1
|
Zhang Y, Offenhäusser A, Mourzina Y. A Study on the Mechanism and Properties of a Self-Powered H 2O 2 Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Fuel Cell Configuration with FePc and Graphene Cathode Catalyst Materials. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:290. [PMID: 38920594 PMCID: PMC11202192 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Conventional electrochemical sensors use voltammetric and amperometric methods with external power supply and modulation systems, which hinder the flexibility and application of the sensors. To avoid the use of an external power system and to minimize the number of electrochemical cell components, a self-powered electrochemical sensor (SPES) for hydrogen peroxide was investigated here. Iron phthalocyanine, an enzyme mimetic material, and Ni were used as a cathode catalyst and an anode material, respectively. The properties of the iron phthalocyanine catalyst modified by graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were investigated. Open circuit potential tests demonstrated the feasibility of this system. The GNP-modulated interface helped to solve the problems of aggregation and poor conductivity of iron phthalocyanine and allowed for the achievement of the best analytical characteristics of the self-powered H2O2 sensor with a low detection limit of 0.6 µM and significantly higher sensitivity of 0.198 A/(M·cm2) due to the enhanced electrochemical properties. The SPES demonstrated the best performance at pH 3.0 compared to pH 7.4 and 12.0. The sensor characteristics under the control of external variable load resistances are discussed and the cell showed the highest power density of 65.9 μW/cm2 with a 20 kOhm resistor. The practical applicability of this method was verified by the determination of H2O2 in blood serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yulia Mourzina
- Institute of Biological Information Processing—Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (Y.Z.); (A.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holoviak S, Dabo I, Sinnott S. Simulation of Electrochemical Oxidation in Aqueous Environments under Applied Voltage Using Classical Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2236-2244. [PMID: 38452255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of metal electrodes under an applied voltage in an explicit water environment were performed and compared to predictions from both other calculations and simulations and experimental measurements and observations. MD simulations using the third-generation charge-optimized many body (COMB3) potentials and the electrode COMB (eCOMB) approach allow for the simulation of an externally applied voltage by modifying the equations of motion during the charge equilibration step (QEq) of the MD simulation. Unlike previous work, which prevented charge transfer between the water and metal electrodes, this work coupled the water and metal together through the QEq, which leads to an accumulation of a negative charge on the water and a positive charge on the metal before any voltage is applied. The extent of this charge accumulation is characterized, and strategies to mitigate it are explored. Root mean square deviation plots of the metal surfaces are created for each simulation to compare the extent of oxidation and dissolution. Good agreement is found between the oxidation behavior of the simulated metal surfaces and the experimental observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Holoviak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ismaila Dabo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Susan Sinnott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Magnussen OM, Drnec J, Qiu C, Martens I, Huang JJ, Chattot R, Singer A. In Situ and Operando X-ray Scattering Methods in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:629-721. [PMID: 38253355 PMCID: PMC10870989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical and electrocatalytic processes are of key importance for the transition to a sustainable energy supply as well as for a wide variety of other technologically relevant fields. Further development of these processes requires in-depth understanding of the atomic, nano, and micro scale structure of the materials and interfaces in electrochemical devices under reaction conditions. We here provide a comprehensive review of in situ and operando studies by X-ray scattering methods, which are powerful and highly versatile tools to provide such understanding. We discuss the application of X-ray scattering to a wide variety of electrochemical systems, ranging from metal and oxide single crystals to nanoparticles and even full devices. We show how structural data on bulk phases, electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and nanoscale morphology can be obtained and describe recent developments that provide highly local information and insight into the composition and electronic structure. These X-ray scattering studies yield insights into the structure in the double layer potential range as well as into the structural evolution during electrocatalytic processes and phase formation reactions, such as nucleation and growth during electrodeposition and dissolution, the formation of passive films, corrosion processes, and the electrochemical intercalation into battery materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht-Haensel
Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF,
Experiments Division, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jason J. Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- ICGM,
Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hyjek P, Stępień M, Kowalik R, Sulima I. Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Aluminum Sinters Produced by High-Pressure HPHT/SPS Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1907. [PMID: 36903021 PMCID: PMC10004311 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As part of extensive research on the properties of nickel-aluminum alloys, corrosion tests of sintered materials produced by the innovative HPHT/SPS (high pressure, high temperature/spark plasma sintering) method were performed in 0.1 molar H2SO4 acid. The hybrid, unique device used for this purpose (one of only two such devices operating in the world) is equipped with a Bridgman chamber, which allows heating with high-frequency pulsed current and sintering of powders under high pressure in the range of 4-8 GPa and at temperatures up to 2400 °C. Using this device for the production of materials contributes to the generation of new phases not obtainable by classical methods. In this article, the first test results obtained for the nickel-aluminum alloys never before produced by this method are discussed. Alloys containing 25 at.% Al, 37 at.% Al and 50 at.% Al were produced. The alloys were obtained by the combined effect of the pressure of 7 GPa and the temperature of 1200 °C generated by the pulsed current. The time of the sintering process was 60 s. The electrochemical tests, such as OCP (open circuit potential), polarization tests and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), were carried out for the newly produced sinters and the results were compared with the reference materials, i.e., nickel and aluminum. The corrosion tests showed good corrosion resistance of the produced sinters, with corrosion rates of 0.091, 0.073 and 0.127 mm per year, respectively. It leaves no doubt that the good resistance of materials synthesized by powder metallurgy is due to the proper selection of the manufacturing process parameters, ensuring a high degree of material consolidation. This was further confirmed by the examinations of microstructure (optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and the results of density tests (hydrostatic method). It has been shown that the obtained sinters were characterized by a compact, homogeneous and pore-free structure, though at the same time differentiated and multi-phase, while the densities of individual alloys reached a level close to the theoretical values. The Vickers hardness of the alloys was 334, 399 and 486 HV10, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Hyjek
- Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorazych 2 St., 30-084 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Stępień
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Kowalik
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Iwona Sulima
- Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorazych 2 St., 30-084 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Electrochemical noise studies on localized corrosion of Ni and Ni-20Cr in molten ZnCl2. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Braun TM, Schwartz DT. Exploring the Kinetic and Thermodynamic Relationship of Charge Transfer Reactions Used in Localized Electrodeposition and Patterning in a Scanning Bipolar Cell. Front Chem 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31157210 PMCID: PMC6530335 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry involves spatial separation of charge balanced reduction and oxidation reactions on an electrically floating electrode, a result of intricate coupling of the work piece with the ohmic drop in the electrochemical cell and to the thermodynamics and kinetics of the respective bipolar reactions. When paired with a rastering microjet electrode, in a scanning bipolar cell (SBC), local electrodeposition and patterning of metals beneath the microjet can be realized without direct electrical connections to the workpiece. Here, we expand on prior research detailing electrolyte design guidelines for electrodeposition and patterning with the SBC, focusing on the relationship between kinetics and thermodynamics of the respective bipolar reactions. The kinetic reversibility or irreversibility of the desired deposition reaction influences the range of possible effective bipolar counter reactions. For kinetically irreversible deposition systems (i.e., nickel), a wider thermodynamic window is available for selection of the counter reaction. For kinetically reversible systems (i.e., copper or silver) that can be easily etched, tight thermodynamic windows with a small downhill driving force for spontaneous reduction are required to prevent metal patterns from electrochemical dissolution. Furthermore, additives used for the bipolar counter reaction can influence not only the kinetics of deposition, but also the morphology and microstructure of the deposit. Cyclic voltammetry measurements help elucidate secondary parasitic reduction reactions occurring during bipolar nickel deposition and describe the thermodynamic relationship of both irreversible and reversible bipolar couples. Finally, finite element method simulations explore the influence of bipolar electrode area on current efficiency and connect experimental observations of pattern etching to thermodynamic and kinetic relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Braun
- Functional Nanostructured Materials Group, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.,Electrochemical Materials and Interfaces Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel T Schwartz
- Electrochemical Materials and Interfaces Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marcus P, Maurice V. Atomic level characterization in corrosion studies. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0414. [PMID: 28607192 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomic level characterization brings fundamental insight into the mechanisms of self-protection against corrosion of metals and alloys by oxide passive films and into how localized corrosion is initiated on passivated metal surfaces. This is illustrated in this overview with selected data obtained at the subnanometre, i.e. atomic or molecular, scale and also at the nanometre scale on single-crystal copper, nickel, chromium and stainless steel surfaces passivated in well-controlled conditions and analysed in situ and/or ex situ by scanning tunnelling microscopy/spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. A selected example of corrosion modelling by ab initio density functional theory is also presented. The discussed aspects include the surface reconstruction induced by hydroxide adsorption and formation of two-dimensional (hydr)oxide precursors, the atomic structure, orientation and surface hydroxylation of three-dimensional ultrathin oxide passive films, the effect of grain boundaries in polycrystalline passive films acting as preferential sites of passivity breakdown, the differences in local electronic properties measured at grain boundaries of passive films and the role of step edges at the exposed surface of oxide grains on the dissolution of the passive film.This article is part of the themed issue 'The challenges of hydrogen and metals'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Marcus
- PSL Research University, CNRS-Chimie ParisTech, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), Research Group Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Maurice
- PSL Research University, CNRS-Chimie ParisTech, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), Research Group Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Agrisuelas J, Ferrús D, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño JJ, Perrot H, Sel O, Vicente F. Poly(neutral red) on passivated nickel films. New insights through EQCM measurements. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193516120028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Damian A, Maroun F, Allongue P. Electrochemical de-alloying in two dimensions: role of the local atomic environment. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13985-13996. [PMID: 27121686 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate by in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) the potential dependence of the electrochemical dealloying of NiPd monoatomic layers electrodeposited on Au(111). The dealloying process is achieved by Ni selective dissolution and was studied as a function of NiPd composition: for an alloy with a Ni content ≥70%, quasi-complete Ni dissolution is achieved at a potential of -0.9 VMSE whereas for a Ni content <70%, Ni dissolution at the same potential drastically slows down after the removal of small amounts of Ni. The alloy morphology at this "passivation state" is characterized by the presence of holes in the alloy monolayer with evidence for the Pd enrichment at the hole edges. These findings are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations. Further Ni dissolution at passivation was achieved by applying more positive potentials which depend on the alloy composition. These results allowed us to determine the correlation between the Ni dissolution onset potential and the local Pd content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Damian
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oshchepkov AG, Bonnefont A, Saveleva VA, Papaefthimiou V, Zafeiratos S, Pronkin SN, Parmon VN, Savinova ER. Exploring the Influence of the Nickel Oxide Species on the Kinetics of Hydrogen Electrode Reactions in Alkaline Media. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Morrison AR, Hosseiny SS, Wüthrich R. Platinum-like oxidation of nickel surfaces by rapidly switching voltage to generate highly active bifunctional catalysts. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
12
|
Syugaev AV, Lyalina NV, Lomayeva SF, Maratkanova AN. The electrochemical properties of Ni3C carbide. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-3108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Steinmann SN, Michel C, Schwiedernoch R, Filhol JS, Sautet P. Modeling the HCOOH/CO2Electrocatalytic Reaction: When Details Are Key. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2307-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Photoelectrochemical analysis of passive films formed on Ni and its alloys and its application to their corrosion behaviors. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Thürmer K, Nie S, Feibelman PJ, Bartelt NC. Clusters, molecular layers, and 3D crystals of water on Ni(111). J Chem Phys 2014; 141:18C520. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4896300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Thürmer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Shu Nie
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gründer Y, Drünkler A, Golks F, Wijts G, Stettner J, Zegenhagen J, Magnussen O. Cu(111) in chloride containing acidic electrolytes: Coadsorption of an oxygenated species. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Wakeham D, Nelson A, Warr GG, Atkin R. Probing the protic ionic liquid surface using X-ray reflectivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20828-35. [PMID: 22006195 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the free liquid surface of three protic ionic liquids, ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), propylammonium nitrate (PAN), and ethylammonium formate (EAF), has been elucidated using X-ray reflectivity. The results show all three liquids have an extended interfacial region, spanning at least five ion pairs, which can be divided into two parts. Adjacent to the gas phase are aggregates consisting of multiple cations and anions. Below this are layers oriented parallel to the macroscopic surface that are alternately enriched and depleted in cation alkyl chains and polar domains of cation ammonium groups and their anions, gradually decaying to the isotropic sponge-like bulk structure. The most pronounced layering is observed for PAN, driven by strong solvophobic interactions, while reduced hydrogen bonding in EAF results in the least structured and least extensive interfacial region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Wakeham
- Centre for Organic Electronics, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
The electrochemical behaviour of nanocrystalline nickel: A comparison with polycrystalline nickel under the same experimental condition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Diffraction and Other X-Ray Methods. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49829-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Seyeux A, Maurice V, Klein LH, Marcus P. Initiation of localized corrosion at the nanoscale by competitive dissolution and passivation of nickel surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
|
25
|
Kinetic macroscopic description of the microscopic structure of dissolving interfaces: Influence of the electrochemical kinetics. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
26
|
Gregori J, García-Jareño JJ, Keddam M, Vicente F. A kinetic interpretation of a negative time constant in impedance equivalent circuits for the dissolution/passive transition. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
Huemann S, Hai NTM, Broekmann P, Wandelt K, Zajonz H, Dosch H, Renner F. X-ray diffraction and STM study of reactive surfaces under electrochemical control: Cl and I on Cu(100). J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:24955-63. [PMID: 17149917 DOI: 10.1021/jp064764y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The surface structure of Cu(100) modified by chloride and iodide has been studied in an electrochemical environment by means of in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy in combination with in-situ surface X-ray diffraction with a particular focus on adsorbate and potential dependent surface relaxation phenomena. For positive potentials close to the on-set of the copper dissolution reaction, the X-ray data disclose an extraordinarily large Cu-Cl bond length of 2.61 A for the c(2 x 2)-Cl phase. This finding points to a largely ionic character of the Cu-Cl interaction at the Cu(100) surface, with chloride particles likely to retain their full charge upon adsorption. Together with the positive surface charging at these high potentials, this ionic Cu-Cl bond drives the observed 2.2% outward relaxation between the first two copper layers. These results indicate that the bond between the first and the second copper layer is significantly weakened which appears as the crucial prerequisite for the high surface mobility of copper-chloride species under electrochemical annealing conditions at these high potentials. With 2.51 A the Cu-I bond is 4% shorter than the Cu-Cl bond implying that the nature of the Cu-I bond is mainly covalent. Accordingly, we observe a significant inward relaxation of the top Cu layers upon substituting chloride by iodide at the same electrode potential, which suggests that the iodide adsorption involves charge transfer from the halide to the copper substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Huemann
- Institut für Physikalische and Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Growth of passive layers on nickel during their voltammetric anodic dissolution in a weakly acid medium. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
El Alami H, Creus J, Feaugas X. Influence of the plastic strain on the hydrogen evolution reaction on polycrystalline nickel electrodes in H2S04. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Medway S, Lucas C, Kowal A, Nichols R, Johnson D. In situ studies of the oxidation of nickel electrodes in alkaline solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
31
|
Electrochromic Properties of Sputtered Ni Oxide Thin Films in Acidic KCl+H[sub 2]SO[sub 4] Aqueous Solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1149/1.2205118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
32
|
Muñoz AG, Vela ME, Salvarezza RC. Complex surface dynamics during anodic dissolution of Ni. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:9238-45. [PMID: 16171357 DOI: 10.1021/la050636+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the surface roughness during the anodic dissolution of polycrystalline Ni was investigated by means of ex situ AFM in acid phosphate solutions. To characterize the time and spatial scaling behavior of surface roughness, the interface width and the power spectral density of the surface at different dissolution stages were analyzed in terms of dynamic scaling theories. The time dependence of global surface roughness, W(L,t), shows an unstable behavior characterized by a continuous increase without saturation following the relation W approximately t(beta), where beta > 0.5. The unstable behavior results from the development of wide grooves that originates a surface consisting of mounds. Two scaling regimes at scales shorter and larger than the mound dimensions (l(c)) were observed. For l < l(c), we found alpha approximately 1 consistent with mounds exhibiting smooth (faceted) walls, whereas an anomalous scaling behavior with a proper local roughness exponents (alpha(loc) < 1) dominates at l > l(c). The introduction of nitrite in the solution, a common additive used in phosphating baths, leads to some changes in the scaling behavior as a consequence of different generated chemical surface conditions during dissolution. The different dissolution rates of the exposed crystal orientations and surface diffusion of adatoms were identified as the physical processes that govern the interface dynamic for this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Muñoz
- Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces (ISG 3), Research Centre Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nakamura M, Tanaka M, Ito M, Sakata O. Water adsorption on a p(2×2)-Ni(111)–O surface studied by surface x-ray diffraction and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy at 25 and 140K. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:224703. [PMID: 15974699 DOI: 10.1063/1.1927515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of water molecules on an oxygen-predosed p(2x2)-Ni(111)-O surface was studied by surface x-ray diffraction and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) at temperature of 25 and 140 K. Precise structures including adsorbed water, predosed oxygen, and substrate nickel atoms at these two temperatures were determined by x-ray structural analysis. It was found that water molecules adsorb on oxygen additive sites, forming a hydrogen bond at 25 K. A predosed 2x2 oxygen atom appears to accommodate one, two, or three water molecules at positions relating to threefold rotation symmetry. When the surface temperature was raised to 140 K, water molecules appear at an atop site of Ni. The distance between Ni and the oxygen atoms of a monomer water molecule was found to be 0.2241(22) nm. The adsorbed water molecule induces buckling and a lateral shift of the substrate nickel. The IRAS results provided evidence regarding the existence of two distinct adsorption sites. Water molecules in the low-temperature phase exhibit bands from both hydrogen-bonded nuOD and free OD stretchings, while those in the high-temperature phase lie flat with a molecular plane parallel to the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoicho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vicente F, Gregori J, García-Jareño JJ, Giménez-Romero D. Cyclic voltammetric generation and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance characterization of passive layer of nickel in a weakly acid medium. J Solid State Electrochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-004-0643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
35
|
Jang H, Park C, Kwon H. Photoelectrochemical analysis on the passive film formed on Ni in pH 8.5 buffer solution. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Seyeux A, Maurice V, Klein LH, Marcus P. In situ scanning tunnelling microscopic study of the initial stages of growth and of the structure of the passive film on Ni(111) in 1 mM NaOH(aq). J Solid State Electrochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-004-0627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
37
|
Surface structures at the initial stages in passive film formation on Ni(111) electrodes in acidic electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Muñoz AG, Benitez G, Vela ME, Salvarezza RC. Influence of the adsorption of N species on the anodic dissolution of Ni. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:2361-2368. [PMID: 15835697 DOI: 10.1021/la0359225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The dissolution and passivation of Ni in nitrite-containing acid solutions are investigated by Auger spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and conventional electrochemical techniques. The dissolution/ passivation of the Ni surface is consistent with a competition between adsorbed OH- and nitrogen-containing species with a potential-dependent surface coverage. Nitrogen-containing species hinder the passivation of the Ni surface, shifting the formation of the complex nickel hydroxide/oxide film to more positive potential values. The dynamics of the dissolving interface, followed by atomic force microscopy, reflect first the competition of adsorbed species, leading to the development of protrusions and cavities, and finally the formation of the passive film that promotes surface smoothening by a preferential dissolution of the protrusion tips under ohmic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Muñoz
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahia Blanca, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|