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Siddiqui T, Bhatt LK. Targeting Sigma-1 Receptor: A Promising Strategy in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2925-2935. [PMID: 37259012 PMCID: PMC10231286 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting mainly the elderly population. It is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta region. Parkinson's disease patients exhibit motor symptoms like tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia/hypokinesia, and non-motor symptoms like depression, cognitive decline, delusion, and pain. Major pathophysiological factors which contribute to neuron loss include excess/misfolded alpha-synuclein aggregates, microglial cell-mediated neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and defective mitochondrial function. Sigma-1 receptors are molecular chaperones located at mitochondria-associated ER membrane. Their activation (by endogenous ligands or agonists) has shown neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects in various diseases. This review discusses the roles of activated Sig-1 receptors in modulating various pathophysiological features of Parkinson's disease like alpha-synuclein aggregates, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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2
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Joffre J, Yeh CC, Wong E, Thete M, Xu F, Zlatanova I, Lloyd E, Kobzik L, Legrand M, Hellman J. Activation of CB 1R Promotes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-10 Secretion by Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cells and Reduces Acute Inflammation and Organ Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3339-3350. [PMID: 32385136 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa and its principal components, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol, are increasingly being used to treat a variety of medical problems, including inflammatory conditions. Although studies suggest that the endocannabinoid system has immunomodulatory properties, there remains a paucity of information on the effects of cannabinoids on immunity and on outcomes of infection and injury. We investigated the effects and mechanism(s) of action of cannabinoid receptor agonists, including Δ9-THC, on inflammation and organ injury in endotoxemic mice. Administration of Δ9-THC caused a dramatic early upregulation of plasma IL-10 levels, reduced plasma IL-6 and CCL-2 levels, led to better clinical status, and attenuated organ injury in endotoxemic mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of Δ9-THC in endotoxemic mice were reversed by a cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) inverse agonist (SR141716), and by clodronate-induced myeloid-cell depletion, but not by genetic invalidation or blockade of other putative Δ9-THC receptors, including cannabinoid receptor type 2, TRPV1, GPR18, GPR55, and GPR119. Although Δ9-THC administration reduced the activation of several spleen immune cell subsets, the anti-inflammatory effects of Δ9-THC were preserved in splenectomized endotoxemic mice. Finally, using IL-10-GFP reporter mice, we showed that blood monocytic myeloid-derived suppressive cells mediate the Δ9-THC-induced early rise in circulating IL-10. These results indicate that Δ9-THC potently induces IL-10, while reducing proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and related organ injury in endotoxemic mice via the activation of CB1R. These data have implications for acute and chronic conditions that are driven by dysregulated inflammation, such as sepsis, and raise the possibility that CB1R-signaling may constitute a novel target for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Joffre
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Che-Chung Yeh
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Erika Wong
- Pediatric Critical Care Division, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Mayuri Thete
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Fengyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ivana Zlatanova
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | - Elliot Lloyd
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Matthieu Legrand
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143;
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Oyer HM, Sanders CM, Kim FJ. Small-Molecule Modulators of Sigma1 and Sigma2/TMEM97 in the Context of Cancer: Foundational Concepts and Emerging Themes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1141. [PMID: 31695608 PMCID: PMC6816035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two known subtypes of the so-called sigma receptors, Sigma1 and Sigma2. Sigma1 (encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene and also known as Sigma-1 receptor, S1R) is a unique pharmacologically regulated integral membrane chaperone or scaffolding protein that allosterically modulates the activity of its associated proteins. Sigma2, recently identified as transmembrane protein 97 (TMEM97), is an integral membrane protein implicated in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. A number of publications over the past two decades have suggested a role for both sigma proteins in tumor biology. Although there is currently no clinically used anti-cancer drug that targets Sigma1 or Sigma2/TMEM97, a growing body of evidence supports the potential of small-molecule compounds with affinity for these proteins, putative sigma ligands, as therapeutic agents to treat cancer. In preclinical models, these compounds have been reported to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, and migration; furthermore, they have been demonstrated to suppress tumor growth, to alleviate cancer-associated pain, and to exert immunomodulatory properties. Here, we will address the known knowns and the known unknowns of Sigma1 and Sigma2/TMEM97 ligand actions in the context of cancer. This review will highlight key discoveries and published evidence in support of a role for sigma proteins in cancer and will discuss several fundamental questions regarding the physiological roles of sigma proteins in cancer and sigma ligand mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley M Oyer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christina M Sanders
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Felix J Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Jia J, Cheng J, Wang C, Zhen X. Sigma-1 Receptor-Modulated Neuroinflammation in Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:314. [PMID: 30294261 PMCID: PMC6158303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1R) are important drug targets for a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Sig-1Rs are enriched in central nervous system (CNS). In addition to neurons, both cerebral microglia and astrocytes express Sig-1Rs. Activation of Sig-1Rs is known to elicit potent neuroprotective effects and promote neuronal survival via multiple mechanisms, including promoting mitochondrial functions, decreasing oxidative stress and regulating neuroimmnological functions. In this review article, we focus on the emerging role of Sig-1Rs in regulating neuroinflammation and discuss the recent advances on the Sig-1R-modulating neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology and therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Cerveró C, Blasco A, Tarabal O, Casanovas A, Piedrafita L, Navarro X, Esquerda JE, Calderó J. Glial Activation and Central Synapse Loss, but Not Motoneuron Degeneration, Are Prevented by the Sigma-1 Receptor Agonist PRE-084 in the Smn2B/- Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77:577-597. [PMID: 29767748 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by the loss of α-motoneurons (MNs) with concomitant muscle denervation. MN excitability and vulnerability to disease are particularly regulated by cholinergic synaptic afferents (C-boutons), in which Sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) is concentrated. Alterations in Sig1R have been associated with MN degeneration. Here, we investigated whether a chronic treatment with the Sig1R agonist PRE-084 was able to exert beneficial effects on SMA. We used a model of intermediate SMA, the Smn2B/- mouse, in which we performed a detailed characterization of the histopathological changes that occur throughout the disease. We report that Smn2B/- mice exhibited qualitative differences in major alterations found in mouse models of severe SMA: Smn2B/- animals showed more prominent MN degeneration, early motor axon alterations, marked changes in sensory neurons, and later MN deafferentation that correlated with conspicuous reactive gliosis and altered neuroinflammatory M1/M2 microglial balance. PRE-084 attenuated reactive gliosis, mitigated M1/M2 imbalance, and prevented MN deafferentation in Smn2B/- mice. These effects were also observed in a severe SMA model, the SMNΔ7 mouse. However, the prevention of gliosis and MN deafferentation promoted by PRE-084 were not accompanied by any improvements in clinical outcome or other major pathological changes found in SMA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Cerveró
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Blasco
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olga Tarabal
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Casanovas
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lídia Piedrafita
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep E Esquerda
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Calderó
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Papanastasiou I. Insights in Organometallic Synthesis of Various Adamantane Derivatives with Sigma Receptor-Binding Affinity and Antiproliferative/Anticancer Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1824:279-286. [PMID: 30039413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8630-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic reactions, such as those involving Grignard and organocadmium reagents, are very useful but require prudent laboratory skills. In many papers related to the medicinal chemistry of adamantane derivatives with sigma receptor (σR)-binding affinity and antiproliferative/anticancer activity, organometallics play a crucial role in the synthetic pathways. In this work, the experimental procedures utilizing Grignard and organocadmium reagents are presented in detail, because these techniques are not analyzed and are important in the rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papanastasiou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens, 15784, Greece.
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Georgiadis MO, Karoutzou O, Foscolos AS, Papanastasiou I. Sigma Receptor (σR) Ligands with Antiproliferative and Anticancer Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:E1408. [PMID: 28841173 PMCID: PMC6151391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma receptor (σR) ligands have proven to be useful as cancer diagnostics and anticancer therapeutics and their ligands have been developed as molecular probes in oncology. Moreover, various σR ligands generate cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo. These σR ligands have exhibited promising results against numerous human and rodent cancers and are investigated under preclinical and clinical study trials, indicating a new category of drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos-Orestis Georgiadis
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Olga Karoutzou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Angeliki-Sofia Foscolos
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Papanastasiou
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
Sigma1 (also known as sigma-1 receptor, Sig1R, σ1 receptor) is a unique pharmacologically regulated integral membrane chaperone or scaffolding protein. The majority of publications on the subject have focused on the neuropharmacology of Sigma1. However, a number of publications have also suggested a role for Sigma1 in cancer. Although there is currently no clinically used anti-cancer drug that targets Sigma1, a growing body of evidence supports the potential of Sigma1 ligands as therapeutic agents to treat cancer. In preclinical models, compounds with affinity for Sigma1 have been reported to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and survival, cell adhesion and migration, tumor growth, to alleviate cancer-associated pain, and to have immunomodulatory properties. This review will highlight that although the literature supports a role for Sigma1 in cancer, several fundamental questions regarding drug mechanism of action and the physiological relevance of aberrant SIGMAR1 transcript and Sigma1 protein expression in certain cancers remain unanswered or only partially answered. However, emerging lines of evidence suggest that Sigma1 is a component of the cancer cell support machinery, that it facilitates protein interaction networks, that it allosterically modulates the activity of its associated proteins, and that Sigma1 is a selectively multifunctional drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Christina M Maher
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Heiss K, Vanella L, Murabito P, Prezzavento O, Marrazzo A, Castruccio Castracani C, Barbagallo I, Zappalà A, Arena E, Astuto M, Giarratano A, Li Volti G. (+)-Pentazocine reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis in microglia following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 626:142-8. [PMID: 27208832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sigma-1 receptors (σ1R) are highly expressed in neurons as well as microglia and have been shown to modulate the inflammatory response in the central nervous system and thus may serve as possible target for neuroprotective strategies. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of (+)-pentazocine, a putative σ 1R agonist, in an in vitro model of microglia activation. METHODS Microglia (BV2 cells) was exposed (3h) to 1% oxygen and reoxygenation was allowed for 24h. Cells were treated with different concentrations (1, 10, 25 and 50μM) of (+)-pentazocine in the presence or absence of NE-100 (1μM), a well established σ1R antagonist. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by cytofluorimetric analysis, whereas oxidative stress was evaluated by reduced glutathione (GSH) content and mitochondrial potential analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that (+)-pentazocine was able to increase cell viability and restore mitochondrial potential at all concentrations whereas only 1 and 10μM were able to reduce significantly apoptotic cell death, to restore reduced glutathione intracellular content and prevent ERK1/2 phosphorylation. All these effects were abolished by concomitant treatment with NE-100. CONCLUSIONS (+)-pentazocine exhibits significant dose dependent protective effects in our in vitro model of microglial activation thus suggesting that σ1R may represent a possible target for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Heiss
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Vanella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Murabito
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Rodolico", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Orazio Prezzavento
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Castruccio Castracani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Arena
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marinella Astuto
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Rodolico", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Giarratano
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), Section of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Paolo Giaccone University Hospital, University of Palermo, Via Del Vespro 38, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95100 Catania, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 20, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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Zhao J, Ha Y, Liou GI, Gonsalvez GB, Smith SB, Bollinger KE. Sigma receptor ligand, (+)-pentazocine, suppresses inflammatory responses of retinal microglia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3375-84. [PMID: 24812552 PMCID: PMC4042630 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of the σ 1 receptor (σR1) agonist, (+)-pentazocine, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory changes in retinal microglia cells. METHODS Retinal microglia cells were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat pups. Cells were treated with LPS with or without (+)-pentazocine and with or without the σR1 antagonist BD1063. Morphologic changes were assayed. Cell viability was assessed by using MTT assay. Supernatant levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 10, (IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and nitric oxide (NO) were determined. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was assayed, and levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were analyzed by using Western blot. RESULTS The σR1 protein was expressed in retinal microglia. Incubation with LPS and/or (+)-pentazocine did not alter cell viability or σR1 protein levels. Incubation with LPS for 24 hours induced a marked change in microglial morphology and a significant increase in secreted levels of TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1, and NO. Pretreatment with (+)-pentazocine inhibited the LPS-induced morphologic changes. Release of TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1, and NO was reduced with (+)-pentazocine. Intracellular ROS formation was suppressed with (+)-pentazocine. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was reduced in the presence of (+)-pentazocine. The σR1 antagonist BD1063 blocked the (+)-pentazocine-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced morphologic changes. In addition, BD1063 treatment blocked (+)-pentazocine-mediated suppression of LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1, NO, and intracellular ROS release. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with (+)-pentazocine suppressed inflammatory responses of retinal microglia and inhibited LPS-induced activation of ERK/JNK MAPK. In neurodegenerative disease, (+)-pentazocine may exert neuroprotective effects through manipulation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yonju Ha
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Gregory I. Liou
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Graydon B. Gonsalvez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Bollinger
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Matsumoto RR, Nguyen L, Kaushal N, Robson MJ. Sigma (σ) receptors as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate psychostimulant effects. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:323-86. [PMID: 24484982 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many psychostimulants, including cocaine and methamphetamine, interact with sigma (σ) receptors at physiologically relevant concentrations. The potential therapeutic relevance of this interaction is underscored by the ability to selectively target σ receptors to mitigate many behavioral and physiological effects of psychostimulants in animal and cell-based model systems. This chapter begins with an overview of these enigmatic proteins. Provocative preclinical data showing that σ ligands modulate an array of cocaine and methamphetamine effects are summarized, along with emerging areas of research. Together, the literature suggests targeting of σ receptors as an innovative option for combating undesired actions of psychostimulants through both neuronal and glial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae R Matsumoto
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
| | - Linda Nguyen
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew J Robson
- West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Skrzycki M, Czeczot H. Altered expression level of Sigma1 receptor gene in human colorectal cancer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:313-8. [PMID: 23906352 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.822891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonopioid Sigma1 receptor (Sig1R) influences numerous metabolism functions including regulation of ion channels, reaction on stress and response to growth signals. Due to this influence, Sigma1 receptor ligands show anti-proliferative and cytotoxic action on tumor cells. Additionally its increased level is observed in some types of tumors. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and its clinical development is well described. The aim of the study was evaluation of Sigma1 receptor mRNA expression level in human colorectal cancer and colorectal cancer liver metastases at different stages of tumor development. The mRNA was isolated from 30 patients: 18 with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 12 with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM). The cDNA of Sig1R gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. The level of Sig1R mRNA expression was determined by measurement of optical density. Sig1R expression level was increased in CRC and CRCLM. The highest level of Sig1R mRNA was observed in UICC stage III. We also showed significant interactions of UICC stage and tumor localization with Sig1R expression level. There were no interactions between UICC stage and age of patients, although we observed significantly decreased level of Sig1R mRNA in older patients. Clinical advancement stage, localization of tumor and age of patients seems to be an important factors influencing Sigma1 receptor expression level. It is probably due to double nature of Sig1R action - in certain conditions it could act pro- or antiapoptotic. This action might depend on Sig1R activity resulting from its expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Skrzycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw Medical University , Warsaw , Poland
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13
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Huang YS, Lu HL, Zhang LJ, Wu Z. Sigma-2 receptor ligands and their perspectives in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:532-66. [PMID: 23922215 DOI: 10.1002/med.21297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The sigma-2 receptor is highly expressed in various rapidly proliferating cancer cells and regarded as a cancer cell biomarker. Selective sigma-2 ligands have been shown to specifically label the tumor sites, induce cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, and inhibit tumor growth. Sigma-2 ligands are potentially useful as cancer diagnostics, anticancer therapeutics, or adjuvant anticancer treatment agents. However, both the cloning of this receptor and the identification of its endogenous ligand have not been successful, and the lack of structural information has severely hindered the understanding of its physiological roles, its signaling pathways, and the development of more selective sigma-2 ligands. Recent data have implicated that sigma-2 binding sites are within the lipid rafts and that PGRMC1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) complex and sigma-2 receptor may be coupled with EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), caspases, and ion channels. Due to its promising applications in cancer management, there are rapidly increasing research efforts that are being directed into this field. This review article updates the current understanding of sigma-2 receptor and its potential physiological roles, applications, interaction with other effectors, with special focuses on the development of sigma-2 ligands, their chemical structures, pharmacological profiles, applications in imaging and anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical College, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
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Kotagale NR, Shirbhate SH, Shukla P, Ugale RR. Agmatine attenuates neuropathic pain in sciatic nerve ligated rats: Modulation by hippocampal sigma receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:424-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wanka L, Iqbal K, Schreiner PR. The lipophilic bullet hits the targets: medicinal chemistry of adamantane derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3516-604. [PMID: 23432396 PMCID: PMC3650105 DOI: 10.1021/cr100264t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
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Iñiguez MA, Punzón C, Nieto R, Burgueño J, Vela JM, Fresno M. Inhibitory effects of sigma-2 receptor agonists on T lymphocyte activation. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:23. [PMID: 23494519 PMCID: PMC3595506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma (σ) receptor ligands are essentially known for their effects on the nervous system although recent studies have shown their potential effects modulating some other pathophysiological processes as cell proliferation, cancer, and the immune response. Here, we have analyzed the actions of σ-1 and σ-2 receptors ligands on T cell activation. Our results show that treatment of Jurkat T cells with σ-2 agonists decreased the induction of the expression of Interleukin (IL)-2, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 by activated T cells in a dose-dependent manner. These effects take place at the transcriptional level since σ-2 agonists BD-737 and CB-184 diminished the activity of the promoters of those genes. Those immunosuppressive effects could be attributable to interference with transcription factor activation. Induced transcription mediated by Nuclear factor (NF)-κB or Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) was inhibited by σ-2 agonists. These effects seem to be specific for σ-2 agonists as no significant effects on T cell activation by σ-1 ligands PRE-084 and BD-1063 were found. Our results provide new insights into the immunomodulatory actions of σ ligands and describe a new property of σ-2 agonists, through inhibition of activation of transcription factors as NFAT by which these compounds are regulating gene expression. This may have important consequences on the possible therapeutic use of those compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Iñiguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
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Ruscher K, Inácio AR, Valind K, Rowshan Ravan A, Kuric E, Wieloch T. Effects of the sigma-1 receptor agonist 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-piperazine dihydro-chloride on inflammation after stroke. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45118. [PMID: 23028794 PMCID: PMC3445585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) improves functional recovery in models of experimental stroke and is known to modulate microglia function. The present study was conducted to investigate if Sig-1R activation after experimental stroke affects mediators of the inflammatory response in the ischemic hemisphere. Male Wistar rats were subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) and injected with the specific Sig-1R agonist 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (SA4503) or saline for 5 days starting on day 2 after MCAO. Treatment did not affect the increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 5 (IL-5), and interleukin 13 (IL-13) in the infarct core and peri-infarct area after MCAO. In addition, treatment with SA4503 did not affect elevated levels of nitrite, TNF-α and IL-1β observed in primary cultures of microglia exposed to combined Hypoxia/Aglycemia, while the unspecific sigma receptor ligand 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) significantly decreased the production of nitrite and levels of TNF-α. Analysis of the ischemic hemisphere also revealed increased levels of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) levels in the infarct core of SA4503 treated animals. However, no difference in Iba1 immunoreactivity was detected in the infarct core. Also, levels of the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and OX-42 were not increased in the infarct core in rats treated with SA4503. Together, our results suggest that sigma-1 receptor activation affects Iba1 expression in microglia/macrophages of the ischemic hemisphere after experimental stroke but does not affect post-stroke inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Ruscher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Sigma receptors (σ-1 and σ-2) are non-opioid proteins implicated in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders and cancer. The σ-1 subtype is a chaperon protein widely distributed in the CNS and peripheral tissues. These receptors are involved in the modulation of K+- and Ca2+-dependent signaling cascades at the endoplasmic reticulum and modulation of neurotransmitter release. σ-1 receptors are emerging targets for the treatment of neurophychiatric diseases (schizophrenia and depression) and cocaine addiction. σ-2 receptors are lipid raft proteins. They are highly expressed on many tumor cells and hence considered potential targets for anticancer drugs. σ receptors bind to a diverse class of pharmacological compounds like cocaine, methamphetamine, benzomorphans like (±)-pentazocine, (±)-SKF-10,047 and endogenous neurosteroids and sphingolipids. In this review we focus on the early development of σ receptor-specific ligands and radiolabeling agents.
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Hall AA, Pennypacker KR. Implications of immune system in stroke for novel therapeutic approaches. Transl Stroke Res 2010; 1:85-95. [PMID: 24323491 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-009-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Each year, approximately 795,000 people suffer a new or recurrent stroke. About 610,000 of these are first attacks, and 185,000 are recurrent attacks. Currently, the only FDA approved treatment for ischemic stroke is the thrombolytic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (Alteplase), which must be given within 4.5 h of stroke onset. Beyond this time, apoptotic and inflammatory processes greatly diminish the therapeutic benefits of current treatments. While there have been many experimental treatments for stroke that showed promising preclinical efficacy, these treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In many of these cases, the preclinical animal studies did not model the clinical setting effectively. The injury that occurs following stroke is a dynamic process. To effectively treat stroke patients at clinically relevant timepoints, it is imperative to understand both the humeral and cell-mediated phenomena that occur throughout the body in response to ischemic injury over time. Promising experimental therapeutics designed to be given 1 to 2 days following stroke require both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in order to be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Hall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, MDC Box 9, 12901, Bruce B Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Hall AA, Herrera Y, Ajmo CT, Cuevas J, Pennypacker KR. Sigma receptors suppress multiple aspects of microglial activation. Glia 2009; 57:744-54. [PMID: 19031439 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During brain injury, microglia become activated and migrate to areas of degenerating neurons. These microglia release proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species causing additional neuronal death. Microglia express high levels of sigma receptors, however, the function of these receptors in microglia and how they may affect the activation of these cells remain poorly understood. Using primary rat microglial cultures, it was found that sigma receptor activation suppresses the ability of microglia to rearrange their actin cytoskeleton, migrate, and release cytokines in response to the activators adenosine triphosphate (ATP), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Next, the role of sigma receptors in the regulation of calcium signaling during microglial activation was explored. Calcium fluorometry experiments in vitro show that stimulation of sigma receptors suppressed both transient and sustained intracellular calcium elevations associated with the microglial response to these activators. Further experiments showed that sigma receptors suppress microglial activation by interfering with increases in intracellular calcium. In addition, sigma receptor activation also prevented membrane ruffling in a calcium-independent manner, indicating that sigma receptors regulate the function of microglia via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Hall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612-4799, USA
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Wang YH, Shen YC, Liao JF, Lee CH, Li CH, Chou CY, Liou KT, Chou YC. Anti-inflammatory effects of dimemorfan on inflammatory cells and LPS-induced endotoxin shock in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1327-38. [PMID: 18500357 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dimemorfan (a sigma1 receptor agonist) showed neuroprotective properties in animal models of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative conditions, but its effects on inflammatory cells and systemic inflammation remain unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of dimemorfan on phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)- and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)- induced neutrophils and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells, as well as LPS-induced endotoxin shock in mice were elucidated. KEY RESULTS Dimemorfan decreased PMA- and fMLP-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and CD11b expression in neutrophils, through mechanisms independent of sigma1 receptors, possibly by blocking ROS production and G-protein-mediated intracellular calcium increase. Dimemorfan also inhibited LPS-induced ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production, as well as that of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), by inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity and suppression of iNOS up-regulation through interfering with nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) signalling in microglial cells. Treatment in vivo with dimemorfan (1 and 5 mg kg(-1), i.p., at three successive times after LPS) decreased plasma TNF-alpha, and neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the lung and liver. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that dimemorfan acts via sigma1 receptor-independent mechanisms to modulate intracellular calcium increase, NOX activity, and NF-kappaB signalling, resulting in inhibition of iNOS expression and NO production, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These effects may contribute its anti-inflammatory action and protective effects against endotoxin shock in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Corbera J, Vaño D, Martínez D, Vela JM, Zamanillo D, Dordal A, Andreu F, Hernandez E, Perez R, Escriche M, Salgado L, Yeste S, Serafini MT, Pascual R, Alegre J, Calvet MC, Cano N, Carro M, Buschmann H, Holenz J. A Medicinal-Chemistry-Guided Approach to Selective and Druglike Sigma 1 Ligands. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:140-54. [PMID: 16892345 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on a medicinal-chemistry-guided approach, three novel series of druglike cycloalkyl-annelated pyrazoles were synthesized and display high affinity (pKi>8) for the sigma1 receptor. Structure-affinity relationships were established, and the different scaffolds were optimized with respect to sigma1 binding and selectivity versus the sigma2 receptor and the hERG channel, resulting in selective compounds that have Ki values (for sigma1) in the subnanomolar range. Selected compounds were screened for cytochrome P450 inhibition (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4), metabolic stability (rat and human liver microsomes), and cell-membrane permeability (Caco-2). They showed favorable in vitro ADME properties as well as favorable calculated druglike and experimental physicochemical properties. Furthermore, compounds 7 f and 17 a, for example, displayed high selectivity (affinity) for the sigma1 receptor against a wide range of other receptors (>60). With these valuable tool compounds in hand, we are further exploring the role of the sigma1 receptor in relevant animal models corresponding to such medicinal indications as drug abuse, pain, depression, anxiety, and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Corbera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratorios Dr. Esteve S.A. Av. Mare de Déu de Montserrat 221, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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