144,330 compounds for the identification of inhibitors of crystallization, resulting in 530 hits. To establish the effectiveness of these target-based β-hematin inhibitors against Plasmodiumfalciparum, each hit was further tested in cultures of parasitized red blood cells. This effort revealed that 171 of the β-hematin inhibitors are also active against the parasite. Dose–response data identified 73 of these β-hematin inhibitors have IC50 values ⩽5 μM, including 25 compounds with nanomolar activity against P. falciparum. A scaffold-based analysis of this data identified 14 primary scaffolds that represent 46% of the 530 total hits. Representative compounds from each of the classes were further assessed for hemozoin inhibitory activity in P. falciparum infected human erythrocytes. Each of the hit compounds tested were found to be positive inhibitors, while a negative control did not perturb this biological pathway in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Sandlin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kim Y Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kathryn J Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Holly M Carrell
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - David W Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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20
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Singh P, Raj R, Singh P, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Kumar V. Urea/oxalamide tethered β-lactam-7-chloroquinoline conjugates: Synthesis and in vitro antimalarial evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 71:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Stringer T, Taylor D, de Kock C, Guzgay H, Au A, An SH, Sanchez B, O'Connor R, Patel N, Land KM, Smith PJ, Hendricks DT, Egan TJ, Smith GS. Synthesis, characterization, antiparasitic and cytotoxic evaluation of thioureas conjugated to polyamine scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Robert A, Dechy-Cabaret O, Cazelles JÉRǑM, Benoit-Vical F, Meunier B. Recent Advances in Malaria Chemotherapy. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Chellan P, Land KM, Shokar A, Au A, An SH, Taylor D, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Smith GS. Di- and Trinuclear Ruthenium-, Rhodium-, and Iridium-Functionalized Pyridyl Aromatic Ethers: A New Class of Antiparasitic Agents. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400493k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town,
Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Ajit Shokar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Aaron Au
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Seung Hwan An
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Dale Taylor
- Division of Pharmacology, Department
of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45,
OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department
of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45,
OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town,
Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and
Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town,
Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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24
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Handa S, Ramamoorthy D, Spradling TJ, Guida WC, Adams JH, Bendinskas KG, Merkler DJ. Production of recombinant 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase from Plasmodium vivax in Escherichia coli. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:124-9. [PMID: 23772383 PMCID: PMC3668541 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanity is burdened by malaria as millions are infected with this disease. Although advancements have been made in the treatment of malaria, optimism regarding our fight against malaria must be tempered against the problem of drug resistance in the Plasmodium parasites causing malaria. New targets are required to overcome the resistance problem. The enzymes of the mevalonate-independent pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis are targets for the development of novel antimalarial drugs. One enzyme in this pathway, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), catalyzes the conversion of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate to isopentenylpyrophosphate and dimethylallyl phosphate. We demonstrate the use of a step deletion method to identify and eliminate the putative nuclear-encoded and transit peptides from full length DXS to yield a truncated, active, and soluble form of Plasmodium vivax DXS, the DXS catalytic core (DXScc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Handa
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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25
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Gambino D, Otero L. Perspectives on what ruthenium-based compounds could offer in the development of potential antiparasitic drugs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Synthesis, antimalarial-, and antibacterial activity evaluation of some new 4-aminoquinoline derivatives. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Solomon VR, Haq W, Srivastava K, Puri SK, Katti SB. Design and synthesis of 3-[(7-chloro-1-oxidoquinolin-4-ylamino)alkyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones as antimalarial agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:1048-53. [PMID: 22957722 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.710848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of quinoline analogs have been synthesized and found active against P. falciparum in vitro and P. yoelli in vivo. Compounds 8, 10 and 11 exhibited superior in vitro activity compared to chloroquine. Selected compounds 8, 10 and 11 exhibited significant suppression of parasitaemia in vivo assay. These analogs form a complex with hematin and inhibit the β-hematin formation, suggesting that this class of compounds act on a heme polymerization target. Further this study confirms that quinoline ring nitrogen is essential for both transportation of the molecule across the membrane as well as for tight binding to hematin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Raja Solomon
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
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28
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Chellan P, Land KM, Shokar A, Au A, An SH, Clavel CM, Dyson PJ, Kock CD, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Smith GS. Exploring the Versatility of Cycloplatinated Thiosemicarbazones as Antitumor and Antiparasitic Agents. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300334z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Ajit Shokar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Aaron Au
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Seung Hwan An
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Catherine M. Clavel
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital,
Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital,
Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch
7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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29
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Solomon VR, Haq W, Srivastava K, Puri SK, Katti SB. Design, synthesis of 4-aminoquinoline-derived thiazolidines and their antimalarial activity and heme polymerization inhibition studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:619-26. [PMID: 22432870 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.666537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the synthesis of a series of new 4-aminoquinoline-derived thiazolidines and evaluation of their antimalarial activity against a NF-54 strain of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and N-67 strain of Plasmodium yoelii in vivo. Among the series, two compounds, 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid [2-(7-chloro-quinolin-4-ylamino)-ethyl]-amide hydrochloride (14) and 2-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid [2-(7-chloro-quinolin-4-ylamino)-ethyl]-amide hydrochloride (22) exhibited significant suppression of parasitaemia in the in vivo assay. All the analogues were found to form strong complex with haematin and inhibited the β-haematin formation in vitro. These results suggest that these compounds act on heme polymerization target.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Raja Solomon
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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30
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Glans L, Ehnbom A, de Kock C, Martínez A, Estrada J, Smith PJ, Haukka M, Sánchez-Delgado RA, Nordlander E. Ruthenium(II) arene complexes with chelating chloroquine analogue ligands: synthesis, characterization and in vitro antimalarial activity. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:2764-73. [PMID: 22249579 PMCID: PMC3303165 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12083f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Three new ruthenium complexes with bidentate chloroquine analogue ligands, [Ru(η(6)-cym)(L(1))Cl]Cl (1, cym = p-cymene, L(1) = N-(2-((pyridin-2-yl)methylamino)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amine), [Ru(η(6)-cym)(L(2))Cl]Cl (2, L(2) = N-(2-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methylamino)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amine) and [Ru(η(6)-cym)(L(3))Cl] (3, L(3) = N-(2-((2-hydroxyphenyl)methylimino)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amine) have been synthesized and characterized. In addition, the X-ray crystal structure of 2 is reported. The antimalarial activity of complexes 1-3 and ligands L(1), L(2) and L(3), as well as the compound N-(2-(bis((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)amino)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amine (L(4)), against chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria strains was evaluated. While 1 and 2 are less active than the corresponding ligands, 3 exhibits high antimalarial activity. The chloroquine analogue L(2) also shows good activity against both the chloroquine sensitive and the chloroquine resistant strains. Heme aggregation inhibition activity (HAIA) at an aqueous buffer/n-octanol interface (HAIR(50)) and lipophilicity (D, as measured by water/n-octanol distribution coefficients) have been measured for all ligands and metal complexes. A direct correlation between the D and HAIR(50) properties cannot be made because of the relative structural diversity of the complexes, but it may be noted that these properties are enhanced upon complexation of the inactive ligand L(3) to ruthenium, to give a metal complex (3) with promising antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Glans
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group, Chemical Physics, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ehnbom
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group, Chemical Physics, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Alberto Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, U.S.A
| | - Jesús Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, U.S.A
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Roberto A. Sánchez-Delgado
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, U.S.A
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group, Chemical Physics, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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31
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Glans L, Taylor D, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Haukka M, Moss JR, Nordlander E. Synthesis, characterization and antimalarial activity of new chromium arene–quinoline half sandwich complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:985-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Use of the NP-40 detergent-mediated assay in discovery of inhibitors of beta-hematin crystallization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3363-9. [PMID: 21518844 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00121-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite responsible for malaria affects over 500 million people each year. Current antimalarials have experienced decreased efficacy due to the development of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium spp., resulting in a critical need for the discovery of new antimalarials. Hemozoin, a crystalline by-product of heme detoxification that is necessary for parasite survival, serves as an important drug target. The quinoline antimalarials, including amodiaquine and chloroquine, act by inhibiting the formation of hemozoin. The formation of this crystal does not occur spontaneously, and recent evidence suggests crystallization occurs in the presence of neutral lipid particles located in the acidic digestive vacuole of the parasite. To mimic these conditions, the lipophilic detergent NP-40 has previously been shown to successfully mediate the formation of β-hematin, synthetic hemozoin. Here, an NP-40 detergent-based assay was successfully adapted for use as a high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors of β-hematin formation. The resulting assay exhibited a favorable Z' of 0.82 and maximal drift of less than 4%. The assay was used in a pilot screen of 38,400 diverse compounds at a screening concentration of 19.3 μM, resulting in the identification of 161 previously unreported β-hematin inhibitors. Of these, 48 also exhibited ≥ 90% inhibition of parasitemia in a Plasmodium falciparum whole-cell assay at a screening concentration of 23 μM. Eight of these compounds were identified to have nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentration values near that of chloroquine in this assay.
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33
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Guillon J, Mouray E, Moreau S, Mullié C, Forfar I, Desplat V, Belisle-Fabre S, Pinaud N, Ravanello F, Le-Naour A, Léger JM, Gosmann G, Jarry C, Déléris G, Sonnet P, Grellier P. New ferrocenic pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives: synthesis, and in vitro antimalarial activity--Part II. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2310-26. [PMID: 21458112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Following our search for antimalarial compounds, novel series of ferrocenyl-substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines 1-2 were synthesized from ferrocene-carboxaldehyde and tested for their in vitro activity upon the erythrocytic development of Plasmodium falciparum strains with different chloroquine-resistance status. The ferrocenic pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines 1-2 were prepared in 6 or 9 steps through a Barton-Zard reaction. Promising pharmacological results against FcB1, K1 and F32 strains were obtained with ferrocenyl pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines 1j-l linked by a bis-(3-aminopropyl)piperazine linker substituted by a nitrobenzyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guillon
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Pharmacochimie, CNRS, Pharmacochimie, FRE 3396, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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34
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Solomon VR, Haq W, Smilkstein M, Srivastava K, Puri SK, Katti SB. 4-Aminoquinoline derived antimalarials: synthesis, antiplasmodial activity and heme polymerization inhibition studies. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4990-6. [PMID: 20805010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 4-aminoquinoline derivatives have been synthesized and found to be active against both susceptible and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Compound 1-[3-(7-chloro-quinolin-4-ylamino)-propyl]-3-cyclopropyl-thiourea (7) exhibited superior in vitro activity against resistant strains of P. falciparum as compared to chloroquine (CQ). All the compounds showed resistance factor between 0.59 and 4.31 as against 5.05 for CQ. Spectroscopic studies suggested that this class of compounds act on heme polymerization target.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Solomon
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, MG Road, Lucknow 226 001, India
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35
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36
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Acharya BN, Saraswat D, Tiwari M, Shrivastava AK, Ghorpade R, Bapna S, Kaushik MP. Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of 1, 3, 5-trisubstituted pyrazolines. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Manohar S, Khan SI, Rawat DS. Synthesis, antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of 4-aminoquinoline–triazine conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:322-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Guetzoyan L, Yu XM, Ramiandrasoa F, Pethe S, Rogier C, Pradines B, Cresteil T, Perrée-Fauvet M, Mahy JP. Antimalarial acridines: synthesis, in vitro activity against P. falciparum and interaction with hematin. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:8032-9. [PMID: 19879150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of acridine derivatives were synthesised and their in vitro antimalarial activity was evaluated against one chloroquine-susceptible strain (3D7) and three chloroquine-resistant strains (W2, Bre1 and FCR3) of Plasmodium falciparum. Structure-activity relationship showed that two positives charges as well as 6-chloro and 2-methoxy substituents on the acridine ring were required to exert a good antimalarial activity. The best compounds possessing these features inhibited the growth of the chloroquine-susceptible strain with an IC(50)0.07 microM, close to that of chloroquine itself, and that of the three chloroquine-resistant strains better than chloroquine with IC(50)0.3 microM. These acridine derivatives inhibited the formation of beta-hematin, suggesting that, like CQ, they act on the haem crystallization process. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity was also evaluated upon human KB cells, which showed that one of them 9-(6-ammonioethylamino)-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridinium dichloride 1 displayed a promising antimalarial activity in vitro with a quite good selectivity index versus mammalian cell on the CQ-susceptible strain and promising selectivity on other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Guetzoyan
- Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Bât. 420, CNRS UMR 8182, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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39
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Martínez A, Rajapakse CSK, Jalloh D, Dautriche C, Sánchez-Delgado RA. The antimalarial activity of Ru-chloroquine complexes against resistant Plasmodium falciparum is related to lipophilicity, basicity, and heme aggregation inhibition ability near water/n-octanol interfaces. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:863-71. [PMID: 19343380 PMCID: PMC3378400 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have measured water/n-octanol partition coefficients, pK(a) values, heme binding constants, and heme aggregation inhibition activity of a series of ruthenium-pi-arene-chloroquine (CQ) complexes recently reported to be active against CQ-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Measurements of heme aggregation inhibition activity of the metal complexes near water/n-octanol interfaces qualitatively predict their superior antiplasmodial action against resistant parasites, in relation to CQ; we conclude that this modified method may be a better predictor of antimalarial potency than standard tests in aqueous acidic buffer. Some interesting tendencies emerge from our data, indicating that the antiplasmodial activity is related to a balance of effects associated with the lipophilicity, basicity, and structural details of the compounds studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martínez
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Chandima S. K. Rajapakse
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Dalanda Jalloh
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Cula Dautriche
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Roberto A. Sánchez-Delgado
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
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Webster GT, McNaughton D, Wood BR. Aggregated Enhanced Raman Scattering in Fe(III)PPIX Solutions: The Effects of Concentration and Chloroquine on Excitonic Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6910-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant T. Webster
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Don McNaughton
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bayden R. Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Acharya BN, Saraswat D, Kaushik MP. Pharmacophore based discovery of potential antimalarial agent targeting haem detoxification pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2840-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Guillon J, Moreau S, Mouray E, Sinou V, Forfar I, Fabre SB, Desplat V, Millet P, Parzy D, Jarry C, Grellier P. New ferrocenic pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives: synthesis, and in vitro antimalarial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9133-44. [PMID: 18819813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following our search for antimalarial compounds, novel series of ferrocenic pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives 1-2 were synthesized from various substituted nitroanilines and tested for in vitro activity upon the erythrocytic development of Plasmodiumfalciparum strains with different chloroquine-resistance status. The pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines 1 were prepared in 6-8 steps through a regioselective palladium-catalyzed monoamination by coupling 4-chloropyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines with 1,3-bis(aminopropyl)piperazine or -methylamine using Xantphos as the ligand. The ferrocenic bispyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines 2 were prepared by reductive amination of previously described bispyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines 9 with ferrocene-carboxaldehyde, by treatment with NaHB(OAc)(3). The best results were observed with ferrocenic pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines linked by a bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine. Moreover, it was observed that a methoxy group on the pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline nucleus and no substitution on the terminal N-ferrocenylmethylamine function enhanced the pharmacological activity. Selected compounds 1b, 1f-h, 1l and 2a were tested for their ability to inhibit beta-haematin formation, the synthetic equivalent of hemozoin, by using the HPIA (heme polymerization inhibitory activity) assay. Of the tested compounds, only 2a showed a beta-haematin formation inhibition, but no inhibition of haem polymerization was observed with the other selected ferrocenic monopyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives 1b, 1f-h and 1l, as the IC(50) values were superior to 10 equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guillon
- EA 4138-Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Opsenica I, Opsenica D, Lanteri CA, Anova L, Milhous WK, Smith KS, Šolaja BA. New Chimeric Antimalarials with 4-Aminoquinoline Moiety Linked to a Tetraoxane Skeleton. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6216-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8006905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20910, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20910, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Charlotte Anne Lanteri
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20910, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lalaine Anova
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20910, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wilbur K. Milhous
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20910, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kirsten S. Smith
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20910, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bogdan A. Šolaja
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20910, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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Solaja BA, Opsenica D, Smith KS, Milhous WK, Terzić N, Opsenica I, Burnett JC, Nuss J, Gussio R, Bavari S. Novel 4-aminoquinolines active against chloroquine-resistant and sensitive P. falciparum strains that also inhibit botulinum serotype A. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4388-91. [PMID: 18637666 DOI: 10.1021/jm800737y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the initial result of the coupling of 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline with steroidal and adamantane constituents to provide small molecules with excellent in vitro antimalarial activities (IC90 (W2) down to 6.74 nM). The same entities also inhibit the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain metalloprotease at low micromolar levels (7-31 microM). Interestingly, structural features imparting increased antimalarial activity also provide increased metalloprotease inhibition, thus allowing for simultaneous compound optimizations against distinct targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan A Solaja
- Faculty of Chemistry, UniVersity of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Martínez A, Rajapakse CSK, Naoulou B, Kopkalli Y, Davenport L, Sánchez-Delgado RA. The mechanism of antimalarial action of the ruthenium(II)-chloroquine complex [RuCl(2)(CQ)] (2). J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 13:703-12. [PMID: 18305967 PMCID: PMC2409194 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of antimalarial action of the ruthenium-chloroquine complex [RuCl(2)(CQ)](2) (1), previously shown by us to be active in vitro against CQ-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo against P. berghei, has been investigated. The complex is rapidly hydrolyzed in aqueous solution to [RuCl(OH(2))(3)(CQ)](2)[Cl](2), which is probably the active species. This compound binds to hematin in solution and inhibits aggregation to beta-hematin at pH approximately 5 to a slightly lower extent than chloroquine diphosphate; more importantly, the heme aggregation inhibition activity of complex 1 is significantly higher than that of CQ when measured at the interface of n-octanol-aqueous acetate buffer mixtures under acidic conditions modeling the food vacuole of the parasite. Partition coefficient measurements confirmed that complex 1 is considerably more lipophilic than CQ in n-octanol-water mixtures at pH approximately 5. This suggests that the principal target of complex 1 is the heme aggregation process, which has recently been reported to be fast and spontaneous at or near water-lipid interfaces. The enhanced antimalarial activity of complex 1 is thus probably due to a higher effective concentration of the drug at or near the interface compared with that of CQ, which accumulates strongly in the aqueous regions of the vacuole under those conditions. Furthermore, the activity of complex 1 against CQ-resistant strains of P. falciparum is probably related to its greater lipophilicity, in line with previous reports indicating a lowered ability of the mutated transmembrane transporter PfCRT to promote the efflux of highly lipophilic drugs. The metal complex also interacts with DNA by intercalation, to a comparable extent and in a similar manner to uncomplexed CQ and therefore DNA binding does not appear to be an important part of the mechanism of antimalarial action in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martínez
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
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Webster GT, Tilley L, Deed S, McNaughton D, Wood BR. Resonance Raman spectroscopy can detect structural changes in haemozoin (malaria pigment) following incubation with chloroquine in infected erythrocytes. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1087-92. [PMID: 18325340 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy was applied to monitor the effects of chloroquine (CQ) treatment on cultures of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites. A number of bands assigned to A(1g) and B(1g) modes characteristic of the haemozoin aggregate are reduced in intensity in the CQ-treated cells, however, no bands from the CQ are observed. The intensity changes are attributed to intermolecular drug binding of the CQ in a sandwich type complex between ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FePPIX) dimer units. It is postulated that the CQ binds via pi-pi interactions between adjacent and orientated porphyrins thereby disrupting the haemozoin aggregate and reducing excitonic interactions between adjacent haems. The results show the potential of Raman microscopy as a screening tool for FePPIX:drug interactions in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant T Webster
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia
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Narayan Acharya B, Thavaselvam D, Parshad Kaushik M. Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of novel pyridine quinoline hybrids. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Dell'Agli M, Galli GV, Parapini S, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Said A, Rashed K, Bosisio E. Anti-plasmodial activity of Ailanthus excelsa. Fitoterapia 2008; 79:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Osorio EJ, Robledo SM, Bastida J. Alkaloids with antiprotozoal activity. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2008; 66:113-90. [PMID: 19025098 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(08)00202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edison J Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Química-Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A. A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia.
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