1
|
Lo Martire V, Berteotti C, Bastianini S, Alvente S, Valli A, Cerri M, Amici R, Silvani A, Swoap SJ, Zoccoli G. The physiological signature of daily torpor is not orexin dependent. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:493-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
2
|
Jequier Gygax M, Klein BD, White HS, Kim M, Galanopoulou AS. Efficacy and tolerability of the galanin analog NAX 5055 in the multiple-hit rat model of symptomatic infantile spasms. Epilepsy Res 2013; 108:98-108. [PMID: 24252685 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Infantile spasms are seizures manifesting in infantile epileptic encephalopathies that are associated with poor epilepsy and cognitive outcomes. The current therapies are not always effective or are associated with serious side effects. Early cessation of spasms has been proposed to improve long-term outcomes. To identify new therapies for infantile spasms with rapid suppression of spasms, we are using the multiple-hit rat model of infantile spasms, which is a model of refractory infantile spasms. Here, we are testing the efficacy and tolerability of a single dose of the galanin receptor 1 preferring analog, NAX 5055, in the multiple-hit model of spasms. To induce the model, postnatal day 3 (PN3) male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent right intracerebral infusions of doxorubicin and lipopolysaccharide; p-chlorophenylalanine was then injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at PN5. After the onset of spasms at PN4, 11-14 rats/group were injected i.p. with either NAX 5055 (0.5, 1, 2, or 4mg/kg) or vehicle. Video monitoring for spasms included a 1h pre-injection period, followed by 5h of recording post-injection, and two 2h sessions on PN5. The study was conducted in a randomized, blinded manner. Neurodevelopmental reflexes were assessed daily as well as at 2h after injection. Respiratory function, heart rate, pulse distension, oximetry and blood glucose were measured 4h after injection. The relative expression of GalR1 and GalR2 mRNA over β-actin in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was determined with real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. There was no acute effect of NAX 5055 on spasm frequency after the single dose of NAX 5055 (n=11-13 rats/group, following exclusions). Neurodevelopmental reflexes, vital signs, blood glucose measured 4h post-injection, and survival were not affected. A reduction in pulse and breath distention of unclear clinical significance was observed with the 7mg/kg NAX 5055 dose. GalR1 mRNA was present in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of PN4 and adult rats. The hippocampal - but not the cortical - GalR1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in PN4 pups than in adults. GalR1 mRNA was also at least 20 times less abundant in the PN4 cortex than GalR2 mRNA. In conclusion, a single dose of NAX 5055 has no acute efficacy on spasms or toxicity in the multiple hit rat model of medically refractory infantile spasms. Our findings cannot exclude the possibility that repetitive NAX 5055 administration may show efficacy on spasms. The higher expression of GalR2 in the PN4 cortex suggests that GalR2-preferring analogs may be of interest to test for efficacy on spasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Jequier Gygax
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Unité de Neurologie et Neuroréhabilitation Pédiatrique, Département Médico-Chirurgical de Pédiatrie, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian D Klein
- NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mimi Kim
- Department of Statistics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Einstein/Montefiore Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Canal CE, Morgan D. Head-twitch response in rodents induced by the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine: a comprehensive history, a re-evaluation of mechanisms, and its utility as a model. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:556-76. [PMID: 22517680 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two primary animal models persist for assessing hallucinogenic potential of novel compounds and for examining the pharmacological and neurobiological substrates underlying the actions of classical hallucinogens, the two-lever drug discrimination procedure and the drug-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents. The substituted amphetamine hallucinogen, serotonin 2 (5-HT(2) ) receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) has emerged as the most popular pharmacological tool used in HTR studies of hallucinogens. Synthesizing classic, recent, and relatively overlooked findings, addressing ostensibly conflicting observations, and considering contemporary theories in receptor and behavioural pharmacology, this review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive synopsis of DOI and the HTR model, from neural mechanisms to utility for understanding psychiatric diseases. Also presented is support for the argument that, although both the two-lever drug discrimination and the HTR models in rodents are useful for uncovering receptors, interacting proteins, intracellular signalling pathways, and neurochemical processes affected by DOI and related classical hallucinogens, results from both models suggest they are not reporting hallucinogenic experiences in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clint E Canal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding Z, Cowan A, Rawls SM. 5-HT reuptake and 5-HT2 receptors modulate capsaicin-evoked hypothermia in rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 430:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
5
|
Monda M, Viggiano A, De Luca V. Paradoxical [correction of parodoxical] effect of orexin A: hypophagia induced by hyperthermia. Brain Res 2003; 961:220-8. [PMID: 12531489 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This experiment tested the effect of the sympathetic and thermogenic activation induced by orexin A on eating behavior. The food intake, firing rate (FR) of the sympathetic nerves to interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), IBAT and abdominal temperatures (T(IBAT) and T(ab)), and heart rate (HR) were monitored in 24 h-fasting male Sprague-Dawley rats for 15 h after food presentation. Orexin A (1.5 nmol) was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle 6 h before food presentation while FR, T(IBAT) and T(ab), and HR were also monitored. The same variables were controlled in rats receiving orexin A contemporaneously to food presentation. Two other groups of control animals were tested with the same procedure, however orexin A was substituted by saline. The results showed that food intake was significantly lower in the group receiving orexin A 6 h before food presentation in comparison to all the other groups. FR, T(IBAT) and T(ab), and HR were significantly higher in the rats receiving orexin A with respect to rats receiving saline. These findings demonstrate that orexin A, so-called for its orexigen action, can also induce hypophagia. On the other hand, orexin A always induces an activation of the thermogenesis. These results suggest a revision of the role played by orexin A in the control of food intake, assigning to this peptide a primary role in the thermoregulation. The possibility that orexin A can induce hypophagia is well demonstrated by this experiment, so that the scientific community should use a different name for this peptide. An appropriate name could be 'hyperthermine' A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, via Costantinopoli 16, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Malone DT, Taylor DA. Involvement of somatodendritic 5-HT(1A) receptors in Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced hypothermia in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001; 69:595-601. [PMID: 11509221 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it has been reported that modulating serotonergic neurones by use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) can alter the hypothermic response produced by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect that activation or antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT(1A)) receptors has on Delta(9)-THC-induced hypothermia. Delta(9)-THC (0.5, 2 and 5 mg/kg iv) decreased body temperature in a dose-related manner. Whilst having no significant effect on body temperature when administered 40 min prior to vehicle injection, the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide trihydrochloride (WAY 100635; 1 mg/kg sc) significantly potentiated the hypothermia produced by 2 and 5 mg/kg Delta(9)-THC. In order to investigate whether this effect was due to antagonism at somatodendritic autoreceptors in midbrain raphe nuclei, WAY 100635 or the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-hydroxy-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) was microinjected into either the median raphe nuclei (MRN) or dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) 40 min prior to Delta(9)-THC injection. Following microinjection into the DRN, neither WAY 100635 (0.5 nmol/0.5 microl/10 s) nor 8-OH-DPAT (15.2 nmol/0.5 microl/10 s) had any significant effect on Delta(9)-THC-induced hypothermia. However, WAY 100635 when microinjected into the MRN significantly potentiated Delta(9)-THC-induced hypothermia, and 8-OH-DPAT microinjected into the MRN significantly inhibited Delta(9)-THC-induced hypothermia. It is suggested from these studies that the potentiation of Delta(9)-THC-induced hypothermia by WAY 100635 when administered peripherally is mainly due to antagonism at somatodendritic 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors in the MRN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Malone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Pharmacology, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sergeyev V, Broberger C, Hökfelt T. Effect of LPS administration on the expression of POMC, NPY, galanin, CART and MCH mRNAs in the rat hypothalamus. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 90:93-100. [PMID: 11406287 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia and weight loss are manifestations of inflammation seen both in patients and in experimental animal models such as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rat. Using in situ hybridization, the levels of mRNAs encoding proopiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) were investigated in the rat hypothalamus after a single intraperitoneal dose (125 microg/kg) of LPS. Four hours after LPS injection the food intake was significantly decreased. POMC and CART mRNA levels were increased in the arcuate nucleus, and MCH, CART and galanin mRNAs were all decreased in the lateral hypothalamic area in LPS-treated rats. Levels of mRNAs for NPY and galanin in the arcuate nucleus, and for MCH and CART in the zona incerta did not change significantly after LPS treatment. These findings support the hypothesis that LPS-induced factors mediate signalling to the POMC/CART neurons in the arcuate nucleus which could lead to reduced food intake by decreasing MCH, CART and galanin synthesis in target lateral hypothalamic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sergeyev
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bouwknecht JA, Hijzen TH, van der Gugten J, Maes RA, Olivier B. Stress-induced hyperthermia in mice: effects of flesinoxan on heart rate and body temperature. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 400:59-66. [PMID: 10913585 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced hyperthermia in mice has predictive validity for anxiolytic properties of drugs. In this paradigm, 60 min after drug administration rectal temperature is measured, which causes hyperthermia of 1-1.5 degrees C (DeltaT) in about 10 min. Flesinoxan, a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist with anxiolytic-like properties, causes hypothermia, which complicates interpretation of stress-induced hyperthermia. Therefore, we combined flesinoxan treatment and the stress paradigm with radiotelemetric measurement of body temperature and heart rate, which is also related to anxiety. Subjects were either undisturbed or injected with flesinoxan (0-0.1-0.3-1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg), with or without the stress paradigm. Flesinoxan (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) caused a relatively long-lasting hypothermia, but did not lower heart rate. The rectal temperature procedure caused hyperthermia and tachycardia. Flesinoxan reduced the stress-induced hyperthermia and the tachycardia evoked by the stress procedure. Continuous radiotelemetric measurement of heart rate, apart from body temperature, revealed that flesinoxan has anxiolytic-like properties in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Bouwknecht
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malone DT, Taylor DA. Modulation of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced hypothermia by fluoxetine in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 124:1419-24. [PMID: 9723953 PMCID: PMC1565537 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
1. It has been suggested that the dose of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) that induces hypothermia in the rat increases the release of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). In light of this, we investigated the hypothermia produced by delta4-THC, and the effect the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine has on this response. 2. A significant dose-dependent decrease in body temperature occurred after i.v. administration of 0.5 to 5 mg kg(-1) delta9-THC; maximum decreases being 0.8+/-0.2 degrees C to 2.9+/-0.3 degrees C. This hypothermic response was attenuated by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716. 3. Fluoxetine (10 mg kg(-1) i.p.) alone caused a decrease in body temperature of 0.6+/-0.1 degrees C (n=32, P < 0.05) after 40 min. However, pretreatment with fluoxetine (10 mg kg(-1) i.p.) 40 min before delta9-THC significantly reduced the delta9-THC-induced hypothermia (n=7-8, P < 0.05). Contrary to this antagonist-like effect, fluoxetine administered 40 min after delta9-THC significantly potentiated the delta9-THC-induced hypothermia, producing a maximum decrease of 3.2+/-0.3 degrees C. 4. It is suggested that the effect of fluoxetine on the delta9-THC-induced hypothermic response is dependent on the time of its administration relative to that of delta9-THC. Pretreatment with fluoxetine increases extracellular 5-HT due to reuptake inhibition. Increased extracellular 5-HT can activate autoreceptors which may decrease serotonergic activity, thereby reducing the delta9-THC-induced hypothermia. Conversely, when fluoxetine is administered after delta9-THC, the reuptake block is thought to potentiate the already activated serotonergic system, hence potentiating the delta9-THC-induced hypothermia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Malone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Pharmacology, Victorian College of Pharmacy (Monash University), Parkville, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|