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Kumar R, Leech D. A glucose anode for enzymatic fuel cells optimized for current production under physiological conditions using a design of experiment approach. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rathee K, Dhull V, Dhull R, Singh S. Biosensors based on electrochemical lactate detection: A comprehensive review. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 5:35-54. [PMID: 28955805 PMCID: PMC5600356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate detection plays a significant role in healthcare, food industries and is specially necessitated in conditions like hemorrhage, respiratory failure, hepatic disease, sepsis and tissue hypoxia. Conventional methods for lactate determination are not accurate and fast so this accelerated the need of sensitive biosensors for high-throughput screening of lactate in different samples. This review focuses on applications and developments of various electrochemical biosensors based on lactate detection as lactate being essential metabolite in anaerobic metabolic pathway. A comparative study to summarize the L-lactate biosensors on the basis of different analytical properties in terms of fabrication, sensitivity, detection limit, linearity, response time and storage stability has been done. It also addresses the merits and demerits of current enzyme based lactate biosensors. Lactate biosensors are of two main types – lactate oxidase (LOD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) based. Different supports tried for manufacturing lactate biosensors include membranes, polymeric matrices-conducting or non-conducting, transparent gel matrix, hydrogel supports, screen printed electrodes and nanoparticles. All the examples in these support categories have been aptly discussed. Finally this review encompasses the conclusion and future emerging prospects of lactate sensors. Different enzymes used in lactate bio sensing have been studied. Support used for fabrication biosensors have been discussed. The linearity range, response time, detection limit, etc. have been studied. Merits and demerits of different supports are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Rathee
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Vikas Dhull
- Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Rekha Dhull
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
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Zahn R, Vörös J, Zambelli T. Tuning the electrochemical swelling of polyelectrolyte multilayers toward nanoactuation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12057-12066. [PMID: 25229875 DOI: 10.1021/la503051n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We discuss physicochemical determinants of electrochemical polyelectrolyte multilayer swelling that are relevant to actuator usage. We used electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EC-QCM-D) and cyclic voltammetry to compare the electrochemical swelling of two types of ferrocyanide-containing polyelectrolyte multilayers, poly(l-glutamic acid)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PGA/PAH), and carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (CMC/PDDA). We showed that ferrocyanide oxidation causes the swelling of PGA/PAH multilayers whereas it results in the contraction of CMC/PDDA multilayers. This behavior can be attributed to the presence of a positive and a negative Donnan potential in the case of PGA/PAH and CMC/PDDA multilayers, respectively. Using multilayers consisting of PGA and poly(allylamine) ferrocene (PGA/PAH-FC), we applied EC-QCM-D and demonstrated potentiostatic thickness control with nanometer precision and showed that the multilayer's thickness depends linearly on the applied potential within a certain potential range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Zahn
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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Coupling osmium complexes to epoxy-functionalised polymers to provide mediated enzyme electrodes for glucose oxidation. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 43:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Deshmukh PK, Ramani KP, Singh SS, Tekade AR, Chatap VK, Patil GB, Bari SB. Stimuli-sensitive layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly systems: Targeting and biosensory applications. J Control Release 2013; 166:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mediated glucose enzyme electrodes by cross-linking films of osmium redox complexes and glucose oxidase on electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3807-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ricci AM, Méndez De Leo LP, Williams FJ, Calvo EJ. Some Evidence for the Formation of an Azo Bond during the Electroreduction of Diazonium Salts on Au Substrates. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Borgmann S, Schulte A, Neugebauer S, Schuhmann W. Amperometric Biosensors. ADVANCES IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527644117.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fei J, Hu S, Shiu KK. Amperometric determination of nitric oxide at a carbon nanotube modified electrode with redox polymer coating. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jenkins PA, Boland S, Kavanagh P, Leech D. Evaluation of performance and stability of biocatalytic redox films constructed with different copper oxygenases and osmium-based redox polymers. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:162-8. [PMID: 19481981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We are interested in investigating the applications of biocatalytic mediated reduction of oxygen by oxygenases in films on electrode surfaces, as such reactions can form the basis for biosensors or biocatalytic fuel cell development. Here we present approaches aimed at improving the stability and signal output of such films. These include selection of oxygen reducing biocatalysts which are active under physiological conditions and development of redox mediators which offer the opportunity to tailor the mediator to each enzyme. It was found that for each enzyme Melanocarpus albomyces laccase (MaL), Trametes hirsutus laccase (ThL) or bilirubin oxidase (MvBOD) it was the biocatalytic films mediated by Os(2,2'-bipyridine)(2)Cl.PVI that not only generated the highest current densities compared to Os(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)Cl.PVI and Os(4,4'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)Cl.PVI, but also proved to be the most stable over 48 h. Under physiological conditions electrodes constructed from MvBOD generated the highest initial current densities for each of the osmium redox polymers, however these films proved to be the least stable over 48 h. Stability could be improved using surface pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Jenkins
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Flexer V, Pratt K, Garay F, Bartlett P, Calvo E. Relaxation and Simplex mathematical algorithms applied to the study of steady-state electrochemical responses of immobilized enzyme biosensors: Comparison with experiments. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008; 616:87-98. [PMID: 25567786 PMCID: PMC4282156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A description of the implementation of the relaxation method with automatic mesh point allocation for immobilized enzyme electrodes is presented. The advantages of this method for the solution of coupled reaction-diffusion problems are discussed. The relaxation numerical simulation technique is combined with the Simplex fitting algorithm to extract kinetic parameters from experimental data. The results of the simulations are compared to experimental data from self-assembled multilayered electrodes comprised of glucose oxidase (GOx) and an Os modified redox mediator and found to be in excellent agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Flexer
- INQUIMAE, Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Analitica y Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K.F.E. Pratt
- City Technology Ltd., Walton Road, Portsmouth, Hants PO6 1SZ, UK
| | - F. Garay
- INFIQC, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Pab. Argentina 2° piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - P.N. Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - E.J. Calvo
- INQUIMAE, Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Analitica y Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Amperometric lactate biosensors and their application in (sports) medicine, for life quality and wellbeing. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tagliazucchi ME, Calvo EJ. Surface charge effects on the redox switching of LbL self-assembled redox polyelectrolyte multilayers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Grumelli DE, Garay F, Barbero CA, Calvo EJ. Dynamics of Ion Exchange between Self-assembled Redox Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Modified Electrode and Liquid Electrolyte. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:15345-52. [PMID: 16884254 DOI: 10.1021/jp062282g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A probe beam deflection (PBD) study of ion exchange between an electroactive polymer poly(allylamine)-bipyridyl-pyridine osmium complex film and liquid electrolyte is reported. The PBD measurements were made simultaneously to chronoamperometric oxidation-reduction cycles, to be able to detect kinetic effects in the ion exchange. Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled redox polyelectrolyte films with osmium bipyridyl complex covalently attached to poly(allylamine) (PAH-Os) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) have been built by alternate electrostatic adsorption from soluble polyelectrolytes. The ionic exchange during initial conditioning of the film ("break-in") undergoing oxidation-reduction cycles and recovery after equilibration in the reduced state have shown an exchange of anions and cations with time lag between them. The effect of the nature of cation on the ionic exchange has been investigated with dilute HCl, LiCl, NaCl, and CsCl electrolytes. The ratio of anion to cation exchanged at the film-electrolyte interface has a strong dependence on the nature of charge in the topmost layer, that is, when negatively charged PSS is the capping layer, a larger proportion of cation exchange is observed. This demonstrates that the electrical potential distribution at the redox polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM)/electrolyte interface determines the ionic flux in response to charge injection in the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris E Grumelli
- INQUIMAE-Departamento de Química Inorganica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, AR-1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Guschin DA, Sultanov YM, Sharif-Zade NF, Aliyev EH, Efendiev AA, Schuhmann W. Redox polymer-based reagentless horseradish peroxidase biosensors. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Oxidoreductase enzymes catalyze single- or multi-electron reduction/oxidation reactions of small molecule inorganic or organic substrates, and they are integral to a wide variety of biological processes including respiration, energy production, biosynthesis, metabolism, and detoxification. All redox enzymes require a natural redox partner such as an electron-transfer protein (e.g. cytochrome, ferredoxin, flavoprotein) or a small molecule cosubstrate (e.g. NAD(P)H, dioxygen) to sustain catalysis, in effect to balance the substrate/product redox half-reaction. In principle, the natural electron-transfer partner may be replaced by an electrochemical working electrode. One of the great strengths of this approach is that the rate of catalysis (equivalent to the observed electrochemical current) may be probed as a function of applied potential through linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry, and insight to the overall catalytic mechanism may be gained by a systematic electrochemical study coupled with theoretical analysis. In this review, the various approaches to enzyme electrochemistry will be discussed, including direct and indirect (mediated) experiments, and a brief coverage of the theory relevant to these techniques will be presented. The importance of immobilizing enzymes on the electrode surface will be presented and the variety of ways that this may be done will be reviewed. The importance of chemical modification of the electrode surface in ensuring an environment conducive to a stable and active enzyme capable of functioning natively will be illustrated. Fundamental research into electrochemically driven enzyme catalysis has led to some remarkable practical applications. The glucose oxidase enzyme electrode is a spectacularly successful application of enzyme electrochemistry. Biosensors based on this technology are used worldwide by sufferers of diabetes to provide rapid and accurate analysis of blood glucose concentrations. Other applications of enzyme electrochemistry are in the sensing of macromolecular complexation events such as antigen–antibody binding and DNA hybridization. The review will include a selection of enzymes that have been successfully investigated by electrochemistry and, where appropriate, discuss their development towards practical biotechnological applications.
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Fei JJ, Hu SS. Osmium Redox Polymer Film Electrode and Its Electrocatalytic Properties towards the Oxidation of Epinephrine: Electrochemical Quartz-Crystal Microbalance and Voltametric Characterization. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11175-005-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Suprun E, Evtugyn G, Budnikov H, Ricci F, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Acetylcholinesterase sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified with prussian blue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:597-604. [PMID: 16163484 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (ChE) sensor based on Prussian blue (PB) modified electrode was developed and tested for the detection of organophosphorus and carbamic pesticides. The signal of the sensor was generated in PB mediated oxidation of thiocholine recorded at +200 mv in DC mode. ChE from electric eel was immobilized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode covered with PB and Nafion. The content of the surface layer (specific enzyme activity, Nafion and BSA amounts) was optimized to establish high and reliable response toward the substrate and ChE inhibitors. The ChE/PB sensor makes it possible to detect Aldicarb, Paraoxon and Parathion-Methyl with limits of detection 30, 10 and 5 ppb, respectively (incubation 10 min). The feasibility of practical application of the ChE/PB sensor developed for the monitoring of degradation of the pesticides in wine fermentation was shown. To diminish matrix interferences, the electrolysis of the grape juice with Al anode and evaporation of ethanol were suggested, however the procedures decrease the sensitivity of pesticide detection and stability of the sample tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suprun
- Chemistry Department, Kazan State University, 18, Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia.
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Bi-Enzyme Alcohol Biosensors Based on Genetically Engineered Alcohol Oxidase and Different Peroxidases. Mikrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-005-0407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chapter 3 Enzyme biosensors containing polymeric electron transfer systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)44003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Borgmann S, Hartwich G, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Amperometric Enzyme Sensors based on Direct and Mediated Electron Transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-0069(05)01017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Calvo EJ, Danilowicz CB, Wolosiuk A. Supramolecular multilayer structures of wired redox enzyme electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:1800-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b500528k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Iveković D, Milardović S, Grabarić BS. Palladium hexacyanoferrate hydrogel as a novel and simple enzyme immobilization matrix for amperometric biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 20:872-8. [PMID: 15522604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric glucose biosensor with glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized into palladium hexacyanoferrate (PdHCF) hydrogel has been prepared and evaluated. The sensor was based on a two-layer configuration with biocatalytic and electrocatalytic layers separately deposited onto the electrode. To reduce the overpotential for reduction of hydrogen peroxide liberated in the enzyme catalyzed oxidation of glucose, an inner thin layer of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) electrodeposited onto the surface of graphite electrode was used as an electrocatalyst. As an outer layer, the hydrogel of palladium hexacyanoferrate with entrapped glucose oxidase was used. Under optimal operating conditions (pH 5.0 and E = -0.075 V versus calomel (3.0 M KCl) reference electrode), sensor showed high sensitivity to glucose (0.3-1.0 microA/mM) and a response time of less than 30s. The linear response to glucose was obtained in the concentration range between 0.05 and 1.0 mM in batch analysis mode and 0-7.0 mM in FIA. During the 32 days testing period, no significant decrease in the sensor sensitivity was observed. The sensor was applied for the determination of glucose concentration in fruit juice and yoghurt drink, and the results obtained showed good correlation with results obtained by reference spectrophotometric enzyme method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Iveković
- Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemistry and Electroanalysis, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Niculescu M, Gáspár S, Schulte A, Csöregi E, Schuhmann W. Visualization of micropatterned complex biosensor sensing chemistries by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 19:1175-84. [PMID: 15046748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Revised: 10/31/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Redox hydrogel-based micropatterned complex biosensor architectures, used as sensing chemistries in amperometric ethanol or glucose biosensors, were deposited on gold, graphite or glass. Well-localized immobilization of active hydrogels with variable compositions was achieved by dispensing 100 pl droplets of cocktails containing alcohol or glucose dehydrogenase, redox polymer (PVI(13)dmeOs) and crosslinker (PEGDGE) while moving the target surface relative to the position of the nozzle of a piezo-actuated microdispenser. The resulting structures were microscopic patterns of enzyme-containing lines of a redox hydrogel with a line width of about 100 microm. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the amperometric feedback mode was used to visualize the immobilized enzyme microstructures and their localized biochemical activity was observed with high lateral resolution by detecting the enzymatically consumed substrate using K(4)[Fe(CN)(6)] as a free-diffusing electron-transfer mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Niculescu
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
We have utilized the highly conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) aqueous dispersion (PEDOT/PSS) to build a conducting hydrogel matrix. Together with appropriate biomolecules this constitutes a hydrogel bio-electrode. The open hydrogel structure makes diffusion of analytes surrounding the cells into the matrix electrode easier. If enzymes are utilized, osmium is used as mediator between the prosthetic group of the enzyme and the conducting polymer matrix. Osmium also functions as a crosslink point to poly-4-vinylpyridine, which together with the magnesium crosslinked PEDOT/PSS gives a rigid hydrogel. The enzyme Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a model enzyme to evaluate the enzyme-enhanced electrode. We evaluated the electrode at pH 7, which is the pH choice for many biological systems. From cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements we deduced that a very low reduction potential was needed to reduce the prosthetic group. Constant potential amperometry were performed to demonstrate the biosensor capabilities. A differential sensitivity of 0.13 A M(-1) cm(-2) through the 0-30 microM concentration range was achieved. Both the biostability and the influence on conductivity, important aspects when for example making nerve- or cell-electrodes, were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Asberg
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, IFM, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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Chapter 7 Chemically modified electrodes with integrated biomolecules and molecular wires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(03)80112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chapter 3 Electrochemical biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1061-8945(03)80005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gravimetric and viscoelastic changes during the oxidation–reduction of layer-by-layer self assembled enzyme multilayers wired by an Os-containing poly(allylamine) polymer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Calvo EJ, Forzani ES, Otero M. Study of layer-by-layer self-assembled viscoelastic films on thickness-shear mode resonator surfaces. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3281-9. [PMID: 12139030 DOI: 10.1021/ac0157425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe quartz crystal electroacoustic admittance studies in thickness shear mode resonators loaded with self-assembled multilayers composed of alternate layers of glucose oxidase (GOx) and poly(allylamine) covalently attached to [Os(bpy)2ClPyCOH]- , (PAH-Os), deposited on a 3-mercaptopropanesulfonic acid (MPS)-modified gold on the quartz crystal. The complex acoustic impedance parameters, R(S) and X(LS) of a lumped-element Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) resonator have been determined for organized thin films of different thickness obtained by varying the number of enzyme layers, n, in (PAH-Os)n(GOx)n structures. The ellipsometric film thickness and mass for dry enzyme multilayer films and films in contact with water were evaluated, and the average film density was estimated. By combination of the estimated film thickness and density, the expression for the surface mechanical impedance of the lumped-element modified resonator (Granstaff and Martin model), and the liquid density and viscosity, we simulate the layer-by-layer film growth on the basis of the measured electroacoustic impedance. The complex impedance X(LS) and R(S) increase with film thickness and the enzyme films can be regarded as acoustically thin in the reduced state for films thinner than 600 nm. We have also measured electroacoustic parameters for PAH-Os/GOx self-assembled multilayers under electrochemical perturbation in a buffer electrolytic solution. The electrostatically self-assembled multilayers behaved as lossy viscoelastic films at 10 MHz with G'f and G''f on the order of 10(6) Pa. The films became viscoelastic upon oxidation to Os(III), resulting in an increase of R(S) and X(LS) in the oxidized state with the number of (PAH-Os)(GOx) bilayers due to film swelling and an increase in the shear moduli during oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto J Calvo
- INQUIMAE, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina.
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Schuhmann W. Amperometric enzyme biosensors based on optimised electron-transfer pathways and non-manual immobilisation procedures. J Biotechnol 2002; 82:425-41. [PMID: 11996220 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0352(01)00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of reagentless biosensors implies the tight and functional immobilisation of biological recognition elements on transducer surfaces. Specifically, in the case of amperometric enzyme electrodes, electron-transfer pathways between the immobilised redox protein and the electrode surface have to be established allowing a fast electron transfer concomitantly avoiding free-diffusing redox species. Based on the specific nature of different redox proteins and non-manual immobilisation procedures possible biosensor designs are discussed, namely biosensors based on (i) direct electron transfer between redox proteins and electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers; (ii) anisotropic orientation of redox proteins at monolayer-modified electrodes; (iii) electron-transfer cascades via redox hydrogels; and (iv) electron-transfer via conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytische Chemie-Elektroanalytik & Sensorik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
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Cortón E, Battaglini F. Effect of milk proteins on the behavior of a biosensor based on poly(allylamine) containing an osmium complex wired to redox enzymes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cortón E, Battaglini F. Effect of milk proteins on the behavior of a biosensor based on poly(allylamine) containing an osmium complex wired to redox enzymes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Habermüller K, Ramanavicius A, Laurinavicius V, Schuhmann W. An Oxygen-Insensitive Reagentless Glucose Biosensor Based on Osmium-Complex Modified Polypyrrole. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200011)12:17<1383::aid-elan1383>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Calvo EJ, Etchenique R. Viscoelastic Changes in Os-Containing Poly(allylamine) Based Redox Hydrogels for Amperometric Enzyme Electrodes: An EQCM Study. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991842r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Calvo
- INQUIMAE, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, AR-1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R. Etchenique
- INQUIMAE, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, AR-1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gravimetric measurement in redox polymer electrodes with the EQCM beyond the Sauerbrey limit. Electrochem commun 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(99)00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Rivas GA. The State of the Art of Analytical Chemistry in Argentina. ANAL LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719908542944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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