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Sharma T, Sharma U, Kumar S. Iridoid glycosides from Picrorhiza genus endemic to the Himalayan region: phytochemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacological potential and biotechnological intercessions to boost production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 44:1-16. [PMID: 36184806 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2117681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iridoid glycosides are monoterpenoids synthesized in several plant species known to exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities. They are used as important bioactive ingredients in many commercially available drug formulations and as lead compounds in pharmaceutical research. The genus Picrorhiza comprises two medicinally important herbs endemic to the Himalayan region viz. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle and Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Hong. The medicinal properties of these two species are mainly due to iridoid glycosides present in their root, rhizome, and leaves. Unregulated harvesting from the wild, habitat specificity, narrow distribution range, small population size and lack of organized cultivation led to the enrolling of these species in the endangered category by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Therefore, there is a need for immediate biotechnological and molecular interventions. Such intercessions will open up new vistas for large-scale propagation, development of genomic/transcriptomic resources for understanding the biosynthetic pathway, the possibility of genetic/metabolic manipulations, and possible commercialization of iridoid glycosides. The current review article elucidates the phytochemistry and pharmacological importance of iridoid glycosides from the genus Picrorhiza. In addition, the role of biotechnological approaches and opportunities offered by next-generation sequencing technologies in overcoming challenges associated with the genetic engineering of these species are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Liu S, Kong Y, Cai J, Dong C. Advances in Structural Modification and Pharmacological Activity of Catalpol and its Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin Liu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center Zhengzhou 450046 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research
| | | | - Juntao Cai
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center Zhengzhou 450046 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center Zhengzhou 450046 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research
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3
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Dong P, Gao Z, Yin X, Li Z, Han H. Hepatoprotective activity assessment of amino acids derivatives of picroside I and II. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:341-348. [PMID: 32931135 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurroa has a long medicinal history as a traditional medicinal plant in China and India that is widely used in clinical treatments. It is a common treatment for liver diseases, fever, diarrhoea, indigestion, and some other diseases. Modern pharmacological studies proved that P. kurroa rhizomes have high levels of picroside I and II, which were identified as main constituents with anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. In our study, we used picroside I and II as the lead compounds to generate derivatives by reactions with Boc-valine or Boc-proline, which underwent dehydration and condensation with the hydroxyl groups in the lead compounds in the presence of coupling reagent N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. We synthesized 11 derivatives and examined their hepatoprotective effects in vitro by assessing the proliferation rates of H2 O2 -exposed HepG2 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. We found that some derivatives promoted higher proliferation rates in HepG2 cells than the natural compounds before derivatization, suggesting that those derivatives possessed an improved hepatoprotective capacity. The novel derivatization strategy for picrosides had the additional benefit that the esterification of their hydroxyl groups created derivatives not only with increased stability but also with improved pharmacokinetic properties and potentially prolonged half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- PeiLiang Dong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - ZhenLei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - ZhengQing Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hua Han
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Ma S, Wang X, Lai F, Lou C. The beneficial pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of picroside II: Evidence of its benefits from in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacotherapy 2020; 130:110421. [PMID: 32674016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurroa, the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth, is a famous Chinese herb that has been traditionally used in China. Picroside II (PII), a glycoside derivative, is the main bioactive constituent of Picrorhiza kurroa. In the past several decades, bioactive components from Picrorhiza kurroa have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising therapeutic effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of PII for the prevention and treatment of some diseases, such as organic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, liver damage, inflammation, cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. In the present paper, we aimed to provide an overview of the pharmacology of PII, focusing on its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Meanwhile, the plant tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic properties were also described. Due to its beneficial pharmacological effects in I/R injury, PII may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for organic I/R injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangying Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Feifan Lai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chenghua Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Two light responsive WRKY genes exhibit positive and negative correlation with picroside content in Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth, an endangered medicinal herb. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:255. [PMID: 32432017 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurrooa is an endangered herb known to produce the medicinally important picrosides through isoprenoid pathway. The present work showed the functionality of WRKY motifs (TGAC cis-acting elements) present in the promoters of regulatory genes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (Pkhmgr) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (Pkdxs) of the picrosides biosynthetic pathway by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Also, the two WRKY genes, PkdWRKY and PksWRKY, were characterized and found to contain double and single characteristic WRKY domains, respectively along with a zinc-finger motif in each domain. Expression analysis revealed that PkdWRKY and PksWRKY exhibited a positive and negative correlation, respectively, with picrosides content under the environment of light and in different tissues. Functional evaluation in yeast showed DNA binding ability of both PksWRKY and PkdWRKY; however, only PkdWRKY exhibited transcriptional activation ability. Transient overexpression of PkdWRKY and PksWRKY in tobacco modulated the expression of selected native genes of tobacco involved in MVA and MEP pathway suggesting functionality of PkdWRKY and PksWRKY in planta. Collectively, data suggested that PkdWRKY and PksWRKY might be positive and negative regulators, respectively in the picrosides biosynthetic pathway.
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Zhang LQ, Chen KX, Li YM. Bioactivities of Natural Catalpol Derivatives. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6149-6173. [PMID: 31218947 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620103813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalpol, a famous molecule of iridoids, possesses extensive pharmacological activities. Our studies found that compounds with low-polarity substituents at the 6-O position of catalpol exhibited higher NF-κB inhibitory potency than catalpol. However, catalpol derivatives are not much focused. Here this review provides extensive coverage of naturally occurring catalpol derivatives discovered from 1888 until 2018. It covers their distribution, chemotaxonomic significance, chemical structures, and bioactivities from more than 200 peer-reviewed articles, and highlights the structure-activity relationship of catalpol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Qiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai-Xian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Wang QH, Kuang HX, Jiang H, Hou AJ, Zhang YY, Man WJ, Yang L, Meng YH, Guo XY, Wang S, Zhang JX, Yang BY, Chan K. Simultaneous determination of six compounds in rat plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Application in the pharmacokinetic study of Qing Gan-Shu Yu-Fang. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_21_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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"Picrosides" from Picrorhiza kurroa as potential anti-carcinogenic agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1680-1687. [PMID: 30551422 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The steady rise in life expectancy, modern life style and changing environmental conditions are responsible for increasing incidence of cancer. A number of chemical drugs have been used for cancer treatment; however the induction of genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects limits their use. Alternatively, plant phytochemicals have been proven effective chemopreventive agents. This review illustrates the use of "picrosides" derived from Picrorhiza kurroa for the treatment of cancer. We have detailed the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory action of picrosides as the key mechanism in reducing oncogenesis. Action of picrosides on detoxifying enzymes, cell cyle regulation and induction of signal transducers inhibiting apoptosis has also been reviewed. The present review highlights the use of picrosides as an important therapeutic agent against different types of cancer.
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Basavan D, Chalichem NSS, Kumar MKS. Phytoconstituents and their Possible Mechanistic Profile for Alzheimer's Disease - A Literature Review. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:263-291. [PMID: 30101703 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180813095637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory is an associated part of life without which livelihood of a human being becomes miserable. As the global aged population is increasing tremendously, time has come to concentrate on tail end life stage diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of such diseases whose origin is enigmatic, having an impact on later stage of life drastically due to irreparable damage of cognition, characterised by the presence of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyper phosphorylated Tau protein as fibrillary tangles. Existing therapeutic regimen mainly focuses on symptomatic relief by targeting neurotransmitters that are secondary to AD pathology. Plant derived licensed drugs, Galantamine and Huperzine-A were studied extensively due to their AChE inhibitory action for mild to moderate cases of AD. Although many studies have proved the efficacy of AChEIs as a preferable symptom reliever, they cannot offer long term protection. The future generation drugs of AD is expected to alter various factors that underlie the disease course with a symptomatic benefit promise. As AD involves complex pathology, it is essential to consider several molecular divergent factors apart from the events that result in the production of toxic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Even though several herbals have shown neuroprotective actions, we have mentioned about the phytoconstituents that have been tested experimentally against different Alzheimer's pathology models. These phytoconstituents need to be considered by the researchers for further drug development process to make them viable clinically, which is currently a lacuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraiswamy Basavan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Nehru S S Chalichem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Mohan K S Kumar
- TIFAC CORE Herbal drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), ooty-643001, India
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Kılıç Y, Özer A, Tatar T, Zor MH, Kirişçi M, Kartal H, Dursun AD, Billur D, Arslan M, Küçük A. Effect of picroside II on hind limb ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1917-1925. [PMID: 28721011 PMCID: PMC5500556 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s132401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Many structural and functional damages are observed in cells and tissues after reperfusion of previously viable ischemic tissues. Acute ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury of lower extremities occurs especially when a temporary cross-clamp is applied to the abdominal aorta during aortic surgery. Research regarding the treatment of I/R injury has been increasing day-by-day. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of picroside II on skeletal muscle of rats experiencing simulated I/R. Materials and methods Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats weighing between 210 and 300 g were used in this study. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each (control, I/R, control + picroside II, and I/R + picroside II). The infrarenal section of the abdominal aorta was occluded with an atraumatic microvascular clamp in I/R group. The clamp was removed after 120 minutes and reperfusion was provided for a further 120 minutes. Picroside II (10 mg kg−1) was administered intraperitoneally to the animals in control + picroside II and I/R + picroside II groups. At the end of the study, skeletal muscle tissue was obtained for the determination of total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL experiment. Results TOS levels were significantly higher in I/R group than that of control and I/R + picroside II groups (P=0.014, P=0.005, respectively). TAS levels were significantly higher in I/R group than that of control and I/R + picroside II groups (P=0.007 P=0.005, respectively). TUNEL assay revealed that picroside II reduced cell necrosis. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrated that picroside II plays a critical role to prevent I/R injury. Even though our results were found to be satisfactory, it should be encouraging to those who want to conduct future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiğit Kılıç
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara
| | - Abdullah Özer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara
| | - Tolga Tatar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara
| | - Mustafa Hakan Zor
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara
| | - Mehmet Kirişçi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras
| | - Hakan Kartal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ardahan State Hospital, Ardahan
| | | | - Deniz Billur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara University Medical Faculty
| | - Mustafa Arslan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara
| | - Ayşegül Küçük
- Department of Physiology, Dumlupinar University Medical Faculty, Kütahya, Turkey
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Picroside II Shows Protective Functions for Severe Acute Pancreatitis in Rats by Preventing NF- κB-Dependent Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7085709. [PMID: 28713490 PMCID: PMC5497659 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7085709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Picroside II, from the herb Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its function on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and molecular mechanism remains unknown. The effects of picroside II on the SAP induced by cerulean were investigated. SAP rats were treated with picroside II (25 mg/kg). The severity of SAP was evaluated by using biochemical and histological analyses. Pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1 was transfected with ptfLC3 (an indicator of autophagic activity), pcDNA3.1-NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), and pTZU6+1-NF-κB-shRNA and then treated with picroside II. Relative molecules related with NF-κB-dependent autophagy were detected by using Western blot. Autophagic activities were observed by phase-contrast and fluorescent microscopes. Acetylated LC3 was detected by immunoprecipitation. The results showed that picroside II treatment reduced the level of ALT, AST, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and SIRT1 (NAD+-dependent deacetylase) and increased the level of SOD and GSH. The autophagic activity was reduced when NF-κB was silenced, and the levels of TNF-α and SIRT1 were reduced. In contrast, the overexpression of NF-κB increased autophagic activity and the level of TNF-α, which activated SIRT1. SIRT1 deacetylated LC3 and increased autophagic activities. Picroside II ameliorates SAP by improving antioxidant and anti-inflammtory activities of SAP models via NF-κB-dependent autophagy.
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Kumar V, Bansal A, Chauhan RS. Modular Design of Picroside-II Biosynthesis Deciphered through NGS Transcriptomes and Metabolic Intermediates Analysis in Naturally Variant Chemotypes of a Medicinal Herb, Picrorhiza kurroa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:564. [PMID: 28443130 PMCID: PMC5387076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Picroside-II (P-II), an iridoid glycoside, is used as an active ingredient of various commercial herbal formulations available for the treatment of liver ailments. Despite this, the knowledge of P-II biosynthesis remains scarce owing to its negligence in Picrorhiza kurroa shoots which sets constant barrier for function validation experiments. In this study, we utilized natural variation for P-II content in stolon tissues of different P. kurroa accessions and deciphered its metabolic route by integrating metabolomics of intermediates with differential NGS transcriptomes. Upon navigating through high vs. low P-II content accessions (1.3-2.6%), we have established that P-II is biosynthesized via degradation of ferulic acid (FA) to produce vanillic acid (VA) which acts as its immediate biosynthetic precursor. Moreover, the FA treatment in vitro at 150 μM concentration provided further confirmation with 2-fold rise in VA content. Interestingly, the cross-talk between different compartments of P. kurroa, i.e., shoots and stolons, resolved spatial complexity of P-II biosynthesis and consequently speculated the burgeoning necessity to bridge gap between VA and P-II production in P. kurroa shoots. This work thus, offers a forward looking strategy to produce both P-I and P-II in shoot cultures, a step toward providing a sustainable production platform for these medicinal compounds via-à-vis relieving pressure from natural habitat of P. kurroa.
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Ohizumi Y. [A new strategy for preventive and functional therapeutic methods for dementia--approach using natural products]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 135:449-64. [PMID: 25759053 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a serious social problem in Japan. However, effective preventive and fundamental therapeutic methods for AD have not yet been developed. Using a new strategy in the course of our survey of numerous natural resouces having neurotrophic activity, we isolated a variety of active constituents and proved their pharmacological properties. As a result, we successfully found nobiletin, a compound with anti-dementia activity that comes from citrus peels. Also, we have demonstrated that nobiletin ameliorates cognitive impairment in several dementia model animals such as chronically amyloid β(Aβ) infused rats, amyloid precursor protein transgenic (APPTg) mice, olfactory-bulbectomized (OBX) mice, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (MK-801)-treated mice, senescence-accelated mice and bilaterial common carotid arteries occlusion mice. In a APPTg mouse of AD, nobiletin greatly improved memory impairment, and this was accompanied by a marked decrease in Aβ deposition. Also, in OBX mice memory impairment was markedly recoverd by nobiletin, accompanied by improvement of a decrease indensity of cholinergic neurons. Interestingly, nobiletin improves age-related congnitive impairment and decreased hyperphosphorylation of tau as well as oxidative stress in senescence-accelerated mice. In cultured cells, nobiletin reversed the Aβ-induced inhibition of glutamate-induced increases in cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and modulated gen expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein and NMDA resceptor subunits. These results suggest that nobiletin prevents memory impairment and exhibits a protecting action against neurodgeneration in AD model animals. Nobiletin and citrus peels thus have potential as functional foods for prevention of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ohizumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University; 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University; 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Kansei Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi University; 1-19-1 Kunimi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 989-3201, Japan; Yokohama College of Pharmacy; 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
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Çomu FM, Kılıç Y, Özer A, Kirişçi M, Dursun AD, Tatar T, Zor MH, Kartal H, Küçük A, Boyunağa H, Arslan M. Effect of picroside II on erythrocyte deformability and lipid peroxidation in rats subjected to hind limb ischemia reperfusion injury. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:927-31. [PMID: 27041996 PMCID: PMC4780181 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s95418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R) in hind limb is a frequent and important clinical phenomenon. Many structural and functional damages are observed in cells and tissues in these kinds of injuries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of picroside II on lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte deformability during I/R in rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into four groups – each containing six animals (sham, I/R, sham + picroside II, and I/R + picroside II). The infrarenal section of the abdominal aorta was occluded with an atraumatic microvascular clamp in I/R groups. The clamp was removed after 120 minutes and reperfusion was provided for a further 120 minutes. Picroside II (10 mg·kg−1) was administered intraperitoneally to the animals in the appropriate groups (sham + picroside II, I/R + picroside II groups). All rats were euthanized by intraperitoneal administration of ketamine (100 mg·kg−1) and taking blood from the abdominal aorta. Erythrocytes were extracted from heparinized complete blood samples. Buffer (PT) and then erythrocytes (PE) were passed through the filtration system and the changes in pressure were measured to investigate the role of serum malondialdehyde and nitric oxide (NO) in lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte deformability index. Results Deformability index was significantly increased in the I/R group compared to groups sham, sham + picroside-II, and I/R + picroside-II (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, and P=0.007). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO levels were evaluated. MDA level and NO activity were also higher in the I/R group than in the other groups. Picroside II treatment before hind limb I/R prevented these changes. Conclusion These results support that deformability of erythrocytes is decreased in I/R injury and picroside II plays a critical role to prevent these alterations. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed to evaluate and clarify the molecular mechanisms of action and clinical importance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Metin Çomu
- Department of Physiology, Kirikkale University Medical Faculty, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Yiğit Kılıç
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Özer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kirişçi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Necip Fazıl State Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ali Doğan Dursun
- Department of Physiology, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Tatar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Hakan Zor
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Kartal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Küçük
- Department of Physiology, Dumlupinar University Medical Faculty, Kütahyav
| | - Hakan Boyunağa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirikkale University Medical Faculty, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Arslan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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Picroside II Inhibits the MEK-ERK1/2-COX2 Signal Pathway to Prevent Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:335-51. [PMID: 26240040 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of picroside II on ERK1/2-COX2 signal transduction pathway after cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Focal cerebral ischemic models were established by inserting monofilament threads into the middle cerebral artery in 200 Wistar rats. Twenty four rats were randomly selected into control group, while the other rats were randomly divided into six groups: model group, picroside group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with picroside group, U0126 with picroside group, LPS group, and U0126 group with each group containing three subgroups with ischemia at 6, 12, and 24 h. Neurobehavioral function in the rats was evaluated by modified neurological severity score points (mNSS) test; structure of neurons was observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; apoptotic cells were counted using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay; expressions of phosphorylated mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinas1/2 (pMEK1/2), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (pERK1/2), and cyclooxygenase (COX2) in the cortex were determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB); and real-time PCR was used to determine the level of COX2 mRNA. The neurological behavioral malfunction appeared in all rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In the model group, neuron damage was extensive, while the neurobehavioral function score, apoptotic cell index, expression of pMEK1/2, pERK1/2, and COX2 and the level of COX2 mRNA increased significantly when compared to the control group. The peak COX2 mRNA level was in ischemia 12 h, prior to the peak in COX2 protein expression. In the picroside and U0126 groups, the neurological behavioral function was improved, and the number of apoptotic cells and the expression of pMEK1/2, pERK1/2, and COX2 decreased significantly when compared to the model group. In the LPS with picroside group, at ischemia 6 h neuron damage was extensive, and pMEK1/2, pERK1/2, and COX2 expression were much higher than in the model group. But at ischemia 12 and 24 h, the expression of pMEK1/2, pERK1/2, and COX2 decreased slightly, and the neurobehavioral function also improved slightly. In LPS group, neuron damage was extensive, pMEK1/2, pERK1/2, and COX2 expression was still at a high level, and COX2 mRNA peak arrived at ischemic 12 h. Picroside II downregulates COX2 expression after MCAO by inhibiting MEK-ERK1/2 in rats to protect neurons from apoptosis and inflammation.
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A pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study in rats of three naturally occurring iridoid glycosides, Picroside-I, II and III, using a validated simultaneous HPLC–MS/MS assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 993-994:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhao M, Xu J, Qian D, Guo J, Jiang S, Shang EX, Duan JA, Du L. Characterization of in Vitro Metabolism of Loganin by Human Intestinal Microflora Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.876543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Meng FJ, Hou ZW, Li Y, Yang Y, Yu B. The protective effect of picroside II against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1226-1232. [PMID: 22880952 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.664555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Picroside II, an iridoid glucoside found in the root of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell (Scrophulariaceae), has been demonstrated to possess potent antioxidant activity. However, whether picroside II has a protective effect against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocyte injury is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To explore the cardioprotective role of picroside II against oxidative stress induced by H/R injury in neonatal rat cardiacmyocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The viability and cellular damage of cardiomyocytes were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolim bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by a colorimetric method. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS We analyzed the effective half-maximal concentration for protection from the dose-response curves and obtained the concentration of 50 µg/mL as EC(50). Pretreated cardiomyocytes with picroside II (50-200 µg/mL), prior to H/R exposure, inhibited LDH activity in culture media and increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. This protective effect was accompanied by significantly increasing reduced GSH contents and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px and attenuating MDA and GSSG contents in response to H/R injury. Furthermore, treatment with picroside II also inhibited ROS production and calcium accumulation in cardiomyocytes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that picroside II protects cardiomyocytes against oxidative-stress injury induced by H/R through reduction of ROS production and calcium accumulation and enhancement of the activity of antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Ji Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.
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More SV, Koppula S, Kim BW, Choi DK. The role of bioactive compounds on the promotion of neurite outgrowth. Molecules 2012; 17:6728-53. [PMID: 22664464 PMCID: PMC6268652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite loss is one of the cardinal features of neuronal injury. Apart from neuroprotection, reorganization of the lost neuronal network in the injured brain is necessary for the restoration of normal physiological functions. Neuritogenic activity of endogenous molecules in the brain such as nerve growth factor is well documented and supported by scientific studies which show innumerable compounds having neurite outgrowth activity from natural sources. Since the damaged brain lacks the reconstructive capacity, more efforts in research are focused on the identification of compounds that promote the reformation of neuronal networks. An abundancy of natural resources along with the corresponding activity profiles have shown promising results in the field of neuroscience. Recently, importance has also been placed on understanding neurite formation by natural products in relation to neuronal injury. Arrays of natural herbal products having plentiful active constituents have been found to enhance neurite outgrowth. They act synergistically with neurotrophic factors to promote neuritogenesis in the diseased brain. Therefore use of natural products for neuroregeneration provides new insights in drug development for treating neuronal injury. In this study, various compounds from natural sources with potential neurite outgrowth activity are reviewed in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
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MENG FANJI, JIAO SUMIN, YU BO. Picroside II protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis by activating the PI3K/Akt and CREB pathways. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:263-70. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Pei H, Su X, Zhao L, Li H, Guo Y, Zhang M, Xin H. Primary study for the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in treating cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2551-2562. [PMID: 22489110 PMCID: PMC3317673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the optimal therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II for treating cerebral ischemic injury in rats according to the orthogonal test. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models were established by intraluminally inserting a thread into middle cerebral artery (MCA) from left external carotid artery (ECA). The successful rat models were randomly divided into 16 groups according to the orthogonal layout of [L16(45)] and treated by injecting picroside II intraperitoneally with different doses at various times. The neurological behavioral function was evaluated by Bederson’s test and the cerebral infarction volume was measured by tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The expressions of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and neuroglial mark-protein S-100 were determined by immunohistochemisty assay. The results indicated that the optimal compositions of the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in treating cerebral ischemic injury were ischemia 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg body weight according to Bederson’s test, 1.0 h with 20 mg/kg body weight according to cerebral infarction volume, 1.5 h with 20 mg/kg body weight according to the expressions of NSE and S-100 respectively. Based on the principle of the minimization of medication dose and maximization of therapeutic time window, the optimal composition of the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in treating cerebral ischemic injury should be achieved by injecting picroside II intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg body weight at ischemia 1.5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Pei
- Department of Emergency Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.P.); (X.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Emergency Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.P.); (X.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mail:
| | - Hongyun Li
- Department of Emergency Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.P.); (X.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-0532-829-115-23; Fax: +86-0532-829-118-40
| | - Menizeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mail:
| | - Hui Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mail:
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Chen Z, Wu J, Shen W, Liu P, Cao Y, Lu Y. Counter-current chromatographic method for preparative scale isolation of picrosides from traditional Chinese medicine Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1910-6. [PMID: 21721121 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apocynin, androsin, together with picroside I, II and III from crude extracts of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora were isolated by means of high-speed counter-current chromatography (CCC) combining elution-extrusion (EE) and cycling-elution (CE) approach. The EECCC took full advantages of the liquid nature of the stationary phase for a complete sample recovery and extended the solute hydrophobicity window, while CECCC showed its unique advantage in achieving effective separation of special compounds through preventing stationary phase loss. In the present work, the biphasic liquid system composed of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:2:1:2, v/v/v/v) was used for separation of apocynin and androsin, ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water/formic acid (4:1:5:0.005, v/v/v/v) for picroside I, II and III. However, due to the extremely similar K values (K1 /K2 ≈1.2), picroside I and III were always eluted together by several biphasic solvent systems. In this case, the CECCC exhibited great superiority and baseline separated in the sixth cycle using ethyl acetate/water (1:1, v/v) as biphasic liquid system. Each fraction was analyzed by UPLC-UV and ESI-MS analysis, and identified by comparing with the data of reference substances. Compared with classical elution, the combination of EE and CE approach exhibits strong separation efficiency and great potential to be a high-throughput separation technique in the case of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Elucidation of the Structures of Metabolites of Picroside II in Rat Bile by LC–ESI–IT–MS. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Joyner PM, Cichewicz RH. Bringing natural products into the fold – exploring the therapeutic lead potential of secondary metabolites for the treatment of protein-misfolding-related neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:26-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Gaikwad PS, Bhope SG, Kuber VV, Patil MJ. Validated TLC method for simultaneous quantitation of kutkoside and picroside-I from Kutki extract. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2011; 22:36-41. [PMID: 20821813 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The two iridoid glycosides kutkoside and picroside-I are the active hepatoprotective principles of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth (Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as Kutki. Quantitation of these phytoconstituents is important for the routine quality control of Kutki extract. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a simple, precise and rapid thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method for the simultaneous quantitation of kutkoside and picroside-I in Kutki extract. METHODOLOGY The analysis was performed on a TLC precoated silica gel 60 F(254) plate with ethyl acetate:methanol:glacial acetic acid:formic acid (25:5:1:1, v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric evaluation of kutkoside and picroside-I was carried out at 265 nm and the mobile phase showed good resolution with R(f) values 0.42 ± 0.03 and 0.61 ± 0.03 for kutkoside and picroside-I, respectively. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. RESULTS The content of kutkoside and picroside-I was found to be 2.18 and 1.90%, respectively, and was comparable with those obtained by HPLC. The linearity was found to be in the range of 80-480 ng/spot for both kutkoside and picroside-I. The average recovery values were found to be 96.5 and 96.0% for kutkoside and picroside-I, respectively. CONCLUSION The developed method was found to be relatively simple, precise and reproducible for the simultaneous quantitation of kutkoside and picroside-I. The method does not employ any derivatisation procedure and can be used as a quality control tool for the routine analysis of commercial Kutki extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Gaikwad
- Tulip Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, F-20/21, MIDC Ranjangaon, Pune 412220, India
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26
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Li Q, Li Z, Xu XY, Guo YL, Du F. Neuroprotective properties of picroside II in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4580-90. [PMID: 21151457 PMCID: PMC3000101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effect of picroside II on neuronal apoptosis and the expression of caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) following middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in male Wistar rats. Picroside II (10 mg/kg) was administered intravenously into the tail vein of the animals. The neurological function deficits were evaluated with the Bederson’s test and the cerebral infarction volume was visualized with tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The apoptotic cells were counted by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The immunohistochemistry stain and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the expressions of caspase-3 and PARP in brain tissue. The results indicated that rats in the control group showed neurological function deficit and cerebral infarction in ischemic hemisphere after two hours ischemia followed by 22 hours reperfusion. Caspase-3 and PARP expressions were also profound in the cortex, the striatum and the hippocampus, along with increased apoptotic cells in this group. Bederson’s score, infarction volume, and expressions of caspase-3 and PARP, as well as apoptosis in the treatment group were, however, significantly decreased compared to those in the control group indicating that intravenous treatment with picroside II might be beneficial to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and, thus, to improve the neurological function of rats upon cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao Shandong 266003, China; E-Mails: (Q.L.); (Z.L.); (X.X.); (F.D.)
- Emergency Centre of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao Shandong 266003, China; E-Mails: (Q.L.); (Z.L.); (X.X.); (F.D.)
| | - Xin-ying Xu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao Shandong 266003, China; E-Mails: (Q.L.); (Z.L.); (X.X.); (F.D.)
| | - Yun-liang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao Shandong 266003, China; E-Mails: (Q.L.); (Z.L.); (X.X.); (F.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-0532-829-115-23; Fax: +86-0532-829-118-40
| | - Fang Du
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao Shandong 266003, China; E-Mails: (Q.L.); (Z.L.); (X.X.); (F.D.)
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Sidiq T, Khajuria A, Suden P, Sharma R, Singh S, Suri KA, Satti NK, Johri RK. Possible role of macrophages induced by an irridoid glycoside (RLJ-NE-299A) in host defense mechanism. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 11:128-35. [PMID: 21074614 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the possible role of macrophages and other necessary immune competent (T and B) cells in the modulation of immune responses, an attempt was made to study the immunomodulatory effect of an irridoid glycoside (RLJ-NE-299A) isolated from the roots of Picrorhiza kurroa. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were used to evaluate the effect of RLJ-NE-299A on humoral, cellular, and phagocytic activity of macrophages. The data obtained in the present study showed that RLJ-NE-299A significantly increased sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and induced antibody (IgM and IgG) titer and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in mice. Besides augmenting the humoral and cell-mediated immune response, it induced macrophage phagocytosis and stimulated cytokine-induced macrophage activation and nitric oxide (NO) production, which resulted in a high degree of protection against Candida albicans and Salmonella typhimurium infections. Flow cytometric analysis indicated the enhanced expression of co-stimulatory surface molecules CD80 and CD86. The ability of RLJ-NE-299A to upregulate these cell surface antigens involved in antigen presentation may provide an explanation for the increased T-cell mediated immunity involving macrophages. Taken together this in vitro and in vivo preclinical data suggests that RLJ-NE-299A acts as an effective immunomodulator specifically to improve macrophage function during infections. The effects of this agent on these cells at concentrations relevant to in vivo therapy support its immunopharmacologic application to modify cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabasum Sidiq
- Division of Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu-180001, India
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Yeyeodu S, Gilyazova N, Huh EY, Dandepally SR, Oldham C, Williams A, Ibeanu G. A trifluoromethyl analog of verbenachalcone promotes neurite outgrowth and cell proliferation of NeuroScreen-1 cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 31:145-53. [PMID: 20848307 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Past research has shown that natural products of plant and marine origins and their congeners enhance the actions of neuritogenic factors of the central nervous system (CNS) such as nerve growth factor (NGF). However, the role of fluorine substitutions in their structure-activity relationship (SAR) has not been explored. We have synthesized a trifluoromethyl analog of verbenachalcone (VC), a pharmacologically active natural compound previously shown to potentiate NGF activity. This analog, designated C278, enhances neurite outgrowth and proliferation of NeuroScreen-1™ (NS-1) cells, a subclone of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. C278 increases the percentage of neurite bearing cells in the presence of suboptimal doses of NGF in comparison with controls treated with NGF alone. In addition, C278 stimulates cell growth in reduced serum and serum-free cell culture conditions based on our observation of increases in cell number and metabolic assessment with MTT reduction and resazurin assays. The addition of C278 partially restored inhibition of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126. Short-term sequential exposure of cells to U0126, C278, and NGF enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in comparison with cells treated with only the MEK inhibitor and NGF. C278 also attenuated cell growth arrest caused by exposure to PD98059, U0126 and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002 but did not alter phosphorylation of Akt, a classic downstream target of PI3K during cell survival. These data suggest that C278 promotes NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth in NS-1 cells through a MEK signaling pathway by a mechanism that alters short-term activation of ERK. In contrast, C278 promotes PI3K-mediated survival independently of Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yeyeodu
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, Durham, NC, USA
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Hong JL, Qin XY, Shu P, Wu G, Wang Q, Qin MJ. Analysis of catalpol derivatives by characteristic neutral losses using liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization multistage and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2680-2686. [PMID: 20740546 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Guo Y, Xu X, Li Q, Li Z, Du F. Anti-inflammation effects of picroside 2 in cerebral ischemic injury rats. Behav Brain Funct 2010; 6:43. [PMID: 20618938 PMCID: PMC2908551 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excitatory amino acid toxicity, oxidative stress, intracellular calcium overload, as well as inflammation and apoptosis are involved in the pathological process after cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. Picrodide 2 could inhibit neuronal apoptosis and play anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuries, but the exact mechanism is not very clear. This study aims to explore the anti-inflammation mechanism of picroside 2 in cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in rats. Methods The middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion models were established with intraluminal thread methods in 90 adult healthy female Wistar rats. Picroside 2 and salvianic acid A sodium were respectively injected from tail vein at the dosage of 10 mg/kg for treatment. The neurobehavioral function was evaluated with Bederson's test and the cerebral infarction volume was observed with tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The apoptotic cells were counted by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The immunohistochemistry stain was used to determine the expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear transcription factor κB (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). The concentrations of TLR4, NFκB and TNFα in brain tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results After cerebral ischemic reperfusion, the rats showed neurobehavioral function deficit and cerebral infarction in the ischemic hemisphere. The number of apoptotic cells, the expressions and the concentrations in brain tissue of TLR4, NFκB and TNFα in ischemia control group increased significantly than those in the sham operative group (P < 0.01). Compared with the ischemia control group, the neurobehavioral scores, the infarction volumes, the apoptotic cells, the expressions and concentrations in brain tissue of TLR4, NFκB and TNFα were obviously decreased both in the picroside 2 and salvianic acid A sodium groups (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference between the two treatment groups in above indexes (P > 0.05). Conclusions Picroside 2 could down-regulate the expressions of TLR4, NFκB and TNFα to inhibit apoptosis and inflammation induced by cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury and improve the neurobehavioral function of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Esumi T, Mori T, Zhao M, Toyota M, Fukuyama Y. First Enantiocontrolled Formal Synthesis of (+)-Neovibsanin B, A Neurotrophic Diterpenoid. Org Lett 2010; 12:888-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902960n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Esumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Takehiro Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Ming Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masao Toyota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Fukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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Fukuyama Y, Kubo M, Esumi T, Harada K, Hioki H. Chemistry and Biological Activities of Vibsane-Type Diterpenoids. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-10-671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Hur J, Lee P, Moon E, Kang I, Kim SH, Oh MS, Kim SY. Neurite outgrowth induced by spicatoside A, a steroidal saponin, via the tyrosine kinase A receptor pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 620:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Metabolites of sesamin, a major lignan in sesame seeds, induce neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells through activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:841-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Tang W, Kubo M, Harada K, Hioki H, Fukuyama Y. Novel NGF-potentiating diterpenoids from a Brazilian medicinal plant, Ptychopetalum olacoides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:882-6. [PMID: 19095451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
From the MeOH extract of Ptychopetalum olacoides, which is used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of chronic degenerative conditions of the nervous system, four novel clerodane-type diterpenoids named 6alpha,7alpha-dihydroxyannonene (1), 7alpha,20-dihydroxyannonene (2), 7alpha-hydroxysolidagolactone I (3), and ptycho-6alpha,7alpha-diol (4) were isolated by bioassay-directed fractionation using NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. The structures of 1-4 were established by extensive NMR spectroscopic analyses and chemical conversion. Compounds 1 and 2 significantly enhanced NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 50.0 microM for 1 and 0.1 to 30.0 microM for 2, whereas 3 and 4 had no morphological effect on NGF-mediated PC12 cells in the same concentration range. The structure-activity relationship of these compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxia Tang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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36
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Zeng S, Wang D, Cao Y, An N, Zeng F, Han C, Song Y, Deng X. Immunopotentiation of Caffeoyl Glycoside from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora on activation and cytokines secretion of immunocyte in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1707-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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38
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Ma Y, Cheng S, Leski ML, Luo D, He J. Development and Validation of a Sensitive LC–Tandem-MS Method for the Quantitative Determination of Picroside II in Rat Plasma. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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XIAO YJ, JIANG ZZ, YAO JC, HUANG X, HUANG JF, WANG T, ZHANG LY. Investigation of Picroside II's Impacts on the P450 Activities Using a Cocktail Method. Chin J Nat Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(09)60024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Yu QL, Zhao Y, Chen XJ, Gao ZD, Ren WC, He H, Jing J, Wang Y, Han DE. A Sensitive LC–ESI–MS Method for Pharmacokinetic Studies of Picroside II in Dog Plasma. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Huang SX, Zhou Y, Nie QJ, Ding LS, Peng SL. Two new iridoid glucosides from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2006; 8:259-63. [PMID: 16864432 DOI: 10.1080/10286020500034543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two new iridoid glucosides with 3,4-dihydrocatalpol skeleton, piscrosides A (1) and B (2) together with nine known iridoid glucosides and three known cucurbitacin glucosides, were isolated from the stems of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Their structures were established by MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR methods (including HSQC, HMBC and NOESY experiments).
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Affiliation(s)
- S-X Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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42
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Tohda C, Kuboyama T, Komatsu K. Search for natural products related to regeneration of the neuronal network. Neurosignals 2005; 14:34-45. [PMID: 15956813 DOI: 10.1159/000085384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of neuronal networks in the damaged brain is necessary for the therapeutic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. We have screened the neurite outgrowth activity of herbal drugs, and identified several active constituents. In each compound, neurite outgrowth activity was investigated under amyloid-beta-induced neuritic atrophy. Most of the compounds with neurite regenerative activity also demonstrated memory improvement activity in Alzheimer's disease-model mice. Protopanaxadiol-type saponins in Ginseng drugs and their metabolite, M1 (20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(20S)-protopanaxadiol), showed potent regeneration activity for axons and synapses, and amelioration of memory impairment. Withanolide derivatives (withanolide A, withanoside IV, and withanoside VI) isolated from the Indian herbal drug Ashwagandha, also showed neurite extension in normal and damaged cortical neurons. Trigonelline, a constituent of coffee beans, demonstrated the regeneration of dendrites and axons, in addition to memory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tohda
- Research Center for Ethnomedicines, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan
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43
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Lortie K, Huang D, Chakravarthy B, Comas T, Hou ST, Lin-Chao S, Morley P. The gas7 protein potentiates NGF-mediated differentiation of PC12 cells. Brain Res 2005; 1036:27-34. [PMID: 15725398 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The growth-arrest-specific protein gas7 is required for morphological differentiation of cultured mouse cerebellar neurons and PC12 cells. Moreover, its overexpression in various cell types induces neurite-like outgrowth. The role of gas7 in neuronal differentiation was further characterized by adenovirus-mediated overexpression in PC12 cells and quantification of the expression of various neuronal markers, in the absence and presence of different concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF). The potential neuroprotective activity of gas7 against various neurotoxic insults was also assessed. In addition to promoting the formation of neurite-like extensions, overexpression of gas7 potentiated NGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells, as shown by the enhanced expression of the neuronal proteins betaIII-tubulin, synaptotagmin, alpha7 subunit of the acetylcholine receptor, and dihydropyrimidinase related protein-3. This effect was exerted independently of cell cycle progression, as gas7 did not affect proliferation of PC12 cells. While some differentiation enhancers protect PC12 cells against lethal insults, gas7 overexpression in PC12 cells did not protect against oxygen-glucose deprivation, the calcium ionophore A23187, or the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside, suggesting that gas7 is not neuroprotective. The ability of gas7 to potentiate neuronal differentiation makes it a potential therapeutic target to promote re-establishment of neuronal connections in the injured or diseased brain, such as following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lortie
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Tsang CK, Ina A, Goto T, Kamei Y. Sargachromenol, a novel nerve growth factor-potentiating substance isolated from Sargassum macrocarpum, promotes neurite outgrowth and survival via distinct signaling pathways in PC12D cells. Neuroscience 2005; 132:633-43. [PMID: 15837125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that the methanol extract of a marine brown alga, Sargassum macrocarpum showed marked nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent neurite outgrowth promoting activity to PC12D cells. The active substance purified was elucidated to be sargachromenol. The median effective dose (ED50) was 9 microM against PC12D cells in the presence of 10 ng/ml NGF, although it showed no neurotrophic effect on its own. Pretreatment of cells with protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor or U0126 substantially suppressed the sargachromenol-enhanced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells, suggesting that the activation of cyclic AMP-mediated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase 1/2 was apparently required for the action of sargachromenol. On the other hand, sargachromenol significantly promoted the survival of neuronal PC12D cells at 0-50 ng/ml NGF in serum-free medium. Neither PKA inhibitor nor U0126 could inhibit the survival supporting effect of sargachromenol, whereas wortmannin significantly blocked the sargachromenol-induced survival supporting effect on neuronal PC12D cells, suggesting that sargachromenol rescued neuronal PC12D cells by activating phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. These results demonstrate that sargachromenol promotes neuronal differentiation of PC12D cells and supports the survival of neuronal PC12D cells via two distinct signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Tsang
- Coastal Bioenvironment Center, Saga University, Karatsu, Saga 847-0021, Japan
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45
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Li P, Yamakuni T, Matsunaga K, Kondo S, Ohizumi Y. Nardosinone enhances nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in a mitogen-activated protein kinase- and protein kinase C-dependent manner in PC12D cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 93:122-5. [PMID: 14501162 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.93.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism to enhance nerve growth factor (NGF, 2 ng/ml)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells by nardosinone isolated from Nardostachys chinensis was examined. It was shown that the potentiation of the NGF-induced neurite outgrowth by nardosinone was mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-dependent, but was not accompanied by stimulation of NGF-induced increase in MAP kinase phosphorylation. Furthermore, this augmentation of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth was abolished by GF109203X, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. These results suggest that the enhancement of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells by nardosinone involves activation of a down-stream step of the MAP kinase-dependent cascade of NGF coupled with PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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46
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Li P, Matsunaga K, Yamakuni T, Ohizumi Y. Nardosinone, the first enhancer of neurite outgrowth-promoting activity of staurosporine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in PC12D cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 145:177-83. [PMID: 14604758 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(03)00239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nardosinone was isolated as an enhancer of nerve growth factor (NGF) from Nardostachys chinensis [Neurosci. Lett. 273 (1999) 53]. Nardosinone (0.1-100 microM) enhanced dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP, 0.3 mM)- and staurosporine (10 nM)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells in a concentration-dependent manner. PD98059 (20 microM), a potent mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase inhibitor, partially blocked enhancements of dbcAMP (0.3 mM)- or staurosporine (10 nM)-induced neurite outgrowth by nardosinone. Nardosinone alone had no effect on the phosphorylation of MAP kinase. The dbcAMP-induced increase in phosphorylation of MAP kinase was not affected by nardosinone. Staurosporine almost unaffected the phosphorylation of MAP kinase, and nardosinone potentiated the staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth without stimulation of the phosphorylation of MAP kinase. Since it is known that MAP kinase signaling is required for neurite outgrowth in PC12D cells, these results suggest that nardosinone enhances staurosporine- or dbcAMP-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells, probably by amplifying both the MAP kinase-dependent and -independent signaling pathways of dbcAMP and staurosporine. It is also suggested that nardosinone enhances a downstream step of MAP kinase in the MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway. Nardosinone is the first enhancer of the neuritogenic action of dbcAMP and staurosporine and may become a useful pharmacological tool for studying the mechanism of action of not only NGF but also both the neuritogenic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, Aoba 980-8578, Japan
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47
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Kamei Y, Tsang CK. Sargaquinoic acid promotes neurite outgrowth via protein kinase A and MAP kinases-mediated signaling pathways in PC12D cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 21:255-62. [PMID: 12850058 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(03)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously isolated a nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent neurite outgrowth promoting substance MC14 (sargaquinoic acid) from a marine brown alga, Sargassum macrocarpum. In the present study, the NGF-potentiating activity of MC14 to neural differentiation of PC12D cells was investigated in detail. The treatment of cells with 3 microg/ml MC14 in the presence of 1.25-100 ng/ml NGF markedly enhanced the proportion of neurite-bearing cells compared with the NGF-only controls. In addition, MC14 significantly elevated the NGF-induced specific acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in PC12D cells, suggesting that MC14 could morphologically and biochemically promote the differentiation of PC12D cells. The mechanism of action of MC14 was further investigated by pharmacological inhibition of several intracellular signaling molecules. Results indicated that the neurite outgrowth promoting activity of MC14 was almost completely blocked by 10 microM PD98059, suggesting that a TrkA-dependent MAP kinases-mediated signaling pathway may play a crucial role in modulating the effect of MC14. Besides, the MC14-enhanced neurite outgrowth was substantially suppressed by the pretreatment with 10 ng/ml protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, demonstrating that the adenylate cyclase-PKA signaling cascade was also involved in the action of MC14. In contrast, a PKC inhibitor chelerythrine chloride did not inhibit the neurite outgrowth promoting activity of MC14. Altogether, these results demonstrate that MC14 enhances the neurite outgrowth by cooperating at least two separated signaling pathways, a TrkA-MAP kinases pathway and an adenylate cyclase-PKA pathway, in PC12D cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kamei
- Marine and Highland Bioscience Center, Saga University, 152-1 Shonan-cho, Karatsu, Saga 847-0021, Japan.
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48
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Shigeta K, Ootaki K, Tatemoto H, Nakanishi T, Inada A, Muto N. Potentiation of nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells by a Coptidis Rhizoma extract and protoberberine alkaloids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:2491-4. [PMID: 12506995 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A methanol extract of Coptidis Rhizoma effectively enhanced the outgrowth of neurite in PC12 cells induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). Following solvent partition and preparative HPLC, berberine was isolated as the major active compound. Berberine enhanced the proportion of neurite-bearing cells in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. Its structural relatives, palmatine and coptisine, showed a slightly weaker NGF-enhancing effect than berberine. These three alkaloids inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity at a level comparable to that of physostigmine, but this inhibition was not responsible for the potentiation of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. It is demonstrated for the first time that protoberberine alkaloids potentiated the NGF-induced differentiation of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Shigeta
- School of Bioresources, Hiroshima Prefectural University, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara 727-0023, Japan
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49
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Li P, Matsunaga K, Yamakuni T, Ohizumi Y. Picrosides I and II, selective enhancers of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in the action of neuritogenic substances on PC12D cells. Life Sci 2002; 71:1821-35. [PMID: 12151059 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Picrosides I and II caused a concentration-dependent (> 0.1 microM) enhancement of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, 2 ng/ml)-, staurosporine (10 nM)- and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP, 0.3 mM)-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells. PD98059 (20 microM), a potent mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase inhibitor, blocked the enhancement of bFGF (2 ng/ml)-, staurosporine (10 nM)- or dbcAMP (0.3 mM)-induced neurite outgrowth by picrosides, suggesting that picrosides activate MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway. However, PD98059 did not affect the bFGF (2 ng/ml)-, staurosporine (10 nM)- and dbcAMP (0.3 mM)-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12D cells, indicating the existence of two components in neurite outgrowth induced by bFGF, staurosporine and dbcAMP, namely the MAP kinase-independent and the masked MAP kinase-dependent one. Furthermore, picrosides-induced enhancements of the bFGF-action were markedly inhibited by GF109203X (0.1 microM), a protein kinase C inhibitor. The expression of phosphorylated MAP kinase was markedly increased by bFGF (2 ng/ml) and dbcAMP (0.3 mM), whereas that was not enhanced by staurosporine (10 nM). Picrosides had no effect on the phosphorylation of MAP kinase induced by bFGF or dbcAMP and also unaffected it in the presence of staurosporine. These results suggest that picrosides I and II enhance bFGF-, staurosporine- or dbcAMP-induced neurite outgrowth from PC12D cells, probably by amplifying a down-stream step of MAP kinase in the intracellular MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway. Picrosides I and II may become selective pharmacological tools for studying the MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway in outgrowth of neurites induced by many kinds of neuritogenic substances including bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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