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Zhong LK, Gan XX, Deng XY, Shen F, Feng JH, Cai WS, Liu QY, Miao JH, Zheng BX, Xu B. Potential five-mRNA signature model for the prediction of prognosis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2302-2310. [PMID: 32782547 PMCID: PMC7400165 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mortality rate of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is relatively low, the recurrence rates of PTC remain high. The high recurrence rates are related to the difficulties in treatment. Gene expression profiles has provided novel insights into potential therapeutic targets and molecular biomarkers of PTC. The aim of the present study was to identify mRNA signatures which may categorize PTCs into high-and low-risk subgroups and aid with the predictions for prognoses. The mRNA expression profiles of PTC and normal thyroid tissue samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differentially expressed mRNAs were identified using the ‘EdgeR’ software package. Gene signatures associated with the overall survival of PTC were selected, and enrichment analysis was performed to explore the biological pathways and functions of the prognostic mRNAs using the Database for Visualization, Annotation and Integration Discovery. A signature model was established to investigate a specific and robust risk stratification for PTC. A total of 1,085 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified between the PTC and normal thyroid tissue samples. Among them, 361 mRNAs were associated with overall survival (P<0.05). A 5-mRNA prognostic signature for PTC (ADRA1B, RIPPLY3, PCOLCE, TEKT1 and SALL3) was identified to classify the patients into high-and low-risk subgroups. These prognostic mRNAs were enriched in Gene Ontology terms such as ‘calcium ion binding’, ‘enzyme inhibitor activity’, ‘carbohydrate binding’, ‘transcriptional activator activity’, ‘RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding’ and ‘glutathione transferase activity’, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathways such as ‘pertussis’, ‘ascorbate and aldarate metabolism’, ‘systemic lupus erythematosus’, ‘drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 and ‘complement and coagulation cascades’. The 5-mRNA signature model may be useful during consultations with patients with PTC to improve the prediction of their prognosis. In addition, the prognostic signature identified in the present study may reveal novel therapeutic targets for patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Kun Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan City People's Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Yan Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Fei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Song Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Qiong-Yao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan City People's Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Xing Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan City People's Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
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2
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Barth E, Hübler R, Baniahmad A, Marz M. The Evolution of COP9 Signalosome in Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1279-89. [PMID: 27044515 PMCID: PMC4860701 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved protein complex, recently being crystallized for human. In mammals and plants the COP9 complex consists of nine subunits, CSN 1–8 and CSNAP. The CSN regulates the activity of culling ring E3 ubiquitin and plays central roles in pleiotropy, cell cycle, and defense of pathogens. Despite the interesting and essential functions, a thorough analysis of the CSN subunits in evolutionary comparative perspective is missing. Here we compared 61 eukaryotic genomes including plants, animals, and yeasts genomes and show that the most conserved subunits of eukaryotes among the nine subunits are CSN2 and CSN5. This may indicate a strong evolutionary selection for these two subunits. Despite the strong conservation of the protein sequence, the genomic structures of the intron/exon boundaries indicate no conservation at genomic level. This suggests that the gene structure is exposed to a much less selection compared with the protein sequence. We also show the conservation of important active domains, such as PCI (proteasome lid-CSN-initiation factor) and MPN (MPR1/PAD1 amino-terminal). We identified novel exons and alternative splicing variants for all CSN subunits. This indicates another level of complexity of the CSN. Notably, most COP9-subunits were identified in all multicellular and unicellular eukaryotic organisms analyzed, but not in prokaryotes or archaeas. Thus, genes encoding CSN subunits present in all analyzed eukaryotes indicate the invention of the signalosome at the root of eukaryotes. The identification of alternative splice variants indicates possible “mini-complexes” or COP9 complexes with independent subunits containing potentially novel and not yet identified functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Barth
- Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany FLI Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Ron Hübler
- Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany FLI Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Jena, Germany
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3
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Enchev RI, Scott DC, da Fonseca PCA, Schreiber A, Monda JK, Schulman BA, Peter M, Morris EP. Structural basis for a reciprocal regulation between SCF and CSN. Cell Rep 2012; 2:616-27. [PMID: 22959436 PMCID: PMC3703508 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skp1-Cul1-Fbox (SCF) E3 ligases are activated by ligation to the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8, which is reversed by the deneddylating Cop9 signalosome (CSN). However, CSN also promotes SCF substrate turnover through unknown mechanisms. Through biochemical and electron microscopy analyses, we determined molecular models of CSN complexes with SCF(Skp2/Cks1) and SCF(Fbw7) and found that CSN occludes both SCF functional sites-the catalytic Rbx1-Cul1 C-terminal domain and the substrate receptor. Indeed, CSN binding prevents SCF interactions with E2 enzymes and a ubiquitination substrate, and it inhibits SCF-catalyzed ubiquitin chain formation independent of deneddylation. Importantly, CSN prevents neddylation of the bound cullin, unless binding of a ubiquitination substrate triggers SCF dissociation and neddylation. Taken together, the results provide a model for how reciprocal regulation sensitizes CSN to the SCF assembly state and inhibits a catalytically competent SCF until a ubiquitination substrate drives its own degradation by displacing CSN, thereby promoting cullin neddylation and substrate ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav I. Enchev
- ETH-Zurich, Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Schafmattstr. 18, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Daniel C. Scott
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paula C. A. da Fonseca
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Anne Schreiber
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Julie K. Monda
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Brenda A. Schulman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matthias Peter
- ETH-Zurich, Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Schafmattstr. 18, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward P. Morris
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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4
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Baniahmad A. The corepressor Alien as a novel tumor suppressor? Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2011; 5:11-5. [PMID: 25961239 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alien has been characterized as a corepressor for nuclear hormone receptors that harbor a silencing domain such as the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) and DAX-1. In addition, the androgen receptor (AR), a steroid hormone receptor, interacts with Alien. Alien enhances gene silencing mediated by TR, VDR and DAX-1, whereas Alien inhibits AR-mediated transactivation. The inhibition of AR by Alien seems to be restricted to cases where AR is bound to AR antagonists. In line with this, Alien inhibits AR target gene expression and human prostate cancer cell proliferation in an antagonist-specific manner indicating that Alien has an inhibitory role for cell cycle progression. Alien mediates gene silencing by recruitment of histone deacetylase activity and interestingly through nucleo-some assembly activity. Hereby, Alien enhances nucleosome positioning mediated by nucleosome assembly protein 1, which suggests a novel molecular mechanism of corepressor function. Using a proteomic approach to identify Alien interacting partners, we detected the cell cycle factor E2F1 to bind to Alien in vivo. The E2F1-mediated transactivation and E2F target gene expression is inhibited by Alien, and in line with this Alien is observed to repress cell cycle progression.
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Nahlik K, Dumkow M, Bayram O, Helmstaedt K, Busch S, Valerius O, Gerke J, Hoppert M, Schwier E, Opitz L, Westermann M, Grond S, Feussner K, Goebel C, Kaever A, Meinicke P, Feussner I, Braus GH. The COP9 signalosome mediates transcriptional and metabolic response to hormones, oxidative stress protection and cell wall rearrangement during fungal development. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:964-79. [PMID: 21062371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome complex (CSN) is a crucial regulator of ubiquitin ligases. Defects in CSN result in embryonic impairment and death in higher eukaryotes, whereas the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans survives without CSN, but is unable to complete sexual development. We investigated overall impact of CSN activity on A. nidulans cells by combined transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analysis. Absence of csn5/csnE affects transcription of at least 15% of genes during development, including numerous oxidoreductases. csnE deletion leads to changes in the fungal proteome indicating impaired redox regulation and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. CSN promotes the formation of asexual spores by regulating developmental hormones produced by PpoA and PpoC dioxygenases. We identify more than 100 metabolites, including orsellinic acid derivatives, accumulating preferentially in the csnE mutant. We also show that CSN is required to activate glucanases and other cell wall recycling enzymes during development. These findings suggest a dual role for CSN during development: it is required early for protection against oxidative stress and hormone regulation and is later essential for control of the secondary metabolism and cell wall rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Nahlik
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Genetik, Georg-August-Universität, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Wallis K, Dudazy S, van Hogerlinden M, Nordström K, Mittag J, Vennström B. The thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 protein is expressed in embryonic postmitotic neurons and persists in most adult neurons. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1904-16. [PMID: 20739404 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for brain development where it acts mainly through the thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) isoform. However, the potential for the hormone to act in adult neurons has remained undefined due to difficulties in reliably determining the expression pattern of TR proteins in vivo. We therefore created a mouse strain that expresses TRα1 and green fluorescent protein as a chimeric protein from the Thra locus, allowing examination of TRα1 expression during fetal and postnatal development and in the adult. Furthermore, the use of antibodies against other markers enabled identification of TRα1 expression in subtypes of neurons and during specific stages of their maturation. TRα1 expression was first detected in postmitotic cells of the cortical plate in the embryonic telencephalon and preceded the expression of the mature neuronal protein NeuN. In the cerebellum, TRα1 expression was absent in proliferating cells of the external granular layer, but switched on as the cells migrated towards the internal granular layer. In addition, TRα1 was expressed transiently in developing Purkinje cells, but not in mature cells. Glial expression was found in tanycytes in the hypothalamus and in the cerebellum. In the adult brain, TRα1 expression was detected in essentially all neurons. Our data demonstrate that thyroid hormone, unexpectedly, has the capacity to play an important role in virtually all developing and adult neurons. Because the role of TRα1 in most neuronal cell types in vivo is largely unknown, our findings suggest that novel functions for thyroid hormone remain to be identified in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wallis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role in mammalian brain development. The developing brain is sensitive to both TH deficiency and excess. Brain development in the absence of TH results in motor skill deficiencies and reduced intellectual development. These functional abnormalities can be attributed to maldevelopment of specific cell types and regions of the brain including the cerebellum. TH functions at the molecular level by regulating gene transcription. Therefore, understanding how TH regulates cerebellar development requires identification of TH-regulated gene targets and the cells expressing these genes. Additionally, the process of TH-dependent regulation of gene expression is tightly controlled by mechanisms including regulation of TH transport, TH metabolism, toxicologic inhibition of TH signaling, and control of the nuclear TH response apparatus. This review will describe the functional, cellular, and molecular effects of TH deficit in the developing cerebellum and emphasize the most recent findings regarding TH action in this important brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Chamovitz DA. Revisiting the COP9 signalosome as a transcriptional regulator. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:352-8. [PMID: 19305390 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved protein complex that was originally described as a repressor of light-dependent growth and transcription in Arabidopsis. The most studied CSN function is the regulation of protein degradation, which occurs primarily through the removal of the ubiquitin-like modifier Nedd8 from cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligases. This activity can regulate transcription-factor stability and, therefore, transcriptional activity. Recent data suggest that the CSN also regulates transcription on the chromatin by mechanisms that are not yet clearly understood. Furthermore, the CSN subunits CSN5 and CSN2 seem to act as transcriptional coactivators and corepressors, respectively. Here, I re-evaluate the mechanisms by which the CSN acts as a transcriptional regulator, and suggest that they could extend beyond the regulation of protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Chamovitz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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9
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Nunez J, Celi FS, Ng L, Forrest D. Multigenic control of thyroid hormone functions in the nervous system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 287:1-12. [PMID: 18448240 PMCID: PMC2486256 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) has a remarkable range of actions in the development and function of the nervous system. A multigenic picture is emerging of the mechanisms that specify these diverse functions in target tissues. Distinct responses are mediated by alpha and beta isoforms of TH receptor which act as ligand-regulated transcription factors. Receptor activity can be regulated at several levels including that of uptake of TH ligand and the activation or inactivation of ligand by deiodinase enzymes in target tissues. Processes under the control of TH range from learning and anxiety-like behaviour to sensory function. At the cellular level, TH controls events as diverse as axonal outgrowth, hippocampal synaptic activity and the patterning of opsin photopigments necessary for colour vision. Overall, TH coordinates this variety of events in both central and sensory systems to promote the function of the nervous system as a complete entity.
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Papaioannou M, Melle C, Baniahmad A. The coregulator Alien. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2007; 5:e008. [PMID: 18174916 PMCID: PMC2121318 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alien has characteristics of a corepressor for selected members of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily and also for transcription factors involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Alien mediates gene silencing and represses the transactivation of specific NHRs and other transcription factors to modulate hormone response and cell proliferation. Alien is a highly conserved protein and is expressed in a wide variety of tissues. Knockout of the gene encoding Alien in mice is embryonic lethal at a very early stage, indicating an important evolutionary role in multicellular organisms. From a mechanistic perspective, the corepressor function of Alien is in part mediated by histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. In addition, Alien seems to modulate nucleosome assembly activity. This suggests that Alien is acting on chromatin not only through recruitment of histone-modifying activities, but also through enhancing nucleosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papaioannou
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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11
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Fegers I, Kob R, Eckey M, Schmidt O, Goeman F, Papaioannou M, Escher N, von Eggeling F, Melle C, Baniahmad A. The Tumor Suppressors p33ING1 and p33ING2 Interact with Alien in Vivo and Enhance Alien-Mediated Gene Silencing. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:4182-8. [DOI: 10.1021/pr070219d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Fegers
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Kob
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Maren Eckey
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Frauke Goeman
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Niko Escher
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Ferdinand von Eggeling
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Melle
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany, Department of Biochemistry, University Kuopio, Finland, and Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
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12
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Escher N, Kob R, Tenbaum SP, Eisold M, Baniahmad A, von Eggeling F, Melle C. Various members of the E2F transcription factor family interact in vivo with the corepressor alien. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1158-64. [PMID: 17330949 DOI: 10.1021/pr060500c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins perform their activities in cells by the cooperation within protein complexes. For this reason, it is important to investigate protein-protein interactions to receive insights in physiological processes. A multitude of proteins are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Specific key factors participating here are members of the E2F transcription factors. Using an in vivo protein-protein complex detection assay, which comprises mass spectrometric and immunological techniques, we detected a number of known as well as new protein-protein interactions. We describe here for the first time protein complexes containing the corepressor Alien and members of the E2F transcription factor family. Furthermore, we assessed the functional relevance and show a repression of the transcriptional activity of E2F by Alien. Additionally, we detected new interactions that link endogenously expressed Alien with the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and with proteins involved in cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Escher
- Core Unit Chip Application (CUCA), Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany
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13
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Oron E, Tuller T, Li L, Rozovsky N, Yekutieli D, Rencus-Lazar S, Segal D, Chor B, Edgar BA, Chamovitz DA. Genomic analysis of COP9 signalosome function in Drosophila melanogaster reveals a role in temporal regulation of gene expression. Mol Syst Biol 2007; 3:108. [PMID: 17486136 PMCID: PMC2673709 DOI: 10.1038/msb4100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN), an eight-subunit protein complex, is conserved in all higher eukaryotes. CSN intersects the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, modulating signaling pathways controlling various aspects of development. We are using Drosophila as a model system to elucidate the function of this important complex. Transcriptome data were generated for four csn mutants, sampled at three developmental time points. Our results are highly reproducible, being confirmed using two different experimental setups that entail different microarrays and different controls. Our results indicate that the CSN acts as a transcriptional repressor during development of Drosophila, resulting in achronic gene expression in the csn mutants. ‘Time shift' analysis with the publicly available Drosophila transcriptome data indicates that genes repressed by the CSN are normally induced primarily during late embryogenesis or during metamorphosis. These temporal shifts are likely due to the roles of the CSN in regulating transcription factors. A null mutation in CSN subunit 4 and hypomorphic mutations in csn5 lead to more severe defects than seen in the csn5-null mutants strain, suggesting that CSN5 carries only some of the CSN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Oron
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamir Tuller
- Department of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina Rozovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Segal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benny Chor
- Department of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel A Chamovitz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 407 Brittainia, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Tel.: +972 3 6406703; Fax: +972 3 6408989;
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14
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Moehren U, Papaioannou M, Reeb CA, Hong W, Baniahmad A. Alien interacts with the human androgen receptor and inhibits prostate cancer cell growth. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1039-48. [PMID: 17356171 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer cell growth is initially androgen dependent. Androgen antagonists are used in prostate cancer therapy to inactivate the transcriptional activity of the human androgen receptor (hAR) and to inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer. Here, we have characterized Alien with characteristics of a corepressor as a novel interacting factor for the antagonist bound hAR. Alien is recruited to hAR in the presence of the AR antagonist cyproterone acetate (CPA). The interaction of Alien with hAR is verified in vivo and in vitro by a modified mammalian two-hybrid system, coimmunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and in vitro binding assays. In contrast to other nuclear receptors, Alien binds to the amino-terminus of hAR with the receptor SUMOylation (small ubiquitin modifier) sites being involved. Furthermore, cellular localization of Alien is changed towards a predominant nuclear localization upon treatment of prostate cancer cells with CPA. Notably, stable expression of Alien in LNCaP cells inhibits both endogenous prostate-specific antigen expression and proliferation of these cells in the presence of CPA but not in the presence of an AR agonist. These findings underline the importance of corepressors for inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by androgen antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Moehren
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Kollegiengasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Carrabino S, Carminati E, Talarico D, Pardi R, Bianchi E. Expression pattern of the JAB1/CSN5 gene during murine embryogenesis: colocalization with NEDD8. Gene Expr Patterns 2005; 4:423-31. [PMID: 15183309 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a conserved multiprotein complex, with an important developmental role in several organisms, ranging from plants to mammalians. The influence of the CSN on several signaling and developmental processes has been ascribed to its ability to regulate degradation of a number of signaling proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The CSN controls the function of the SCF ubiquitin-ligase complex through an enzymatic activity that removes the small ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8 from the cullin component of the SCF and that requires subunit 5 of the CSN (JAB1/CSN5). Mutants of the CSN display early embryonic lethality, a feature that has hindered further characterization of the role of the CSN at later stages of mammalian development. Here we report the analysis of JAB1/CSN5 expression pattern in the mouse embryo. At early stages of development, JAB1/CSN5 transcripts were present with low expression levels in all tissues. Preferential expression in selected tissues was detected starting at E11.5, with higher levels in dorsal root ganglia; at later stages, prominent expression of JAB1/CSN5 transcripts was observed in cranial nerve, spinal and sympathetic ganglia, as well as in selected epithelia, such as the oral and the olfactory epithelium. In the adult brain, additional areas of JAB1/CSN5 expression were the hippocampus and the Purkinjie layer of the cerebellum. We also analyzed the temporal and spatial expression pattern of NEDD8, and found that it substantially overlapped JAB1/CSN5 expression at all stages analyzed, supporting the model of a functional interaction between the two proteins during developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Carrabino
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, DIBIT-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Gene silencing is an essential transcriptional regulatory process. Co-repressors mediate gene repression through their recruitment by DNA bound transcriptional silencer proteins. Co-repressors repress gene expression through several mechanisms, mostly investigated on the level of chromatin. Lack or aberrant gene silencing is associated with many defects both on cellular and organismic level. Several human diseases are based on dysregulated co-repressor binding to transcriptional silencers indicating that co-repressor recruitment and the strength of gene silencing must be under strict control. In line with that gene silencing is important for animal development, cellular proliferation and transformation. Co-repressors play also a major role in the treatment of hormone-dependent growing cancers, such as for breast and prostate cancer therapy. The molecular basis of anti-hormone therapy lies in the recruitment of co-repressors to the estrogen or androgen receptors, respectively, which leads to their inactivation and to inhibition of cancer growth. The molecular mechanisms of selected topics are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Medical Department, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07740 Jena, Germany.
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Calloni GW, Penno CA, Cordova FM, Trentin AG, Neto VM, Leal RB. Congenital hypothyroidism alters the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in the hippocampus of neonatal rats. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 154:141-5. [PMID: 15617763 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone deficiency during the critical period of neural differentiation produces permanent and severe alterations in the morphology and function of the nervous system leading to cretinism. Perinatal hypothyroidism results in permanent alterations of hippocampal synaptic functions in adult rats consequently causing learning and memory impairment. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of protein kinases that regulate essential cellular activities ranging from gene expression, mitosis, programmed cell death to plasticity and memory formation, but their involvement in perinatal hypothyroidism is not determined. The present work was designed to investigate MAPKs phosphorylation in hippocampus of congenital neonatal hypothyroid rats. Congenital hypothyroidism promotes an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK 1/2) phosphorylation (+50%) and a decrease in p38(MAPK) phosphorylation (-50%) without changing in Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation. Therefore, the congenital hypothyroidism model disturbs ERK 1/2 and p38(MAPK) phosphorylation pathways causing an important molecular alteration in the hippocampus. This event might be related, at least partially, to the deficits in hippocampal development and cognitive functions due neonatal congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano W Calloni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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Moehren U, Dressel U, Reeb CA, Väisänen S, Dunlop TW, Carlberg C, Baniahmad A. The highly conserved region of the co-repressor Sin3A functionally interacts with the co-repressor Alien. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:2995-3004. [PMID: 15173382 PMCID: PMC434429 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sin3 proteins are evolutionarily conserved co-repressors (CoR) that function as mediators of gene repression for a variety of transcriptional silencers. The paired amphipathic helices of Sin3A were identified and studied as protein-protein interacting domains. Previously we have shown the interaction of Sin3A with the CoR Alien in vivo and in vitro. Here, we show that Alien and Sin3A reside together in vivo with the vitamin D3 receptor on the human 24-hydroxylase (CYP24) promoter containing vitamin D3 response elements by chromatin immunoprecipitation. We delineated and characterized the interaction domains of Sin3A with Alien. Interestingly, the highly conserved region (HCR) of Sin3A, which has not yet been functionally characterized, interacts with Alien. The HCR encompasses only 134 amino acids, shares more than 80% identity with Sin3B and binds to the N-terminus of Alien, which harbours a transferable silencing function. Functionally, co-expression of Sin3A enhances Alien-mediated gene repression and overexpression of the HCR alone leads to the inhibition of Alien-mediated repression and to the induction of the endogenous CYP24 promoter. Our results therefore indicate a novel functional role of the Sin3 HCR and give novel insights into Alien-mediated gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Moehren
- Genetic Institute, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Dunlop TW, Väisänen S, Frank C, Carlberg C. The genes of the coactivator TIF2 and the corepressor SMRT are primary 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 targets. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:257-60. [PMID: 15225781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The complex of the receptor for the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)), Vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR), the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and a 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) response element (VDRE) is considered to be the molecular switch for nuclear 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) signaling. In the presence of ligand the VDR-RXR complex interacts with coactivator (CoA) proteins that in turn contact components of the basal transcriptional machinery resulting in an enhanced transcription of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) target genes. In the absence of ligand the VDR remains bound to the DNA and interacts with corepressor (CoR) proteins that are involved in gene silencing activity. We treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells with 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) for increasing amounts of time, extracted mRNA and screened by real-time PCR the members of the p160 CoA and NCoR CoR families. We find that of the p160 coactivators, only TIF2 was responsive to 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Similarly SMRT but not NCoR1 gene transcription was sensitive to 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment. In silico analysis revealed that both TIF2 and SMRT promoters have substantial numbers of VDREs compared to the promoters of the other family members. These VDREs are formed by direct repeats of the core binding motif RGKTCA with a three nucleotide spacing (DR3). We suggest that some or all of these DR3-type VDREs are responsible for the observed responsiveness of TIF2 and SMRT to 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Dunlop
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Eckey M, Tenbaum SP, Muñoz A, Baniahmad A. Mixed lineage kinase 2 enhances trans-repression of Alien and nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 213:71-8. [PMID: 15062575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alien was previously identified as a corepressor for the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and DAX-1 which belong both to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. Here, we isolated the mixed lineage kinase 2 (MLK2) as an interacting partner for the corepressor Alien using a yeast two hybrid screen. MLK2 is an upstream activator of JNKs and activation of MLK2-mediated signaling cascades play roles in neurodegenerative and apoptotic mechanisms in the central nervous system. MLK2 has been shown to be localized both in the cytoplasm and cell nucleus. We confirmed the Alien-MLK2 interaction using GST pull-down experiments and also show that MLK2 is able to phosphorylate Alien in immune-kinase assays. Functional analyses revealed that Alien, DAX-1 and thyroid hormone receptor mediated transcriptional silencing is strongly enhanced in the presence of active MLK2. Since MAP kinase signaling pathways are important mediators of cellular responses to a wide variety of stimuli, our data suggest that signaling pathways not only regulate transactivation but also enhancement of transcriptional silencing. This novel cross-talk may represent a link between MLK2-mediated signaling and transcriptional repression of target genes during neuronal differentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Eckey
- Genetic Institute, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are able to bind DNA and to repress transcription in the absence of thyroid hormone. This repression function is an important feature of TRs as aberrant silencing can lead to severe diseases and developmental abnormalities. TR utilizes different mechanisms to achieve repression of target genes including the recruitment of cofactors called corepressors and interference with the basal transcriptional machinery. Recent studies have revealed an important role of chromatin in TR silencing involving different histone modifications and the responsible enzymes. Furthermore, the transcriptional properties of TR depend on the type of the TR DNA-binding elements. This review will focus on the molecular basis of gene silencing by TR and diseases caused by aberrant functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Eckey
- Genetic Institute, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones play important roles in brain development. The physiologic function of thyroid hormones in the developing brain is to provide a timing signal that leads to the induction of differentiation and maturation programs during precise stages of development. Inappropriate initiation of these timing events leads to asynchrony in developmental processes and a deleterious outcome. The developing brain is protected from premature thyroid hormone signaling through a variety of measures. Firstly, local brain levels of both thyroxine and triiodothyronine are controlled by ontogenically regulated patterns of production and metabolism. Secondly, developmentally regulated expression of nuclear proteins involved with the nuclear TH response apparatus control the temporal response of brain genes to thyroid hormone. Finally, developmental regulation of TH action modulating transcription factor expression also controls TH action in the developing brain. Together these molecular mechanisms cooperatively act to temporally control TH action during brain development. A description of these controlling mechanisms is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Anderson
- College of Pharmacy, Duluth, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3095, USA.
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