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Ghalamara S, Silva S, Brazinha C, Pintado M. Structural diversity of marine anti-freezing proteins, properties and potential applications: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:5. [PMID: 38647561 PMCID: PMC10992025 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-adapted organisms, such as fishes, insects, plants and bacteria produce a group of proteins known as antifreeze proteins (AFPs). The specific functions of AFPs, including thermal hysteresis (TH), ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI), dynamic ice shaping (DIS) and interaction with membranes, attracted significant interest for their incorporation into commercial products. AFPs represent their effects by lowering the water freezing point as well as preventing the growth of ice crystals and recrystallization during frozen storage. The potential of AFPs to modify ice growth results in ice crystal stabilizing over a defined temperature range and inhibiting ice recrystallization, which could minimize drip loss during thawing, improve the quality and increase the shelf-life of frozen products. Most cryopreservation studies using marine-derived AFPs have shown that the addition of AFPs can increase post-thaw viability. Nevertheless, the reduced availability of bulk proteins and the need of biotechnological techniques for industrial production, limit the possible usage in foods. Despite all these drawbacks, relatively small concentrations are enough to show activity, which suggests AFPs as potential food additives in the future. The present work aims to review the results of numerous investigations on marine-derived AFPs and discuss their structure, function, physicochemical properties, purification and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Ghalamara
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Brazinha
- LAQV/Requimte, Faculdade de Ciências E Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
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Sharma S, Majumdar RK, Siddhnath K, Mehta NK, Saha A, Gupta S. Effects of Partial and Complete Replacement of Synthetic Cryoprotectant with Carrot (Daucus carota) Concentrated Protein on Stability of Frozen Surimi. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2019.1651807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K. Siddhnath
- College of Fisheries, CAU (I), Lembucherra, Tripura
| | - N. K. Mehta
- College of Fisheries, CAU (I), Lembucherra, Tripura
| | - Apurba Saha
- College of Fisheries, CAU (I), Lembucherra, Tripura
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Extraction of antifreeze proteins from cold acclimated leaves of Drimys angustifolia and their application to star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) freezing. Food Chem 2019; 289:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kim HJ, Lee JH, Hur YB, Lee CW, Park SH, Koo BW. Marine Antifreeze Proteins: Structure, Function, and Application to Cryopreservation as a Potential Cryoprotectant. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15020027. [PMID: 28134801 PMCID: PMC5334608 DOI: 10.3390/md15020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are biological antifreezes with unique properties, including thermal hysteresis(TH),ice recrystallization inhibition(IRI),and interaction with membranes and/or membrane proteins. These properties have been utilized in the preservation of biological samples at low temperatures. Here, we review the structure and function of marine-derived AFPs, including moderately active fish AFPs and hyperactive polar AFPs. We also survey previous and current reports of cryopreservation using AFPs. Cryopreserved biological samples are relatively diverse ranging from diatoms and reproductive cells to embryos and organs. Cryopreserved biological samples mainly originate from mammals. Most cryopreservation trials using marine-derived AFPs have demonstrated that addition of AFPs can improve post-thaw viability regardless of freezing method (slow-freezing or vitrification), storage temperature, and types of biological sample type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
| | - Young Baek Hur
- Tidal Flat Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Gunsan, Jeonbuk 54014, Korea.
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
| | - Sun-Ha Park
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea.
| | - Bon-Won Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
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Provesi JG, Valentim Neto PA, Arisi ACM, Amante ER. Antifreeze proteins in naturally cold acclimated leaves of Drimys angustifolia, Senecio icoglossus, and Eucalyptus ssp. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Summary Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) present in plants may inhibit ice recrystallization even at low concentrations, and show potential application to many frozen foods. This study evaluated the presence of antifreeze proteins in naturally cold acclimated and non-acclimated leaves of Drimys angustifolia, Senecio icoglossus and Eucalyptus ssp. No proteins were detected in apoplastic extracts of Eucalyptus ssp. Extracts of cold acclimated and non-acclimated S. icoglossus showed protein concentrations of 42.89 and 17.76 µg mL-1, both with bands between 25 and 37 kDa in the SDS-PAGE. However, they did not inhibit recrystallization. The extract of cold acclimated D. angustifolia contained a protein concentration of 95.17 µg mL-1, almost five times higher than the extract of non-acclimated D. angustifolia. In the extract of cold acclimated D. angustifolia, there was presence of ice recrystallization inhibitors. This extract showed a protein band just below 37 kDa and another more intense band between 20 and 25 kDa. It is the first time that the presence of antifreeze proteins in this species is being described.
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PROVESI JG, AMANTE ER. Revisão: Proteínas anticongelantes – uma tecnologia emergente para o congelamento de alimentos. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Um dos métodos mais tradicionais na conservação de alimentos, o congelamento também pode alterar de forma significativa as características do produto. Grandes cristais de gelo provocam alteração na textura e/ou danos a membranas e componentes celulares. As técnicas de congelamento rápido formam cristais de gelo menores do que o processo lento, porém as flutuações de temperatura durante a distribuição e transporte podem promover o crescimento dos cristais. Esse processo é conhecido como recristalização e é uma barreira na utilização do congelamento como método de conservação em muitos casos. O uso de crioprotetores tradicionais, como a sacarose, é uma alternativa limitada, uma vez que concentrações elevadas são requeridas. Na década de 1970, foi descrita em peixes de águas frias uma classe de proteínas que, em baixa concentração, pode interagir e influenciar o crescimento do cristal de gelo. Elas foram chamadas de proteínas anticongelantes (PACs), sendo encontradas também em plantas, animais e micro-organismos ambientados a baixas temperaturas. Essas proteínas podem intervir no processo de formação do núcleo inicial do gelo, reduzir o ponto de congelamento da água, ou, ainda, inibir a recristalização, principalmente para PACs de vegetais. Há diversos trabalhos publicados e algumas patentes registradas para o uso de PACs em diversos alimentos, como lácteos, carnes, massas, frutas e hortaliças, conservando de melhor forma as características originais do alimento. Atualmente, o custo ainda é uma barreira para utilização comercial das PACs. Contudo, a descoberta de novas fontes pode reduzir seu custo e tornar essas proteínas uma ferramenta efetiva na manutenção da textura de alimentos congelados. Baseada em trabalhos que avaliaram aspectos químicos das PACs e exemplos de sua aplicação, esta revisão tem como objetivo principal apresentar as características gerais das PACs e discutir sobre sua utilização.
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Bang JK, Lee JH, Murugan RN, Lee SG, Do H, Koh HY, Shim HE, Kim HC, Kim HJ. Antifreeze peptides and glycopeptides, and their derivatives: potential uses in biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2013-41. [PMID: 23752356 PMCID: PMC3721219 DOI: 10.3390/md11062013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and glycoproteins (AFGPs), collectively called AF(G)Ps, constitute a diverse class of proteins found in various Arctic and Antarctic fish, as well as in amphibians, plants, and insects. These compounds possess the ability to inhibit the formation of ice and are therefore essential to the survival of many marine teleost fishes that routinely encounter sub-zero temperatures. Owing to this property, AF(G)Ps have potential applications in many areas such as storage of cells or tissues at low temperature, ice slurries for refrigeration systems, and food storage. In contrast to AFGPs, which are composed of repeated tripeptide units (Ala-Ala-Thr)n with minor sequence variations, AFPs possess very different primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The isolation and purification of AFGPs is laborious, costly, and often results in mixtures, making characterization difficult. Recent structural investigations into the mechanism by which linear and cyclic AFGPs inhibit ice crystallization have led to significant progress toward the synthesis and assessment of several synthetic mimics of AFGPs. This review article will summarize synthetic AFGP mimics as well as current challenges in designing compounds capable of mimicking AFGPs. It will also cover our recent efforts in exploring whether peptoid mimics can serve as structural and functional mimics of native AFGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Kyu Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Scienc Institute, Chungbuk 363-833, Korea; E-Mails: (J.K.B.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ravichandran N. Murugan
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Scienc Institute, Chungbuk 363-833, Korea; E-Mails: (J.K.B.); (R.N.M.)
| | - Sung Gu Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Hackwon Do
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Koh
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
| | - Hye-Eun Shim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
| | - Hyun-Cheol Kim
- Division of Polar Climate Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea; E-Mails: (J.H.L.); (S.G.L.); (H.D.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-E.S.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-32-760-5550; Fax: +82-32-760-5598
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Extraction of Carrot (Daucus carota) Antifreeze Proteins and Evaluation of Their Effects on Frozen White Salted Noodles. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-013-1101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Kundu S, Roy D. Temperature-induced unfolding pathway of a type III antifreeze protein: Insight from molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Graph Model 2008; 27:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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García-Arribas O, Mateo R, Tomczak MM, Davies PL, Mateu MG. Thermodynamic stability of a cold-adapted protein, type III antifreeze protein, and energetic contribution of salt bridges. Protein Sci 2006; 16:227-38. [PMID: 17189482 PMCID: PMC2203292 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062448907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A thermodynamic analysis of a cold-adapted protein, type III anti-freeze protein (AFP), was carried out. The results indicate that the folding equilibrium of type III AFP is a reversible, unimolecular, two-state process with no populated intermediates. Compared to most mesophilic proteins whose folding is two-state, the psychrophilic type III AFP has a much lower thermodynamic stability at 25 degrees C, approximately 3 kcal/mol, and presents a remarkably downshifted stability-temperature curve, reaching a maximum of 5 kcal/mol around 0 degrees C. Type III AFPs contain few and non-optimally distributed surface charges relative to their mesophilic homologs, the C-terminal domains of sialic acid synthases. We used thermodynamic double mutant cycles to evaluate the energetic role of every surface salt bridge in type III AFP. Two isolated salt bridges provided no contribution to stability, while the Asp36-Arg39 salt bridge, involved in a salt bridge network with the C-terminal carboxylate, had a substantial contribution (approximately 1 kcal/mol). However, this contribution was more than counteracted by the destabilizing effect of the Asp36 carboxylate itself, whose removal led to a net 30% increase in stability at 25 degrees C. This study suggests that type III AFPs may have evolved for a minimally acceptable stability at the restricted, low temperature range (around 0 degrees C) at which AFPs must function. In addition, it indicates that salt bridge networks are used in nature also for the stability of psychrophilic proteins, and has led to a type III AFP variant of increased stability that could be used for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga García-Arribas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Simpson DJ, Smallwood M, Twigg S, Doucet CJ, Ross J, Bowles DJ. Purification and characterisation of an antifreeze protein from Forsythia suspensa (L.). Cryobiology 2005; 51:230-4. [PMID: 16098506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recrystallisation inhibition (RI) activity has been isolated from cold-acclimated Forsythia suspensa bark and leaves, which is stable when boiled, and not sensitive to reducing agents. The antifreeze activity has been purified to a single 20 kDa protein, using anion exchange, hydroxyapatite chromatography, and gel filtration. The protein is abundant in forsythia bark with 0.5microg pure protein obtained from 35 g bark. RI activity is seen with as little as 6 microg ml(-1) protein. Sequence homology was seen with dehydrins, and forsythia AFP contains the Y-segment, a conserved region found in many dehydrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Simpson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK.
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Stressmann M, Kitao S, Griffith M, Moresoli C, Bravo LA, Marangoni AG. Calcium interacts with antifreeze proteins and chitinase from cold-acclimated winter rye. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:364-76. [PMID: 15122015 PMCID: PMC429390 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.038158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During cold acclimation, winter rye (Secale cereale) plants accumulate pathogenesis-related proteins that are also antifreeze proteins (AFPs) because they adsorb onto ice and inhibit its growth. Although they promote winter survival in planta, these dual-function AFPs proteins lose activity when stored at subzero temperatures in vitro, so we examined their stability in solutions containing CaCl2, MgCl2, or NaCl. Antifreeze activity was unaffected by salts before freezing, but decreased after freezing and thawing in CaCl2 and was recovered by adding a chelator. Ca2+ enhanced chitinase activity 3- to 5-fold in unfrozen samples, although hydrolytic activity also decreased after freezing and thawing in CaCl2. Native PAGE, circular dichroism, and Trp fluorescence experiments showed that the AFPs partially unfold after freezing and thawing, but they fold more compactly or aggregate in CaCl2. Ruthenium red, which binds to Ca(2+)-binding sites, readily stained AFPs in the absence of Ca2+, but less stain was visible after freezing and thawing AFPs in CaCl2. We conclude that the structure of AFPs changes during freezing and thawing, creating new Ca(2+)-binding sites. Once Ca2+ binds to those sites, antifreeze activity, chitinase activity and ruthenium red binding are all inhibited. Because free Ca2+ concentrations are typically low in the apoplast, antifreeze activity is probably stable to freezing and thawing in planta. Ca2+ may regulate chitinase activity if concentrations are increased locally by release from pectin or interaction with Ca(2+)-binding proteins. Furthermore, antifreeze activity can be easily maintained in vitro by including a chelator during frozen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Stressmann
- Departments of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Wusteman M, Robinson M, Pegg D. Vitrification of large tissues with dielectric warming: biological problems and some approaches to their solution. Cryobiology 2004; 48:179-89. [PMID: 15094093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
If large pieces of tissue and organs are to be successfully stored at low temperatures, some means must be found to minimize the disruption of extracellular structures by the ice that develops during conventional cryopreservation methods. The use of sufficiently high concentrations of cryoprotectant (CPA) to vitrify rather than freeze the tissue is a possible solution to this problem, and the retention of function of embryos and elastic arteries after vitrification suggests that some cells and tissues at least can withstand exposure to the high concentrations of CPA necessary for this process to occur. There are, however, additional problems in applying vitrifying techniques to bulky tissues and organs. These are related to the additional time required for tissue equilibration of CPA to occur and the consequences for toxic injury, the difficulty in achieving sufficiently rapid and uniform cooling rates to produce the required glassy state, and the even more rapid and uniform warming rates that are necessary to avoid devitrification. Non-uniformity of temperature will increase the risk of mechanical stresses and fractures developing in the glass during rapid warming. This paper reviews possible strategies and the progress that has been made in overcoming these problems. This will include the permeation of CPA mixtures into whole tissues and possibilities for reducing their toxicity by the inclusion of adjuncts such as ice inhibitors and sugars. The warming of tissues by dielectric heating is currently the only practical means by which sufficiently rapid rates can be achieved in bulky tissues given that the tolerable limits of CPA concentration will most likely be insufficient to prevent the development of ice nuclei during cooling. The biological effects of microwaves are reviewed and their effectiveness in producing the required uniformity in warming of tissue models of various shapes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Wusteman
- Medical Cryobiology Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
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