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van der Feen FE, de Haan GA, van der Lijn I, Heersema DJ, Meilof JF, Heutink J. Neurovisual rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: Why a close integration of low-vision rehabilitation and neuropsychological rehabilitation may be effective for visual complaints. Clin Rehabil 2024; 38:393-402. [PMID: 37921016 PMCID: PMC10829419 DOI: 10.1177/02692155231210968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) is often affected by visual complaints. A previous study suggested that visual complaints are not likely to be related to specific visual functions, but by a global decline of cognitive and visual functioning. In this study, we further explore this hypothesis, by investigating the relation between visual functions and global cognitive functioning, aiming to provide recommendations for rehabilitation for visual complaints. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING A rehabilitation centre for partially sighted and blind people and a MS centre at a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS 102 people with MS. MAIN MEASURE Correlations between assessments of visual functions (acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, smooth pursuit and saccades) and composite scores of a neuropsychological assessment (tests with a visual component and without a visual component). RESULTS All composite scores correlated with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and the sensitivity of the monocular field, but not with smooth pursuit and saccades. Similar patterns were found in various subgroups. Results showed that visual functions that related to visual complaints correlated with a diffuse decline of global cognitive functioning and that visual and cognitive functioning may decline concurrently in people with MS. CONCLUSIONS Visual complaints may occur as a result of a diffuse decline of the integrity of a cerebral network involved in vision and cognition. People with MS with visual complaints may benefit from neurovisual rehabilitation, in which low-vision rehabilitation and neuropsychological rehabilitation are closely intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
- FE van der Feen
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Royal Dutch Visio, Centre of Expertise for Blind and Partially Sighted People, Huizen, The Netherlands
| | - GA de Haan
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Royal Dutch Visio, Centre of Expertise for Blind and Partially Sighted People, Huizen, The Netherlands
| | - I van der Lijn
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Royal Dutch Visio, Centre of Expertise for Blind and Partially Sighted People, Huizen, The Netherlands
| | - DJ Heersema
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- MS Centrum Noord Nederland, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - JF Meilof
- MS Centrum Noord Nederland, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Martini Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Heutink
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Royal Dutch Visio, Centre of Expertise for Blind and Partially Sighted People, Huizen, The Netherlands
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Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, de Hoz R, Salas M, Sánchez-Puebla L, Ramírez-Toraño F, Matamoros JA, Fernández-Albarral JA, Rojas P, Alfonsín S, Delgado-Losada ML, Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ, Maestu F, Gil P, Ramírez JM, Salobrar-García E. Alzheimer's disease: a continuum with visual involvements. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1124830. [PMID: 37484098 PMCID: PMC10359162 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1124830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting the central nervous system, and alteration of several visual structures has been reported. Structural retinal changes are usually accompanied by changes in visual function in this disease. The aim of this study was to analyse the differences in visual function at different stages of the pathology (family history group (FH+), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild AD and moderate AD) in comparison with a control group of subjects with no cognitive decline and no family history of AD. Methods We included 53 controls, 13 subjects with FH+, 23 patients with MCI, 25 patients with mild AD and, 21 patients with moderate AD. All were ophthalmologically healthy. Visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), colour perception, visual integration, and fundus examination were performed. Results The analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in VA, CS and visual integration score between the MCI, mild AD and moderate AD groups compared to the control group. In the CS higher frequencies and in the colour perception test (total errors number), statistically significant differences were also observed in the MCI, mild AD and moderate AD groups with respect to the FH+ group and also between the control and AD groups. The FH+ group showed no statistically significant difference in visual functions compared to the control group. All the test correlated with the Mini Mental State Examination score and showed good predictive value when memory decline was present, with better values when AD was at a more advanced stage. Conclusion Alterations in visual function appear in subjects with MCI and evolve when AD is established, being stable in the initial stages of the disease (mild AD and moderate AD). Therefore, visual psychophysical tests are a useful, simple and complementary tool to neuropsychological tests to facilitate diagnosis in the preclinical and early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Salas
- Memory Unit, Geriatrics Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Ramírez-Toraño
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech and Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Rojas
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Madrid Eye Institute, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soraya Alfonsín
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech and Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - María Luisa Delgado-Losada
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech and Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestu
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech and Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil
- Memory Unit, Geriatrics Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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T. P, V. S. Identification of Alzheimer's Disease by Imaging: A Comprehensive Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1273. [PMID: 36674027 PMCID: PMC9858674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, there is more concern for Alzheimer's disease (AD) by public health professionals due to its catastrophic effects on the elderly. Early detection of this disease helps in starting the therapy soon and slows down the progression of the disease. Imaging techniques are considered to be the best solutions for its detection. Brain imaging was initially used to diagnose AD. Different techniques for identifying protein accumulation in the nervous system, a sign of Alzheimer's disease, are identified by MRI imaging. Although they were initially attributed to cortical dysfunction, visual system impairments in Alzheimer's patients were also found in the early 1970s. Several non-invasive approaches reported for screening, prevention, and therapy were unsuccessful. It is vitally necessary to develop new diagnostic methods in order to accurately identify patients who are in the early stages of this disease. It would be wonderful to have a quick, non-invasive, affordable, and easily scalable Alzheimer's disease screening. Researchers may be able to identify biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and understand more about its aetiology with imaging and data processing. This study clarifies the need for medical image processing and analysis strategies which aid in the non-invasive diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasath T.
- School of Electrical Engineering, VIT Chennai, Chennai 600127, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumathi V.
- Centre for Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT Chennai, Chennai 600127, Tamil Nadu, India
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Logan AJ, Gordon GE, Loffler G. Healthy aging impairs face discrimination ability. J Vis 2022; 22:1. [PMID: 35913420 PMCID: PMC9351597 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.9.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Face images enable individual identities to be discriminated from one another. We aimed to quantify age-related changes in different aspects of face identity discrimination. Face discrimination sensitivity was measured with a memory-free “odd-one-out” task. Five age groups (N = 15) of healthy adults with normal vision were tested: 20, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89. Sensitivity was measured for full-face images (all features visible), external features (head-shape, hairline), internal features (nose, mouth, eyes, and eyebrows) and closed-contour shapes (control object). Sensitivity to full-faces continuously declined by approximately 13% per decade, after 50 years of age. When age-related differences in visual acuity were controlled, the effect of age on face discrimination sensitivity remained. Sensitivity to face features also deteriorated with age. Although the effect for external features was similar to full-faces, the rate of decline was considerably steeper (approximately 3.7 times) for internal, relative to external, features. In contrast, there was no effect of age on sensitivity to shapes. All age groups demonstrated the same overall pattern of sensitivity to different types of face information. Healthy aging was associated with a continuous decline in sensitivity to both full-faces and face features, although encoding of internal features was disproportionately impaired. This age-related deficit was independent of differences in low-level vision. That sensitivity to shapes was unaffected by age suggests these results cannot be explained by general cognitive decline or lower-level visual deficits. Instead, healthy aging is associated with a specific decline in the mechanisms that underlie face discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Logan
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,
| | - Gael E Gordon
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,
| | - Gunter Loffler
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,
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Yan X, Goffaux V, Rossion B. Coarse-to-Fine(r) Automatic Familiar Face Recognition in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1560-1573. [PMID: 34505130 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At what level of spatial resolution can the human brain recognize a familiar face in a crowd of strangers? Does it depend on whether one approaches or rather moves back from the crowd? To answer these questions, 16 observers viewed different unsegmented images of unfamiliar faces alternating at 6 Hz, with spatial frequency (SF) content progressively increasing (i.e., coarse-to-fine) or decreasing (fine-to-coarse) in different sequences. Variable natural images of celebrity faces every sixth stimulus generated an objective neural index of single-glanced automatic familiar face recognition (FFR) at 1 Hz in participants' electroencephalogram (EEG). For blurry images increasing in spatial resolution, the neural FFR response over occipitotemporal regions emerged abruptly with additional cues at about 6.3-8.7 cycles/head width, immediately reaching amplitude saturation. When the same images progressively decreased in resolution, the FFR response disappeared already below 12 cycles/head width, thus providing no support for a predictive coding hypothesis. Overall, these observations indicate that rapid automatic recognition of heterogenous natural views of familiar faces is achieved from coarser visual inputs than generally thought, and support a coarse-to-fine FFR dynamics in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France.,Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Valérie Goffaux
- Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229, the Netherlands.,Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France.,Institute of Research in Psychology (IPSY), University of Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve 1348, Belgium.,Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, 54000 Nancy, France
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6
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Boutet I, Meinhardt-Injac B. Measurement of individual differences in face-identity processing abilities in older adults. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:48. [PMID: 34275050 PMCID: PMC8286909 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Face-identity processing declines with age. Few studies have examined whether face-identity processing abilities can be measured independently from general cognitive abilities in older adults (OA). This question has practical implications for the assessment of face-identity processing abilities in OA and theoretical implications for the notion of face processing as a specific ability. The present study examined the specificity of face memory and face matching abilities in OA aged 50 + . METHODS Performance of younger adults (YA) and OA was measured on face tasks: Cambridge Face Memory Task (CFMT), the Glasgow Face Matching Task (GFMT), holistic processing; and tasks of general cognition: fluid intelligence, selective attention, and mental rotation. Data were analyzed using multiple regression models encompassing (i) the CFMT/GFMT and measures of general cognition; and (ii) all face processing tasks. RESULTS Across the two age groups, models encompassing all face tasks were significant and accounted for more variance in the data than models encompassing the CFMT/GFMT and measures of general cognition. General cognitive abilities accounted for 17% of variance for the GFMT (p < 0.01) and 3% for the CFMT (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION Our results suggest that face memory can be measured independently from general cognition using the CFMT in OA. Implications for the notion of a general face processing factor across the adult lifespan are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bozana Meinhardt-Injac
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Applied Sciences Berlin (KHSB), Köpenicker Allee 39-57, 10318, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Pereira MLGDF, Camargo MVZDA, Bellan AFR, Tahira AC, Dos Santos B, Dos Santos J, Machado-Lima A, Nunes FLS, Forlenza OV. Visual Search Efficiency in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: An Eye Movement Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:261-275. [PMID: 32250291 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual search abilities are essential to everyday life activities and are known to be affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about visual search efficiency in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a transitive state between normal aging and dementia. Eye movement studies and machine learning methods have been recently used to detect oculomotor impairments in individuals with dementia. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to investigate the association between eye movement metrics and visual search impairment in MCI and AD. METHODS 127 participants were tested: 43 healthy controls, 51 with MCI, and 33 with AD. They completed an eyetracking visual search task where they had to find a previously seen target stimulus among distractors. RESULTS Both patient groups made more fixations on the screen when searching for a target, with longer duration than controls. MCI and AD fixated the distractors more often and for a longer period of time than the target. Healthy controls were quicker and made less fixations when scanning the stimuli for the first time. Machine-learning methods were able to distinguish between controls and AD subjects and to identify MCI subjects with a similar oculomotor profile to AD with a good accuracy. CONCLUSION Results showed that eye movement metrics are useful for identifying visual search impairments in MCI and AD, with possible implications in the early identification of individuals with high-risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina von Zuben de Arruda Camargo
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariella Fornachari Ribeiro Bellan
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Tahira
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,LIM-23, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Aplicações de Informática em Saúde, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariane Machado-Lima
- Laboratório de Aplicações de Informática em Saúde, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fátima L S Nunes
- Laboratório de Aplicações de Informática em Saúde, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Latina V, Giacovazzo G, Cordella F, Balzamino BO, Micera A, Varano M, Marchetti C, Malerba F, Florio R, Ercole BB, La Regina F, Atlante A, Coccurello R, Di Angelantonio S, Calissano P, Amadoro G. Systemic delivery of a specific antibody targeting the pathological N-terminal truncated tau peptide reduces retinal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:38. [PMID: 33750467 PMCID: PMC7942014 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina and optic nerve are sites of extra-cerebral manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are detected in eyes from AD patients and transgenic animals in correlation with inflammation, reduction of synapses, visual deficits, loss of retinal cells and nerve fiber. However, neither the pathological relevance of other post-translational tau modifications-such as truncation with generation of toxic fragments-nor the potential neuroprotective action induced by their in vivo clearance have been investigated in the context of AD retinal degeneration. We have recently developed a monoclonal tau antibody (12A12mAb) which selectively targets the neurotoxic 20-22 kDa NH2-derived peptide generated from pathological truncation at the N-terminal domain of tau without cross-reacting with its full-length normal protein. Previous studies have shown that 12A12mAb, when intravenously (i.v.)-injected into 6-month-old Tg2576 animals, markedly improves their AD-like, behavioural and neuropathological syndrome. By taking advantage of this well-established tau-directed immunization regimen, we found that 12A12mAb administration also exerts a beneficial action on biochemical, morphological and metabolic parameters (i.e. APP/Aβ processing, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic proteins, microtubule stability, mitochondria-based energy production, neuronal death) associated with ocular injury in the AD phenotype. These findings prospect translational implications in the AD field by: (1) showing for the first time that cleavage of tau takes part in several pathological changes occurring in vivo in affected retinas and vitreous bodies and that its deleterious effects are successfully antagonized by administration of the specific 12A12mAb; (2) shedding further insights on the tight connections between neurosensory retina and brain, in particular following tau-based immunotherapy. In our view, the parallel response we detected in this preclinical animal model, both in the eye and in the hippocampus, following i.v. 12A12mAb injection opens novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for the clinical management of cerebral and extracerebral AD signs in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bijorn Omar Balzamino
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Varano
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchetti
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Malerba
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Florio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Bruni Ercole
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico La Regina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)-CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Institute for Complex System (ISC)-CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Kim NG, Lee HW. Stereoscopic Depth Perception and Visuospatial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9020157. [PMID: 33546119 PMCID: PMC7913121 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With visuospatial dysfunction emerging as a potential marker that can detect Alzheimer's disease (AD) even in its earliest stages and with disturbance in stereopsis suspected to be the prime contributor to visuospatial deficits in AD, we assessed stereoscopic abilities of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Whereas previous research assessing patients' stereoacuity has yielded mixed results, we assessed patients' capacity to process coarse disparities that can convey adequate depth information about objects in the environment. We produced two virtual cubes at two different distances from the observer by manipulating disparity type (absolute vs. relative), disparity direction (crossed vs. uncrossed) and disparity magnitude, then had participants judge the object that appeared closer to them. Two patient groups performed as well as, or even better than elderly controls, suggesting that AD patients' coarse disparity processing capacity is capable of supporting common tasks involving reaching, grasping, driving, and navigation. Results may help researchers narrow down the exact cause(s) of visuospatial deficits in AD and develop and validate measures to assess visuospatial dysfunction in clinical trials and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gyoon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-5415
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine & Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
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Visual texture agnosia influences object identification in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2020; 129:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brenowitz WD, Kaup AR, Yaffe K. Incident dementia and faster rates of cognitive decline are associated with worse multisensory function summary scores. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1384-1392. [PMID: 32657033 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We created a summary score for multiple sensory (multisensory) impairment and evaluated its association with dementia. METHODS We studied 1794 adults aged 70 to 79 who were dementia-free at enrollment and followed for up to 10 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. The multisensory function score (0 to 12 points) was based on sample quartiles of objectively measured vision, hearing, smell, and touch summed overall. Risk of incident dementia and cognitive decline (measured by two cognitive tests) associated with the score were assessed in regression models adjusting for demographics and health conditions. RESULTS Dementia risk was 2.05 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50-2.81) comparing "poor" to "good" multisensory score tertiles and 1.45 times higher comparing the "middle" to "good" tertiles (95% CI 1.09-1.91). Each point worse in the multisensory function score was associated with faster rates of cognitive decline (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Worsening multisensory function, even at mild levels, was associated with accelerated cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willa D Brenowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Allison R Kaup
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The Neurology Center of Southern California, Carlsbad, California, USA.,San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Guo J, Xu C, Ni S, Zhang S, Li Q, Zeng P, Pi G, Liu E, Sun DS, Liu Y, Wang Z, Chen H, Yang Y, Wang JZ. Elevation of pS262-Tau and Demethylated PP2A in Retina Occurs Earlier than in Hippocampus During Hyperhomocysteinemia. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:367-381. [PMID: 30775994 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is not diagnosed for many years before onset due to lack of peripherally detectable early biomarkers. Visual dysfunction is prevalent in AD patients and correlates with the severity of cognitive defects. Importantly, alterations in eyes can be non-invasively detected. To search for early biomarkers in eyes from high risk factors of AD, we injected homocysteine (Hcy) into the rats via vena caudalis for 3, 7, and 14 days, respectively, and characterized the chronological order of the AD-like pathologies appearing in retina and the hippocampus during the progression of hyperhomocysteinemia, and their correlations with cognitive impairment. We found that administration of Hcy for 14 days, but not 3 or 7 days, induced hyperhomocysteinemia, although a gradually increased blood Hcy level was detected. In retina and/or the hippocampus, significant loss of retinal ganglion cells and stenosis of retinal arteries with the AD-like tau and amyloid-β (Aβ) pathologies and memory deficit were shown only in the 14-day Hcy group. Interestingly, accumulation of Ser262 hyperphosphorylated tau (pS262-tau) but not Aβ with decreased methylation of protein phosphatase-2A catalytic subunit (M-PP2Ac) and increased de-methylated PP2Ac (DM-PP2Ac) was detected in retina of the 3-day Hcy group, in which the retinal pathologies were preceded by those of the hippocampus. These findings suggest that elevated pS262-tau and DM-PP2Ac and reduced M-PP2Ac in retina may serve as surveillance biomarkers for diagnosis of the hyperhomocysteinemia-induced AD in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shaozhou Ni
- Department of Emergency, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qihang Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Guilin Pi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Enjie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Dong-Sheng Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhouyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospital of Huang Gang City, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Haote Chen
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospital of Huang Gang City, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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13
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Boutet I, Meinhardt-Injac B. Age Differences in Face Processing: The Role of Perceptual Degradation and Holistic Processing. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:933-942. [PMID: 29373754 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We simultaneously investigated the role of three hypotheses regarding age-related differences in face processing: perceptual degradation, impaired holistic processing, and an interaction between the two. METHODS Young adults (YA) aged 20-33-year olds, middle-age adults (MA) aged 50-64-year olds, and older adults (OA) aged 65-82-year olds were tested on the context congruency paradigm, which allows measurement of face-specific holistic processing across the life span (Meinhardt-Injac, Persike & Meinhardt, 2014. Acta Psychologica, 151, 155-163). Perceptual degradation was examined by measuring performance with faces that were not filtered (FSF), with faces filtered to preserve low spatial frequencies (LSF), and with faces filtered to preserve high spatial frequencies (HSF). RESULTS We found that reducing perceptual signal strength had a greater impact on MA and OA for HSF faces, but not LSF faces. Context congruency effects were significant and of comparable magnitude across ages for FSF, LSF, and HSF faces. By using watches as control objects, we show that these holistic effects reflect face-specific mechanisms in all age groups. DISCUSSION Our results support the perceptual degradation hypothesis for faces containing only HSF and suggest that holistic processing is preserved in aging even under conditions of reduced signal strength.
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14
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Oishi Y, Imamura T, Shimomura T, Suzuki K. Vegetable Freshness Perception in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2020; 10:74-85. [PMID: 33082771 PMCID: PMC7548879 DOI: 10.1159/000508282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although various visual function deficits have been reported in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vegetable freshness perception has not been thoroughly examined. Objective To investigate vegetable freshness perception in patients with AD and DLB and to clarify the relationship between vegetable freshness perception and various visuoperceptual functions. Methods We enrolled 37 patients with probable DLB, 58 patients with probable AD, and 32 age-matched healthy controls. We assessed vegetable freshness perception and visuoperceptual functions, including vegetable brightness perception, contrast sensitivity, color perception, and stereopsis. Patients with DLB showed disproportionate deficits in vegetable freshness perception and vegetable luminance perception compared to patients with AD and controls. Analyses of the groups with higher and lower vegetable freshness perceptions revealed significant differences in contrast sensitivity and visual texture recognition. Results In the vegetable freshness test, we found significant differences among the 3 groups (F = 30.029, p < 0.0001); the extent of impairment in patients with DLB was greater than that in patients with AD. In patients with DLB, the vegetable freshness judgments were significantly correlated with texture judgment scores and contrast sensitivity. Conclusion Our findings revealed significantly impaired vegetable freshness perception in patients with DLB. Vegetable freshness perception may be related to visual texture recognition in patients with DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Oishi
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toru Imamura
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shimomura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita Prefectural Center for Rehabilitation and Psychiatric Medicine, Daisen, Japan
| | - Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Boutet I, Shah DK, Collin CA, Berti S, Persike M, Meinhardt-Injac B. Age-related changes in amplitude, latency and specialization of ERP responses to faces and watches. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 28:37-64. [PMID: 31905310 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1708253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with impairments in face recognition. While earlier research suggests that these impairments arise during memory retrieval, more recent findings suggest that earlier mechanisms, at the perceptual stage, may also be at play. However, results are often inconsistent and very few studies have included a non-face control stimulus to facilitate interpretation of results with respect to the implication of specialized face mechanisms vs. general cognitive factors. To address these issues, P100, N170 and P200 event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured during processing of faces and watches. For faces, age-related differences were found for P100, N170 and P200 ERPs. For watches, age-related differences were found for N170 and P200 ERPs. Older adults showed less selective and less lateralized N170 responses to faces, suggesting that ERPs can detect age-related de-differentiation of specialized face networks. We conclude that age-related impairments in face recognition arise in part from difficulties in the earliest perceptual stages of visual information processing. A working model is presented based on coarse-to-fine analysis of visually similar exemplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Boutet
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - D K Shah
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - C A Collin
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Berti
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
| | - M Persike
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
| | - B Meinhardt-Injac
- Catholic University of Applied Science Berlin (KHSB) , Berlin, Germany
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16
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Salobrar-García E, de Hoz R, Ramírez AI, López-Cuenca I, Rojas P, Vazirani R, Amarante C, Yubero R, Gil P, Pinazo-Durán MD, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Changes in visual function and retinal structure in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220535. [PMID: 31415594 PMCID: PMC6695171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) can cause degeneration in the retina and optic nerve either directly, as a result of amyloid beta deposits, or secondarily, as a result of the degradation of the visual cortex. These effects raise the possibility that tracking ophthalmologic changes in the retina can be used to assess neurodegeneration in AD. This study aimed to detect retinal changes and associated functional changes in three groups of patients consisting of AD patients with mild disease, AD patients with moderate disease and healthy controls by using non-invasive psychophysical ophthalmological tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS We included 39 patients with mild AD, 21 patients with moderate AD and 40 age-matched healthy controls. Both patients and controls were ophthalmologically healthy. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, colour perception, visual integration, and choroidal thicknesses were measured. In addition, OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) were applied. FINDINGS Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, colour perception, and visual integration were significantly lower in AD patients than in healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, macular thinning in the central region was significant in the mild AD patients, while macular thickening in the central region was found in the moderate AD group. The analysis of macular layers revealed significant thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer, the ganglion cell layer and the outer plexiform layer in AD patients relative to controls. Conversely, significant thickening was observed in the outer nuclear layer of the patients. However, mild AD was associated with significant thinning of the subfovea and the nasal and inferior sectors of the choroid. Significant superonasal and inferotemporal peripapillary thinning was observed in patients with moderate disease. CONCLUSIONS The first changes in the mild AD patients appear in the psychophysical tests and in the central macula with a decrease in the central retinal thickness. When there was a disease progression to moderate AD, psychophysical tests remained stable with respect to the decrease in mild AD, but significant thinning in the peripapillary retina and thickening in the central retina appeared. The presence of AD is best indicated based on contrast sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ravi Vazirani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Amarante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Yubero
- Unidad de Memoria, Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil
- Unidad de Memoria, Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María D. Pinazo-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Oftalmológica «Santiago Grisolia»/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
- Grupo de Oftalmobiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Boutet I, Dawod K, Chiasson F, Brown O, Collin C. Perceptual Similarity Can Drive Age-Related Elevation of False Recognition. Front Psychol 2019; 10:743. [PMID: 31143137 PMCID: PMC6520656 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults consistently show elevated rates of false recognition of new items that are related to studied items. This finding has been largely attributed to a greater tendency for older adults to rely on conceptual gist during memory recognition tasks. However, perceptual factors may also be implicated considering that related items are not only conceptually but also perceptually similar. While some findings do suggest that age-related increases in false recognitions can be driven by perceptual factors, little is known about the nature and circumstances under which these factors operate. To address this gap, we measured basic visual ability as well as false recognition for four different image categories (upright faces, inverted faces, chairs, houses) in younger (n = 34) and older (n = 34) adults. Each image category represented different levels of variability in perceptual similarity and pre-experimental exposure. Perceptual similarity was objectively defined on the basis of the low-level properties of the images. We found evidence that perceptual similarity can contribute to elevated rates of false recognition in older adults. Our results also suggest that declines in basic visual abilities influence elevated false recognition in older adults for perceptually similar but not perceptually dissimilar items. We conclude that both perceptual and conceptual similarity can drive age-related differences in false recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boutet
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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18
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Guarino A, Favieri F, Boncompagni I, Agostini F, Cantone M, Casagrande M. Executive Functions in Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:437. [PMID: 30697157 PMCID: PMC6341024 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a severe irreversible syndrome, characterized by a slow and progressive cognitive decline that interferes with the standard instrumental and essential functions of daily life. Promptly identifying the impairment of particular cognitive functions could be a fundamental condition to limit, through preventive or therapeutic interventions, the functional damages found in this degenerative dementia. This study aims to analyse, through a systematic review of the studies, the sensitivity of four experimental paradigms (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Task, Go/No-Go Task, and Flanker Task) considered as golden standard instruments for executive functions assessment in elderly subjects affected by Alzheimer dementia. This review was carried out according to the PRISMA method. Forty-five studies comparing the executive performance of patients with Alzheimer's dementia (diagnosed according to different classification criteria for dementia) and healthy elderly patients both over the age of sixty, were selected. For the research, PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles databases were used. The study highlighted the importance of using standard protocols to evaluate executive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. The Stroop task allows discriminating better between healthy and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guarino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Micaela Cantone
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Lange-Küttner C. Disappearance of Biased Visual Attention in Infants: Remediated Tonic Neck Reflex or Maturating Visual Asymmetry? Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:839-865. [PMID: 30016907 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518786131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Typically, infants younger than four months fail to attend to the left side of their spatial field, most likely due to an innate asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR). In a critical transition, by four months of age, infants begin to reach and develop depth perception; and, by five months, they tend to monitor the entire spatial field. However, this developmental transition can be delayed. Moreover, there is always a residual right-sided spatial bias under cognitive load, a phenomenon that may also occur among adult stroke patients. While causative factors of biased visual attention in both infants and brain-injured adults may vary, mechanisms of remediation may be similar. This literature review addresses whether the infant's emergence of attention toward a full visual spatial field and the associated shift from monocular to binocular vision occurs because of (a) increased left side reaching, loosening the rarely mentioned high muscle tension ATNR or (b) maturational resolution of visual asymmetry in motion perception. More research is needed to investigate the origins of the infants' visual control system and factors involved in its development, especially because Alzheimer and dementia patients may also show primitive two-dimensional vision and deficits in perceiving objects-in-motion that seem to mirror infant visual perception.
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20
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Oishi Y, Imamura T, Shimomura T, Suzuki K. Visual texture agnosia in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2018; 103:277-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fernández G, Orozco D, Agamennoni O, Schumacher M, Sañudo S, Biondi J, Parra MA. Visual Processing during Short-Term Memory Binding in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:185-194. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Orozco
- Clínica Privada Bahiense, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Agamennoni
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Schumacher
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Sañudo
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Biondi
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario A. Parra
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Facultad de Psicología, Barranquilla, Colombia
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22
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Screening tools for the identification of dementia for adults with age-related acquired hearing or vision impairment: a scoping review. Int Psychogeriatr 2017; 29:1771-1784. [PMID: 28691649 DOI: 10.1017/s104161021700120x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive screening tests frequently rely on items being correctly heard or seen. We aimed to identify, describe, and evaluate the adaptation, validity, and availability of cognitive screening and assessment tools for dementia which have been developed or adapted for adults with acquired hearing and/or vision impairment. METHOD Electronic databases were searched using subject terms "hearing disorders" OR "vision disorders" AND "cognitive assessment," supplemented by exploring reference lists of included papers and via consultation with health professionals to identify additional literature. RESULTS 1,551 papers were identified, of which 13 met inclusion criteria. Four papers related to tests adapted for hearing impairment; 11 papers related to tests adapted for vision impairment. Frequently adapted tests were the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA). Adaptations for hearing impairment involved deleting or creating written versions for hearing-dependent items. Adaptations for vision impairment involved deleting vision-dependent items or spoken/tactile versions of visual tasks. No study reported validity of the test in relation to detection of dementia in people with hearing/vision impairment. Item deletion had a negative impact on the psychometric properties of the test. CONCLUSIONS While attempts have been made to adapt cognitive tests for people with acquired hearing and/or vision impairment, the primary limitation of these adaptations is that their validity in accurately detecting dementia among those with acquired hearing or vision impairment is yet to be established. It is likely that the sensitivity and specificity of the adapted versions are poorer than the original, especially if the adaptation involved item deletion. One solution would involve item substitution in an alternative sensory modality followed by re-validation of the adapted test.
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Pavisic IM, Firth NC, Parsons S, Rego DM, Shakespeare TJ, Yong KXX, Slattery CF, Paterson RW, Foulkes AJM, Macpherson K, Carton AM, Alexander DC, Shawe-Taylor J, Fox NC, Schott JM, Crutch SJ, Primativo S. Eyetracking Metrics in Young Onset Alzheimer's Disease: A Window into Cognitive Visual Functions. Front Neurol 2017; 8:377. [PMID: 28824534 PMCID: PMC5545969 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Young onset Alzheimer's disease (YOAD) is defined as symptom onset before the age of 65 years and is particularly associated with phenotypic heterogeneity. Atypical presentations, such as the clinic-radiological visual syndrome posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), often lead to delays in accurate diagnosis. Eyetracking has been used to demonstrate basic oculomotor impairments in individuals with dementia. In the present study, we aim to explore the relationship between eyetracking metrics and standard tests of visual cognition in individuals with YOAD. Fifty-seven participants were included: 36 individuals with YOAD (n = 26 typical AD; n = 10 PCA) and 21 age-matched healthy controls. Participants completed three eyetracking experiments: fixation, pro-saccade, and smooth pursuit tasks. Summary metrics were used as outcome measures and their predictive value explored looking at correlations with visuoperceptual and visuospatial metrics. Significant correlations between eyetracking metrics and standard visual cognitive estimates are reported. A machine-learning approach using a classification method based on the smooth pursuit raw eyetracking data discriminates with approximately 95% accuracy patients and controls in cross-validation tests. Results suggest that the eyetracking paradigms of a relatively simple and specific nature provide measures not only reflecting basic oculomotor characteristics but also predicting higher order visuospatial and visuoperceptual impairments. Eyetracking measures can represent extremely useful markers during the diagnostic phase and may be exploited as potential outcome measures for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna M. Pavisic
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. Firth
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Parsons
- Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Martinez Rego
- Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Shakespeare
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keir X. X. Yong
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine F. Slattery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. M. Foulkes
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Macpherson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia M. Carton
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Alexander
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Shawe-Taylor
- Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning, Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C. Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Primativo
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Chiasseu M, Alarcon-Martinez L, Belforte N, Quintero H, Dotigny F, Destroismaisons L, Vande Velde C, Panayi F, Louis C, Di Polo A. Tau accumulation in the retina promotes early neuronal dysfunction and precedes brain pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:58. [PMID: 28774322 PMCID: PMC5543446 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tau is an axon-enriched protein that binds to and stabilizes microtubules, and hence plays a crucial role in neuronal function. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), pathological tau accumulation correlates with cognitive decline. Substantial visual deficits are found in individuals affected by AD including a preferential loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that convey visual information from the retina to the brain. At present, however, the mechanisms that underlie vision changes in these patients are poorly understood. Here, we asked whether tau plays a role in early retinal pathology and neuronal dysfunction in AD. Methods Alterations in tau protein and gene expression, phosphorylation, and localization were investigated by western blots, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry in the retina and visual pathways of triple transgenic mice (3xTg) harboring mutations in the genes encoding presenilin 1 (PS1M146 V), amyloid precursor protein (APPSwe), and tau (MAPTP301L). Anterograde axonal transport was assessed by intraocular injection of the cholera toxin beta subunit followed by quantification of tracer accumulation in the contralateral superior colliculus. RGC survival was analyzed on whole-mounted retinas using cell-specific markers. Reduction of tau expression was achieved following intravitreal injection of targeted siRNA. Results Our data demonstrate an age-related increase in endogenous retinal tau characterized by epitope-specific hypo- and hyper-phosphorylation in 3xTg mice. Retinal tau accumulation was observed as early as three months of age, prior to the reported onset of behavioral deficits, and preceded tau aggregation in the brain. Intriguingly, tau build up occurred in RGC soma and dendrites, while tau in RGC axons in the optic nerve was depleted. Tau phosphorylation changes and missorting correlated with substantial defects in anterograde axonal transport that preceded RGC death. Importantly, targeted siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous tau improved anterograde transport along RGC axons. Conclusions Our study reveals profound tau pathology in the visual system leading to early retinal neuron damage in a mouse model of AD. Importantly, we show that tau accumulation promotes anterograde axonal transport impairment in vivo, and identify this response as an early feature of neuronal dysfunction that precedes cell death in the AD retina. These findings provide the first proof-of-concept that a global strategy to reduce tau accumulation is beneficial to improve axonal transport and mitigate functional deficits in AD and tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Chiasseu
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room R09.720, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Luis Alarcon-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room R09.720, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Belforte
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room R09.720, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Heberto Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room R09.720, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Florence Dotigny
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room R09.720, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Laurie Destroismaisons
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room R09.720, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room R09.720, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Fany Panayi
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Caroline Louis
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room R09.720, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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25
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Mueller-Schotte S, van der Schouw YT, Bleijenberg N, Schuurmans MJ. Is visual function associated with cognitive activity engagement in middle-aged and elderly individuals? A cross-sectional study. Exp Gerontol 2016; 82:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
The current study examines visual word recognition in a large sample (N = 148) across the adult life span and across a large set of stimuli (N = 1,187) in three different lexical processing tasks (pronunciation, lexical decision, and animacy judgment). Although the focus of the present study is on the influence of word frequency, a diverse set of other variables are examined as the word recognition system ages and acquires more experience with language. Computational models and conceptual theories of visual word recognition and aging make differing predictions for age-related changes in the system. However, these have been difficult to assess because prior studies have produced inconsistent results, possibly because of sample differences, analytic procedures, and/or task-specific processes. The current study confronts these potential differences by using 3 different tasks, treating age and word variables as continuous, and exploring the influence of individual differences such as vocabulary, vision, and working memory. The primary finding is remarkable stability in the influence of a diverse set of variables on visual word recognition across the adult age spectrum. This pattern is discussed in reference to previous inconsistent findings in the literature and implications for current models of visual word recognition. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Balota
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr., CB 1125, St. Louis, MO 63130,
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27
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Linking cognitive and visual perceptual decline in healthy aging: The information degradation hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:166-73. [PMID: 27484869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses attempt to explain the relation between cognitive and perceptual decline in aging (e.g., common-cause, sensory deprivation, cognitive load on perception, information degradation). Unfortunately, the majority of past studies examining this association have used correlational analyses, not allowing for these hypotheses to be tested sufficiently. This correlational issue is especially relevant for the information degradation hypothesis, which states that degraded perceptual signal inputs, resulting from either age-related neurobiological processes (e.g., retinal degeneration) or experimental manipulations (e.g., reduced visual contrast), lead to errors in perceptual processing, which in turn may affect non-perceptual, higher-order cognitive processes. Even though the majority of studies examining the relation between age-related cognitive and perceptual decline have been correlational, we reviewed several studies demonstrating that visual manipulations affect both younger and older adults' cognitive performance, supporting the information degradation hypothesis and contradicting implications of other hypotheses (e.g., common-cause, sensory deprivation, cognitive load on perception). The reviewed evidence indicates the necessity to further examine the information degradation hypothesis in order to identify mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline.
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28
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Porto FHG, Tusch ES, Fox AM, Alperin BR, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR. One of the most well-established age-related changes in neural activity disappears after controlling for visual acuity. Neuroimage 2016; 130:115-122. [PMID: 26825439 PMCID: PMC4808353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies using a variety of imaging techniques have reported age-related differences in neural activity while subjects carry out cognitive tasks. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to the potential impact of age-associated changes in sensory acuity on these findings. Studies in the visual modality frequently report that their subjects had "normal or corrected- to-normal vision." However, in most cases, there is no indication that visual acuity was actually measured, and it is likely that the investigators relied largely on self-reported visual status of subjects, which is often inaccurate. We investigated whether differences in visual acuity influence one of the most commonly observed findings in the event-related potentials literature on cognitive aging, a reduction in posterior P3b amplitude, which is an index of cognitive decision-making/updating. Well-matched young (n=26) and old adults (n=29) participated in a visual oddball task. Measured visual acuity with corrective lenses was worse in old than young adults. Results demonstrated that the robust age-related decline in P3b amplitude to visual targets disappeared after controlling for visual acuity, but was unaffected by accounting for auditory acuity. Path analysis confirmed that the relationship between age and diminished P3b to visual targets was mediated by visual acuity, suggesting that conveyance of suboptimal sensory data due to peripheral, rather than central, deficits may undermine subsequent neural processing. We conclude that until the relationship between age-associated differences in visual acuity and neural activity during experimental tasks is clearly established, investigators should exercise caution attributing results to differences in cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio H G Porto
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Erich S Tusch
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anne M Fox
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Brittany R Alperin
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Phillip J Holcomb
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Kirk R Daffner
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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29
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Lavallée MM, Gandini D, Rouleau I, Vallet GT, Joannette M, Kergoat MJ, Busigny T, Rossion B, Joubert S. A Qualitative Impairment in Face Perception in Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence from a Reduced Face Inversion Effect. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:1225-36. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-151027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Maxime Lavallée
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Delphine Gandini
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Rouleau
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Guillaume T. Vallet
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Maude Joannette
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Kergoat
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Clinique de cognition, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Thomas Busigny
- CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences Psychologique et institut de Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences Psychologique et institut de Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sven Joubert
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Canada
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30
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Vallet GT, Rouleau I, Benoit S, Langlois R, Barbeau EJ, Joubert S. Alzheimer’s disease and memory strength: Gradual decline of memory traces as a function of their strength. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 38:648-60. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1147530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies that is more prevalent among the elderly population and commonly associates with comorbidities, including mental disorders in that population. This article reviews the relationship between glaucoma and mental disorders. In it, we discuss the coexistence of glaucoma and mental illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and personality disorder. We also focus on the proper treatment approaches for glaucoma patients with mental comorbidity and poor treatment adherence. We summarize some cautiously recommended psychotherapeutic medications, while also discussing the psychologically adverse effects of antiglaucoma medications.
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32
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Setti A, Loughman J, Savva GM, Kenny R. Trail Making Test performance contributes to subjective judgment of visual efficiency in older adults. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1407. [PMID: 26664798 PMCID: PMC4675109 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The determinant factors that influence self-reported quality of vision have yet to be fully elucidated. This study evaluated a range of contextual information, established psychophysical tests, and in particular, a series of cognitive tests as potentially novel determinant factors. Materials & Methods. Community dwelling adults (aged 50+) recruited to Wave 1 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, excluding those registered blind, participated in this study (N = 5,021). Self-reports of vision were analysed in relation to visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, ocular pathology, visual (Choice Response Time task; Trail Making Test) and global cognition. Contextual factors such as having visited an optometrist and wearing glasses were also considered. Ordinal logistic regression was used to determine univariate and multivariate associations. Results and Discussion. Poor Trail Making Test performance (Odds ratio, OR = 1.36), visual acuity (OR = 1.72) and ocular pathology (OR = 2.25) were determinant factors for poor versus excellent vision in self-reports. Education, wealth, age, depressive symptoms and general cognitive fitness also contributed to determining self-reported vision. Conclusions. Trail Making Test contribution to self-reports may capture higher level visual processing and should be considered when using self-reports to assess vision and its role in cognitive and functional health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Setti
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - James Loughman
- Optometry Department, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology , Dublin , Ireland ; African Vision Research Institute, Faculty of Sciences and Health, University of KwaZulu Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - George M Savva
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - RoseAnne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St. James Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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Laurent É, Noiret N. Visual-motor embodiment of language: a few implications for the neuropsychological evaluation (in Alzheimer's disease). Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:184. [PMID: 26483682 PMCID: PMC4588105 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Éric Laurent
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Besançon, France ; Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de technologie Belfort-Montbéliard, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Noiret
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, Université de Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Besançon, France
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Recognition of faces and names: multimodal physiological correlates of memory and executive function. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:408-23. [PMID: 26116280 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We sought to characterize electrophysiological, eye-tracking and behavioral correlates of face-name recognition memory in healthy younger adults using high-density electroencephalography (EEG), infrared eye-tracking (ET), and neuropsychological measures. Twenty-one participants first studied 40 face-name (FN) pairs; 20 were presented four times (4R) and 20 were shown once (1R). Recognition memory was assessed by asking participants to make old/new judgments for 80 FN pairs, of which half were previously studied items and half were novel FN pairs (N). Simultaneous EEG and ET recording were collected during recognition trials. Comparisons of event-related potentials (ERPs) for correctly identified FN pairs were compared across the three item types revealing classic ERP old/new effects including 1) relative positivity (1R > N) bi-frontally from 300 to 500 ms, reflecting enhanced familiarity, 2) relative positivity (4R > 1R and 4R > N) in parietal areas from 500 to 800 ms, reflecting enhanced recollection, and 3) late frontal effects (1R > N) from 1000 to 1800 ms in right frontal areas, reflecting post-retrieval monitoring. ET analysis also revealed significant differences in eye movements across conditions. Exploration of cross-modality relationships suggested associations between memory and executive function measures and the three ERP effects. Executive function measures were associated with several indicators of saccadic eye movements and fixations, which were also associated with all three ERP effects. This novel characterization of face-name recognition memory performance using simultaneous EEG and ET reproduced classic ERP and ET effects, supports the construct validity of the multimodal FN paradigm, and holds promise as an integrative tool to probe brain networks supporting memory and executive functioning.
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Salobrar-Garcia E, de Hoz R, Rojas B, Ramirez AI, Salazar JJ, Yubero R, Gil P, Triviño A, Ramirez JM. Ophthalmologic Psychophysical Tests Support OCT Findings in Mild Alzheimer's Disease. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:736949. [PMID: 26106485 PMCID: PMC4461784 DOI: 10.1155/2015/736949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To analyze in mild Alzheimer's disease (MAD) patients, GDS-4 (Reisberg Scale), whether or not some psychophysical tests (PTs) support OCT macular findings in the same group of MAD patients reported previously. Methods. Twenty-three MAD patients and 28 age-matched control subjects with mean Mini Mental State Examination of 23.3 and 28.2, respectively, with no ocular disease or systemic disorders affecting vision were included. Best-corrected visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS) (3, 6, 12, and 18 cpds), color perception (CP), and perception digital test (PDT) were tested in one eye of each patient. Results. In comparison with the controls, MAD patients presented (i) a significant decrease in VA, PDT, and CS for all spatial frequencies analyzed, especially the higher ones, and (ii) a significant increase in unspecific errors on the blue axis (P < 0.05 in all instances). In MAD patients, a wide aROC curve was plotted in all PTs. Conclusions. In MAD, CS, VA, and the tritan axis in CP were impaired. The PTs with the greatest predictive value are the higher spatial frequencies in CS and tritan unspecific errors in CP. PT abnormalities are consistent with the structural findings reported in the same MAD patients using OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salobrar-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Gil
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Díaz-Santos M, Cao B, Mauro SA, Yazdanbakhsh A, Neargarder S, Cronin-Golomb A. Effect of visual cues on the resolution of perceptual ambiguity in Parkinson's disease and normal aging. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:146-55. [PMID: 25765890 PMCID: PMC5433847 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal aging have been associated with changes in visual perception, including reliance on external cues to guide behavior. This raises the question of the extent to which these groups use visual cues when disambiguating information. Twenty-seven individuals with PD, 23 normal control adults (NC), and 20 younger adults (YA) were presented a Necker cube in which one face was highlighted by thickening the lines defining the face. The hypothesis was that the visual cues would help PD and NC to exert better control over bistable perception. There were three conditions, including passive viewing and two volitional-control conditions (hold one percept in front; and switch: speed up the alternation between the two). In the Hold condition, the cue was either consistent or inconsistent with task instructions. Mean dominance durations (time spent on each percept) under passive viewing were comparable in PD and NC, and shorter in YA. PD and YA increased dominance durations in the Hold cue-consistent condition relative to NC, meaning that appropriate cues helped PD but not NC hold one perceptual interpretation. By contrast, in the Switch condition, NC and YA decreased dominance durations relative to PD, meaning that the use of cues helped NC but not PD in expediting the switch between percepts. Provision of low-level cues has effects on volitional control in PD that are different from in normal aging, and only under task-specific conditions does the use of such cues facilitate the resolution of perceptual ambiguity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Díaz-Santos
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bo Cao
- Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha A. Mauro
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arash Yazdanbakhsh
- Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandy Neargarder
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychology, Hart Hall, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts
| | - Alice Cronin-Golomb
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:70-98. [PMID: 25022540 PMCID: PMC4287457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that sensory and motor changes may precede the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by several years and may signify increased risk of developing AD. Traditionally, sensory and motor dysfunctions in aging and AD have been studied separately. To ascertain the evidence supporting the relationship between age-related changes in sensory and motor systems and the development of AD and to facilitate communication between several disciplines, the National Institute on Aging held an exploratory workshop titled "Sensory and Motor Dysfunctions in Aging and AD." The scientific sessions of the workshop focused on age-related and neuropathologic changes in the olfactory, visual, auditory, and motor systems, followed by extensive discussion and hypothesis generation related to the possible links among sensory, cognitive, and motor domains in aging and AD. Based on the data presented and discussed at this workshop, it is clear that sensory and motor regions of the central nervous system are affected by AD pathology and that interventions targeting amelioration of sensory-motor deficits in AD may enhance patient function as AD progresses.
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38
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Vision function abnormalities in Alzheimer disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 59:414-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li X, Rastogi P, Gibbons JA, Chaudhury S. Visuo-cognitive skill deficits in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disease: A comparative analysis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 17:12-8. [PMID: 24753653 PMCID: PMC3992750 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.128530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive loss. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the Lewy body disease are the two most common causes of age-related degenerative dementia. Visuo-cognitive skills are a combination of very different cognitive functions being performed by the visual system. These skills are impaired in both AD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The aim of this review is to evaluate various studies for these visuo-cognitive skills. An exhaustive internet search of all relevant medical databases was carried out using a series of key-word applications, including The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, SportDiscus, Science Citation Index, Index to Theses, ZETOC, PEDro and occupational therapy (OT) seeker and OT search. We reviewed all the articles until March 2013 with key words of: Visual skills visual cognition dementia AD, but the direct neurobiological etiology is difficult to establish., Dementia of Lewy body disease. Although most studies have used different tests for studying these abilities, in general, these tests evaluated the individual's ability of (1) visual recognition, (2) visual discrimination, (3) visual attention and (4) visuo-perceptive integration. Performance on various tests has been evaluated for assessing these skills. Most studies assessing such skills show that these skills are impaired in DLB as compared with AD. Visuo-cognitive skills are impaired more in DLB as compared with AD. These impairments have evident neuropathological correlations, but the direct neurobiological etiology is difficult to establish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Kuiwen District, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Priyanka Rastogi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Jeffrey A Gibbons
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Suprakash Chaudhury
- Department of Psychiatry, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Rural Medical College, Loni, Maharashtra, India
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Monitoring the capacity of working memory: executive control and effects of listening effort. Mem Cognit 2014; 41:839-49. [PMID: 23400826 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-013-0302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we used an interruption-and-recall (IAR) task to explore listeners' ability to monitor the capacity of working memory as new information arrived in real time. In this task, listeners heard recorded word lists with instructions to interrupt the input at the maximum point that would still allow for perfect recall. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the most commonly selected segment size closely matched participants' memory span, as measured in a baseline span test. Experiment 2 showed that reducing the sound level of presented word lists to a suprathreshold but effortful listening level disrupted the accuracy of matching selected segment sizes with participants' memory spans. The results are discussed in terms of whether online capacity monitoring may be subsumed under other, already enumerated working memory executive functions (inhibition, set shifting, and memory updating).
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Pereira MLF, Camargo MVZA, Aprahamian I, Forlenza OV. Eye movement analysis and cognitive processing: detecting indicators of conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1273-85. [PMID: 25031536 PMCID: PMC4096446 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s55371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A great amount of research has been developed around the early cognitive impairments that best predict the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is no longer considered to be an intermediate state between normal aging and AD, new paths have been traced to acquire further knowledge about this condition and its subtypes, and to determine which of them have a higher risk of conversion to AD. It is now known that other deficits besides episodic and semantic memory impairments may be present in the early stages of AD, such as visuospatial and executive function deficits. Furthermore, recent investigations have proven that the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe structures are not only involved in memory functioning, but also in visual processes. These early changes in memory, visual, and executive processes may also be detected with the study of eye movement patterns in pathological conditions like MCI and AD. In the present review, we attempt to explore the existing literature concerning these patterns of oculomotor changes and how these changes are related to the early signs of AD. In particular, we argue that deficits in visual short-term memory, specifically in iconic memory, attention processes, and inhibitory control, may be found through the analysis of eye movement patterns, and we discuss how they might help to predict the progression from MCI to AD. We add that the study of eye movement patterns in these conditions, in combination with neuroimaging techniques and appropriate neuropsychological tasks based on rigorous concepts derived from cognitive psychology, may highlight the early presence of cognitive impairments in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lg Freitas Pereira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina von Zuben A Camargo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orestes V Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Slowing of information processing in Alzheimer disease: motor as well as cognitive factors. Cogn Behav Neurol 2013; 25:175-85. [PMID: 23277138 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e318274fc44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use Sternberg's Additive Factor Method to determine whether patients with mild Alzheimer disease (AD) are slow in information processing and/or response execution. METHODS We gave an odd-even categorization task to 16 patients with probable mild AD and 17 age-matched healthy controls. We recorded reaction and movement times to stimuli varying for noise, target set size, stimulus-response compatibility, and fore-period interval, to probe the cognitive and motor stages of information processing. RESULTS Both groups performed the task accurately, indicating good preservation of odd-even categorization in mild AD. The AD group's reaction times were similar to the controls' across conditions, and not selectively affected in any of the cognitive stages of the Additive Factor Method. However, the AD group's movement times were slower than the controls' across conditions. CONCLUSIONS AD patients' performance on a task requiring categorization ability was slowed more by motor than cognitive components of information processing. When evaluating the performance of patients with AD in reaction-time paradigms, we should not attribute group differences solely to differences in cognitive processing. Execution components should also be considered.
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Toner CK, Reese BE, Neargarder S, Riedel TM, Gilmore GC, Cronin-Golomb A. Vision-fair neuropsychological assessment in normal aging, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Aging 2012; 27:785-90. [PMID: 22201330 PMCID: PMC3360123 DOI: 10.1037/a0026368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined performance of healthy older and younger adults and individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) on digit cancellation, a task putatively sensitive to cognitive impairment, but possibly affected by visual impairment, particularly in contrast sensitivity. Critical contrast thresholds were established to create custom stimulus arrays that were proximally matched across individuals. Age- and PD-related differences in search were fully accounted for by the sensory deficit. Increased contrast benefited AD patients, but could not override cognitive impairment. We conclude that visually fair neuropsychological testing can effectively compensate for normal age- and PD-related visual changes that affect cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandy Neargarder
- Department of Psychology, Boston University
- Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State University
| | - Tatiana M. Riedel
- Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Grover C. Gilmore
- Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
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Piquado T, Benichov JI, Brownell H, Wingfield A. The hidden effect of hearing acuity on speech recall, and compensatory effects of self-paced listening. Int J Audiol 2012; 51:576-83. [PMID: 22731919 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2012.684403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to determine whether negative effects of hearing loss on recall accuracy for spoken narratives can be mitigated by allowing listeners to control the rate of speech input. DESIGN Paragraph-length narratives were presented for recall under two listening conditions in a within-participants design: presentation without interruption (continuous) at an average speech-rate of 150 words per minute; and presentation interrupted at periodic intervals at which participants were allowed to pause before initiating the next segment (self-paced). STUDY SAMPLE Participants were 24 adults ranging from 21 to 33 years of age. Half had age-normal hearing acuity and half had mild- to-moderate hearing loss. The two groups were comparable for age, years of formal education, and vocabulary. RESULTS When narrative passages were presented continuously, without interruption, participants with hearing loss recalled significantly fewer story elements, both main ideas and narrative details, than those with age-normal hearing. The recall difference was eliminated when the two groups were allowed to self-pace the speech input. CONCLUSION Results support the hypothesis that the listening effort associated with reduced hearing acuity can slow processing operations and increase demands on working memory, with consequent negative effects on accuracy of narrative recall.
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45
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Seichepine DR, Neargarder S, McCallum ME, Tabor K, Riedel TM, Gilmore GC, Cronin-Golomb A. Luminance affects age-related deficits in object detection: implications for computerized psychological assessments. Psychol Aging 2012; 27:522-528. [PMID: 22059716 PMCID: PMC3744819 DOI: 10.1037/a0025576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As psychological instruments are converted for administration on computers, differences in luminance and contrast of these displays may affect performance. Specifically, high-luminance assessments may mask age-group differences that are apparent under lower luminance conditions. We examined the effects of luminance and contrast on object detection using computerized and naturalistic assessments. Younger and older adults displayed more differences in performance across differing contrast levels in conditions that were matched for luminance, despite the conditions appearing perceptually different. These findings indicate that computerized assessments should be created with luminance levels that are similar to those of the tasks they purport to simulate in order to enhance their validity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tatiana M Riedel
- Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Grover C Gilmore
- Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
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Causer J, McRobert AP, Williams AM. The effect of stimulus intensity on response time and accuracy in dynamic, temporally constrained environments. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:627-34. [PMID: 22292917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to make accurate judgments and execute effective skilled movements under severe temporal constraints are fundamental to elite performance in a number of domains including sport, military combat, law enforcement, and medicine. In two experiments, we examine the effect of stimulus strength on response time and accuracy in a temporally constrained, real-world, decision-making task. Specifically, we examine the effect of low stimulus intensity (black) and high stimulus intensity (sequin) uniform designs, worn by teammates, to determine the effect of stimulus strength on the ability of soccer players to make rapid and accurate responses. In both field- and laboratory-based scenarios, professional soccer players viewed developing patterns of play and were required to make a penetrative pass to an attacking player. Significant differences in response accuracy between uniform designs were reported in laboratory- and field-based experiments. Response accuracy was significantly higher in the sequin compared with the black uniform condition. Response times only differed between uniform designs in the laboratory-based experiment. These findings extend the literature into a real-world environment and have significant implications for the design of clothing wear in a number of domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Causer
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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47
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Laudate TM, Neargarder S, Dunne TE, Sullivan KD, Joshi P, Gilmore GC, Riedel TM, Cronin-Golomb A. Bingo! Externally supported performance intervention for deficient visual search in normal aging, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2011; 19:102-21. [PMID: 22066941 PMCID: PMC3275685 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.621930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
External support may improve task performance regardless of an individual's ability to compensate for cognitive deficits through internally generated mechanisms. We investigated if performance of a complex, familiar visual search task (the game of bingo) could be enhanced in groups with suboptimal vision by providing external support through manipulation of task stimuli. Participants were 19 younger adults, 14 individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), 13 AD-matched healthy adults, 17 non-demented individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 20 PD-matched healthy adults. We varied stimulus contrast, size, and visual complexity during game play. The externally supported performance interventions of increased stimulus size and decreased complexity resulted in improvements in performance by all groups. AD also obtained benefit from increasing contrast, presumably by compensating for their contrast sensitivity deficit. The general finding of improved performance across healthy and afflicted groups suggests the value of visual support as an easy-to-apply intervention to enhance cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Neargarder
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
- Department of Psychology, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, 02325 USA
| | - Tracy E. Dunne
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | | | - Pallavi Joshi
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Grover C. Gilmore
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Tatiana M. Riedel
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
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48
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Seichepine DR, Neargarder S, Miller IN, Riedel TM, Gilmore GC, Cronin-Golomb A. Relation of Parkinson's disease subtypes to visual activities of daily living. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011; 17:841-52. [PMID: 21813030 PMCID: PMC3758875 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617711000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Visual perceptual problems are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and often affect activities of daily living (ADLs). PD patients with non-tremor symptoms at disease onset (i.e., rigidity, bradykinesia, gait disturbance or postural instability) have more diffuse neurobiological abnormalities and report worse non-motor symptoms and functional changes than patients whose initial symptom is tremor, but the relation of motor symptom subtype to perceptual deficits remains unstudied. We assessed visual ADLs with the Visual Activities Questionnaire in 25 non-demented patients with PD, 13 with tremor as the initial symptom and 12 with an initial symptom other than tremor, as well as in 23 healthy control participants (NC). As expected, the non-tremor patients, but not the tremor patients, reported more impairment in visual ADLs than the NC group, including in light/dark adaptation, acuity/spatial vision, depth perception, peripheral vision and visual processing speed. Non-tremor patients were significantly worse than tremor patients overall and on light/dark adaptation and depth perception. Environmental enhancements especially targeted to patients with the non-tremor PD subtype may help to ameliorate their functional disability.
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Quiroz YT, Ally BA, Celone K, McKeever J, Ruiz-Rizzo AL, Lopera F, Stern CE, Budson AE. Event-related potential markers of brain changes in preclinical familial Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2011; 77:469-75. [PMID: 21775732 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318227b1b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Event-related potentials (ERPs) can reflect differences in brain electrophysiology underlying cognitive functions in brain disorders such as dementia and mild cognitive impairment. To identify individuals at risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) we used high-density ERPs to examine brain physiology in young presymptomatic individuals (average age 34.2 years) who carry the E280A mutation in the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene and will go on to develop AD around the age of 45. METHODS Twenty-one subjects from a Colombian population with familial AD participated: 10 presymptomatic subjects positive for the PSEN1 mutation (carriers) and 11 siblings without the mutation (controls). Subjects performed a visual recognition memory test while 128-channel ERPs were recorded. RESULTS Despite identical behavioral performance, PSEN1 mutation carriers showed less positivity in frontal regions and more positivity in occipital regions, compared to controls. These differences were more pronounced during the 200-300 msec period. Discriminant analysis at this time interval showed promising sensitivity (72.7%) and specificity (81.8%) of the ERP measures to predict the presence of AD pathology. CONCLUSIONS Presymptomatic PSEN1 mutation carriers show changes in brain physiology that can be detected by high-density ERPs. The relative differences observed showing greater frontal positivity in controls and greater occipital positivity in carriers indicates that control subjects may use frontally mediated processes to distinguish between studied and unstudied visual items, whereas carriers appear to rely more upon perceptual details of the items to distinguish between them. These findings also demonstrate the potential usefulness of ERP brain correlates as preclinical markers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Quiroz
- Center for Memory and Brain, Psychology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Visual spatial impairment is often an early symptom of neurodegenerative disease; however, this multi-faceted domain of cognition is not well-assessed by most typical dementia evaluations. Neurodegenerative diseases cause circumscribed atrophy in distinct neural networks, and accordingly, they impact visual spatial cognition in different and characteristic ways. Anatomically-focused visual spatial assessment can assist the clinician in making an early and accurate diagnosis. This article will review the literature on visual spatial cognition in neurodegenerative disease clinical syndromes, and where research is available, by neuropathologic diagnoses. Visual spatial cognition will be organized primarily according to the following schemes: bottom-up/top-down processing, dorsal/ventral stream processing, and egocentric/allocentric frames of reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Possin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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