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Chauhan A, Singh J, Sangwan N, Singh H, Prakash A, Medhi B, Avti PK. Designing the 5HT 2BR structure and its modulation as a therapeutic target for repurposing approach in drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2023; 194:107168. [PMID: 37302343 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study intends to repurpose FDA drugs and investigate the mechanism of (5HT2BR) activation by comprehending inter-residue interactions. The 5HT2BR is a novel thread, and its role in reducing seizures in Dravet syndrome is emerging. The crystal structure (5HT2BR) is a chimera with mutations; hence 3D-structure is modeled (4IB4: 5HT2BRM). The structure is cross-validated to simulate the human receptor using enrichment analysis (ROC: 0.79) and SAVESv6.0. Virtual screening of 2456 approved drugs yielded the best hits that are subjected to MM/GBSA and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The 2 top drugs Cabergoline (-53.44 kcal/mol) and Methylergonovine (-40.42 kcal/mol), display strong binding affinity, and ADMET/SAR analysis also suggests their non-mutagenic or non-carcinogenic nature. Methylergonovine has a weaker binding affinity and lower potency than standards [Ergotamine (agonist) and Methysergide (antagonist)] due to its higher Ki (1.32 M) and Kd (6.44 ×10-8 M) values. Compared to standards, Cabergoline has moderate binding affinity and potency [Ki = 0.85 M and Kd = 5.53 × 10-8 M]. The top 2 drugs primarily interact with conserved residues (ASP135, LEU209, GLY221, ALA225, and THR140) as in agonists, unlike the antagonist. The top 2 drugs, upon binding to the 5HT2BRM, modify the helices VI, V, and III and shift the RMSD 2.48 Å and 3.07 Å. LEU209 forms a latch with residues 207-214 (forms a lid) in the 5HT2BRM receptor, which enhances agonist binding and prevents drug escape. Methylergonovine and Cabergoline interact more stongly with ALA225 than the antagonist. The post-MD analysis of Cabergoline suggests a better MM/GBSA value (-89.21 kcal/mol) than Methylergonovine (-63.54 kcal/mol). In this study, Cabergoline and Methylergonovine's agonistic mechanism and solid binding properties suggest their strong role in regulating the 5HT2BR and might target drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pramod K Avti
- Department of Biophysics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
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Bombardi C, Grandis A, Pivac N, Sagud M, Lucas G, Chagraoui A, Lemaire-Mayo V, De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G. Serotonin modulation of hippocampal functions: From anatomy to neurotherapeutics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:83-158. [PMID: 33785139 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal region receives a dense serotoninergic innervation originating from both medial and dorsal raphe nuclei. This innervation regulates hippocampal activity through the activation of distinct receptor families that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, terminals of several afferent neurotransmitter systems, and glial cells. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that hippocampal dysfunctions are involved in learning and memory deficits, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and mood disorders such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic syndrome disorder, whereas the hippocampus participates also in the therapeutic mechanisms of numerous medicines. Not surprisingly, several drugs acting via 5-HT mechanisms are efficacious to some extent in some diseases and the link between 5-HT and the hippocampus although clear remains difficult to untangle. For this reason, we review reported data concerning the distribution and the functional roles of the 5-HT receptors in the hippocampal region in health and disease. The impact of the 5-HT systems on the hippocampal function is such that the research of new 5-HT mechanisms and drugs is still very active. It concerns notably drugs acting at the 5-HT1A,2A,2C,4,6 receptor subtypes, in addition to the already existing drugs including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudier Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb and School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Guillaume Lucas
- Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM 1215, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Rouen, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Valérie Lemaire-Mayo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Deidda G, Crunelli V, Di Giovanni G. 5-HT/GABA interaction in epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 259:265-286. [PMID: 33541679 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by synchronous neuronal oscillations (seizures) in the electroencephalogram. Seizures are classified in focal or generalized (depending on the brain territory interested during seizures), and in convulsive and/or not convulsive (depending on the presence or not of involuntary movements). The current pharmacological treatments are mainly based on GABA modulation although different neurotransmitters are also involved in epilepsy, including serotonin. However despite much extensive progress in the understanding of epilepsy mechanisms, still, a percentage of people with epilepsy are pharmaco-resistant calling for the need for new therapeutic targets. Here we review preclinical and human evidence showing that serotonin modulates epilepsy that this likely happens via a major modulation/interaction with GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Deidda
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
| | - Vincenzo Crunelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Di Giovanni G, Chagraoui A, Bharatiya R, De Deurwaerdère P. Serotonergic control of excitability: from neuron to networks. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64125-0.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Svob Strac D, Pivac N, Smolders IJ, Fogel WA, De Deurwaerdere P, Di Giovanni G. Monoaminergic Mechanisms in Epilepsy May Offer Innovative Therapeutic Opportunity for Monoaminergic Multi-Target Drugs. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:492. [PMID: 27891070 PMCID: PMC5102907 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of experimental and clinical evidence has strongly suggested that monoamines play an important role in regulating epileptogenesis, seizure susceptibility, convulsions, and comorbid psychiatric disorders commonly seen in people with epilepsy (PWE). However, neither the relative significance of individual monoamines nor their interaction has yet been fully clarified due to the complexity of these neurotransmitter systems. In addition, epilepsy is diverse, with many different seizure types and epilepsy syndromes, and the role played by monoamines may vary from one condition to another. In this review, we will focus on the role of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, histamine, and melatonin in epilepsy. Recent experimental, clinical, and genetic evidence will be reviewed in consideration of the mutual relationship of monoamines with the other putative neurotransmitters. The complexity of epileptic pathogenesis may explain why the currently available drugs, developed according to the classic drug discovery paradigm of "one-molecule-one-target," have turned out to be effective only in a percentage of PWE. Although, no antiepileptic drugs currently target specifically monoaminergic systems, multi-target directed ligands acting on different monoaminergic proteins, present on both neurons and glia cells, may represent a new approach in the management of seizures, and their generation as well as comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilse J. Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
| | - Wieslawa A. Fogel
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | | | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of MaltaMsida, Malta
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Guiard BP, Di Giovanni G. Central serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor dysfunction in depression and epilepsy: the missing link? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:46. [PMID: 25852551 PMCID: PMC4362472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors (5-HT2A-Rs) are G-protein coupled receptors. In agreement with their location in the brain, they have been implicated not only in various central physiological functions including memory, sleep, nociception, eating and reward behaviors, but also in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Interestingly, a bidirectional link between depression and epilepsy is suspected since patients with depression and especially suicide attempters have an increased seizure risk, while a significant percentage of epileptic patients suffer from depression. Such epidemiological data led us to hypothesize that both pathologies may share common anatomical and neurobiological alteration of the 5-HT2A signaling. After a brief presentation of the pharmacological properties of the 5-HT2A-Rs, this review illustrates how these receptors may directly or indirectly control neuronal excitability in most networks involved in depression and epilepsy through interactions with the monoaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions. It also synthetizes the preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating the role of these receptors in antidepressant and antiepileptic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Guiard
- CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR 5169, Toulouse France ; CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale Université de Toulouse 3, UMR 5169, Toulouse, France ; INSERM U1178 Team ≪Depression and Antidepressants≫ Faculté de Pharmacie Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neurophysiology Unit, Laboratory for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida Malta ; School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff UK
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Li B, Wang L, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Shao D, Zhao J, Song Y, Lv J, Dong X, Liu C, Wang P, Zhang X, Cui R. The anticonvulsant effects of SR 57227 on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93158. [PMID: 24690630 PMCID: PMC3972186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, studies have shown that serotonin plays an important role in the control of seizure. However, the specific role of 5-HT receptor subtypes is not yet well described, in particular that of the 5-HT3 receptor. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of 5-HT3 receptor on the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in mice. Firstly, seizure latency was significantly prolonged by a 5-HT3 receptor agonist SR 57227 in a dose-dependent manner. Seizure score and mortality were also decreased by SR 57227 in PTZ-treated mice. Furthermore, these anticonvulsant effects of SR 57227 were inhibited by a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron. However, ondansetron alone had no effect on seizure latency, seizure score or mortality at different doses. Immunohistochemical studies have also shown that c-Fos expression was significantly increased in hippocampus (dentate gyrus, CA1, CA3 and CA4) of PTZ-treated mice. Furthermore, c-Fos expression was significantly inhibited by ondansetron in mice treated with PTZ and SR 57227. An ELISA study showed that SR 57227 attenuated the PTZ-induced inhibitory effects of GABA levels in hippocampus and cortex, and the attenuated effects of SR 57227 were antagonized by ondansetron in hippocampus but not cortex. Our findings suggest that activation of 5-HT3 receptor by SR 57227, which plays an important role on the control of seizure induced by PTZ, may be related to GABA activity in hippocampus. Therefore, 5-HT3 receptor subtype is a potential target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjin Li
- Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (LW); (XZ)
| | - Zhihui Sun
- First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongyuan Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunong Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (LW); (XZ)
| | - Ranji Cui
- Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (LW); (XZ)
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8
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The role of different serotonin receptor subtypes in seizure susceptibility. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:347-67. [PMID: 24232860 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has the most diverse set of receptors in comparison with any other neurotransmitter or hormone in the body. To date, seven families of 5-HT receptors have been characterized. A great number of studies have been published regarding the role of 5-HT and its receptors in seizures. However, with a few exceptions, the net effect of activating or inhibiting each 5-HT receptor subtype on the development or severity of seizures remains controversial. Additionally, the results of studies, which have used knockout animals to investigate the role of 5-HT receptors in seizures, have sometimes been contradictory to those which have used pharmacological tools. The present study aims to review the available data regarding the influence of each receptor subtype on seizure development and, when possible, reconcile between the apparently different results obtained in these studies.
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High dose of 8-OH-DPAT decreases maximal dentate gyrus activation and facilitates granular cell plasticity in vivo. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:441-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Park PG, Shin HY, Kang H, Jung YH, Woo YC, Kim JY, Koo GH, Park SG, Baek CW. Seizure developed after palonosetron intravenous injection during recovery from general anesthesia -A case report-. Korean J Anesthesiol 2012; 63:173-6. [PMID: 22949988 PMCID: PMC3427813 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2012.63.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizure associated with antiemetics is rare. We report seizure associated with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist in a 38 years old female. The patient underwent ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy due to left upper ureter stone. After operation, the patient complained of nausea in the postanesthetic recovery unit. In order to subside symptom, the patient was administrated 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, palonosetron, 0.075 mg intravenously. Shortly after administration of that, the patient developed generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The symptom was subsided after midazolam and thiopental sodium were injected. But 40 minutes later, seizure recurred and subsided with midazolam again. The patient recovered completely without any specific sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung-Gul Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Igelström KM. Preclinical antiepileptic actions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors--implications for clinical trial design. Epilepsia 2012; 53:596-605. [PMID: 22416943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can reduce seizure frequency in humans, but no large-scale clinical trials have been done to test the utility of SSRIs as potential antiepileptic drugs. This may be caused in part by a small number of reports on seizures triggered by SSRI treatment. The preclinical literature on SSRIs is somewhat conflicting, which is likely to contribute to the hesitance in accepting SSRIs as possible anticonvulsant drug therapy. A careful review of preclinical studies reveals that SSRIs appear to have region-specific and seizure subtype-specific effects, with models of chronic partial epilepsy being more likely to respond than models of acute generalized seizures. Moreover, this preclinical profile is similar to that of clinical antiepileptic drugs. These observations suggest that SSRIs are promising antiepileptic agents, and that clinical trials may benefit from defining patient groups according to the underlying pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa M Igelström
- Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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12
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Kanner AM, Hesdorffer DC. Neuropsychiatric complications of epilepsy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 107:461-82. [PMID: 22938989 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52898-8.00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Kanner
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Singh JA, Mahowald ML, Noorbaloochi S. Intraarticular botulinum toxin A for refractory painful total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:2377-86. [PMID: 20810509 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess short-term efficacy of single intraarticular botulinum toxin (IA-BoNT/A) injection in patients with chronically painful total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind study. METHODS Patients with chronic TKA pain (pain > 6 on 0-10 scale and > 6 months post-TKA) evaluated in and referred from orthopedic surgery clinics were recruited. The primary outcome, proportion of patients with clinically meaningful decrease of at least 2 points on 0-10 visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, was compared between treatment groups at 2 months using comparison of proportions test and for all efficacy timepoints (2, 3, and 4 months) using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Secondary outcomes of global assessment, function, and quality of life were compared using GEE, duration of pain relief by t-test, and adverse events by chi-square test. RESULTS In total, 54 patients with 60 painful TKA were randomized, with main analyses restricted to one TKA per patient (49 TKA in 49 patients). Mean age was 67 years, 84% were men, and mean duration of TKA pain was 4.5 years. A significantly greater proportion of patients (71%) in the IA-BoNT/A group compared to IA-placebo (35%) achieved clinically meaningful reduction in VAS pain at 2 months (p = 0.028) and at all efficacy timepoints (p = 0.019). Duration of meaningful pain relief was significantly greater after IA-BoNT/A, 39.6 days (SD 50.4) compared to IA-placebo, 15.7 days (SD 22.6; p = 0.045). Statistically significantly better scores were seen in IA-BoNT/A vs IA-placebo for all efficacy timepoints for the following outcomes: "very much improved" on physician global assessment of change (p = 0.003); Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index physical function (p = 0.026), stiffness (p = 0.004), and total scores (p = 0.024); and Short-Form 36 pain subscale score (p = 0.049). Number of total and serious adverse events was similar between groups, with no patients in either group with new objective motor or sensory deficits during followup. CONCLUSION In this single-center randomized trial, single IA-BoNT/A injection provided clinically meaningful short-term improvements in pain, global assessment, and function in patients with chronic painful TKA. A multicenter trial is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Szyndler J, Maciejak P, Turzyńska D, Sobolewska A, Bidziński A, Płaźnik A. Time course of changes in the concentrations of monoamines in the brain structures of pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:707-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gholipour T, Ghasemi M, Riazi K, Ghaffarpour M, Dehpour AR. Seizure susceptibility alteration through 5-HT(3) receptor: modulation by nitric oxide. Seizure 2009; 19:17-22. [PMID: 19942458 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is some evidence that epileptic seizures could be induced or increased by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) attenuation, while augmentation of serotonin functions within the brain (e.g. by SSRIs) has been reported to be anticonvulsant. This study was performed to determine the effect of selective 5-HT(3) channel/receptor antagonist granisetron and agonist SR57227 hydrochloride on the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure threshold in mice. The possible interaction of this effect with nitrergic system was also examined using the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and the NO precursor l-arginine. SR57227 (10mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased the seizure threshold compared to control group, while high dose granisetron (10mg/kg, i.p.) proved proconvulsant. Co-administration of sub-effective doses of the 5-HT(3) agonist with l-NAME (5 and 60mg/kg, i.p., respectively) exerted a significant anticonvulsive effect, while sub-effective doses of granisetron (3mg/kg) was observed to have a proconvulsive action with the addition of l-arginine (75mg/kg, i.p.). Our data demonstrate that enhancement of 5-HT(3) receptor function results in as anticonvulsant effect in the PTZ-induced seizure model, and that selective antagonism at the 5-HT(3) receptor yields proconvulsive effects. Furthermore, the NO system may play a role in 5-HT(3) receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Gholipour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Trindade-Filho EM, de Castro-Neto EF, de A Carvalho R, Lima E, Scorza FA, Amado D, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG, Cavalheiro EA. Serotonin depletion effects on the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2008; 82:194-9. [PMID: 18845420 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine content in cerebral structures has been related to neuronal excitability and several approaches have been used to study this phenomenon during seizure vulnerability. In the present work, we have described the effects of serotonin (5-HT) depletion after the administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the median raphe nucleus in rats submitted to the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus as well as the spontaneous seizure frequency during the chronic period of the model was determined. Since the hippocampus is one of the main structures in the development of this epilepsy model, the 5-HT levels in this region were also determined after drug administration. Sixty-three percent of 5,7-DHT pre-treated rats (15/24) and only 33.4% of those receiving the control solution (9/24) progressed to motor limbic seizures evolving to status epilepticus, following the administration of pilocarpine. The frequency of seizures during the chronic period, in epileptic rats that received 5,7-DHT, showed a significant (58%) increase after the treatment, when compared with control group. Our data showed that serotonin may play an important role on seizure activity which seems to be exerted by its inhibitory action on the expression of overt behavior seizures departing from an established focus in the limbic system.
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Yilmaz I, Sezer Z, Kayir H, Uzbay TI. Mirtazapine does not affect pentylenetetrazole- and maximal electroconvulsive shock-induced seizures in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2007; 11:1-5. [PMID: 17517536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mirtazapine is an antidepressant exhibiting both noradrenergic and serotonergic activity. We have investigated the effects of mirtazapine on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- and maximal electroconvulsive shock (MES)-induced seizures in mice. Mirtazapine (1.25-20mg/kg) or saline was administered, and locomotor activity was evaluated for 30 min. One hour after administration of mirtazapine (1.25-5mg/kg) or saline, PTZ (80 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into the mice. Immediately afterward, times of onset of the first myoclonic jerk (FMJ), generalized clonic seizures (GCS), and tonic extension (TE) were recorded. In the MES groups, we used the MES protocol to induce convulsions characterized by tonic hindlimb extension. Similarly, 1h after mirtazapine or saline administration, an electroshock was evoked by ear-clip electrodes to induce convulsion. Mirtazapine, at 10 and 20 mg/kg, depressed locomotor activity. Doses of 1.25-5mg/kg had no significant effect on the time of onset of FMJ, GCS, or TE induced by PTZ; on the duration of GCS and TE; or on the latency to reinstatement of the righting reflex after MES administration. Our results suggest that mirtazapine neither aggravates nor alleviates PTZ- or MES-induced seizures in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Yilmaz
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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Kim DS, Kim JE, Kwak SE, Kim DW, Choi SY, Kwon OS, Kang TC. Seizure activity selectively reduces 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity in CA1 interneurons in the hippocampus of seizure-prone gerbils. Brain Res 2007; 1154:181-93. [PMID: 17493597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the correlation between the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system and seizure activity remains to be clarified, we investigated the 5-HT system in the hippocampus of seizure-resistant (SR) and seizure-sensitive (SS) gerbils. There was no difference of the 5-HT system in the hippocampi of young animals (predisposed and juvenile gerbils) in both SR and SS gerbils. 5-HT immunoreactivity in the dorsal raphe nucleus and the median raphe nucleus was also similarly detected in both animal groups. As compared to SR adult gerbils, only 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity was selectively reduced in CA1 interneurons within SS adult gerbils. (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 1 and 2 mg/kg) markedly reduced paired-pulse inhibition in the CA1 region of SS adult gerbils only. These findings suggest that the selective reduction in 5-HT1A receptor expression on CA1 interneurons of SS adult gerbil may not be developmental defects, but be an acquired compensatory change induced by repeated seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea
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19
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Wesołowska A, Nikiforuk A, Chojnacka-Wójcik E. Anticonvulsant effect of the selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist CP 94253 in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 541:57-63. [PMID: 16765343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine1B (5-HT1B) receptor agonist 5-propoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (CP 94253) and the 5-HT1A/1B/1D receptor agonist 5-methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-1H-indole (RU 24969) in maximal electroshock- and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice was examined. CP 94253 (10-40 mg/kg) afforded no protection against maximal electroshock-evoked convulsions, but produced anticonvulsant action in the pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures (ED50 = 29 mg/kg). The anticonvulsant effect of CP 94253 was abolished by the selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist N-[3-(2-dimethylamino)ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl]-2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-carboxamide (SB 216641; 20 mg/kg) but it was maintained following the p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA; 3 x 300 mg/kg)-induced 5-HT depletion. Interestingly, CP 94253 potentiated the anticonvulsant activity of diazepam in the pentylenetetrazol test; on the other hand, the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil (10 mg/kg), did not modify the anticonvulsant effect of CP 94253. RU 24969 (5 mg/kg) evoked no effect in the maximal electroshock model, but it produced anticonvulsant activity in the pentylenetetrazol assay, the latter effect being attenuated by the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist N-(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)-cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY 100635; 0.3 mg/kg) and SB 216641 (10-20 mg/kg). The obtained results suggest that CP 94253 exerts anticonvulsant activity on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice, as a consequence of stimulation of 5-HT1B receptors (probably located postsynaptically and/or as heteroreceptors); the antiseizure activity of RU 24969 seems to depend on the stimulation of both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wesołowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, Kraków, PL 31-343, Poland
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20
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21
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Pericić D, Lazić J, Jazvinsćak Jembrek M, Svob Strac D. Stimulation of 5-HT 1A receptors increases the seizure threshold for picrotoxin in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 527:105-10. [PMID: 16313900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the possible role of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2A receptors in the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress, mice were pre-treated with agonists and antagonists of these receptors prior to exposure to stress and the intravenous infusion of picrotoxin. 8-OH-DPAT ((+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin) and WAY-100635 (a selective agonist and antagonist of 5-HT 1A receptors), DOI (1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane) and ketanserin (a 5-HT 2A/2C receptor agonist and antagonist) were used. Results demonstrated that 1 and 3 mg/kg of 8-OH-DPAT increased the doses of picrotoxin producing running/bouncing clonus, tonic hindlimb extension and death in stressed and unstressed mice, respectively. Pre-treatment with WAY (0.3 mg/kg) prevented the effect of 8-OH-DPAT (3 mg/kg). DOI (2.5 mg/kg) and ketanserin (1 mg/kg) failed to affect the seizure threshold for picrotoxin. The results show that stimulation of 5-HT 1A receptors exerts anticonvulsant actions in stressed and unstressed mice, while stimulation of 5-HT 2A/2C receptors does not interfere with the effect of stress on picrotoxin-induced convulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Pericić
- Ruder Bosković Institute, Laboratory for Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Molecular Medicine, P.O.B. 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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22
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Merlet I, Ryvlin P, Costes N, Dufournel D, Isnard J, Faillenot I, Ostrowsky K, Lavenne F, Le Bars D, Mauguière F. Statistical parametric mapping of 5-HT1A receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal ictal onset on intracranial EEG. Neuroimage 2004; 22:886-96. [PMID: 15193619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental data in animals show that 5-HT(1A) receptors are predominantly located in limbic areas and suggest that serotonin, via these receptors, mediates an antiepileptic and anticonvulsant effect. In this PET study, we used an antagonist of the 5-HT(1A) receptor, [(18)F]MPPF, to assess the extent of 5-HT(1A) receptor binding changes in a group of seven temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with hippocampal ictal onset demonstrated by intracerebral EEG recording. On the basis of MRI-measured hippocampal volumes (HV), patients were classified into "normal HV" or "hippocampal atrophy" (HA). Voxel-based analyses (SPM99) were performed to objectively assess the differences in [(18)F]MPPF binding potential (BP) between patients (taken as a group or as individuals) and a database of 48 controls subjects. In the full group of patients, a significant decreased BP was detected ipsilateral to the epileptogenic zone in the hippocampus, temporal pole, insula, and temporal neocortex. This result was confirmed in the subgroup of patients with HA. In patients with normal HV, the BP decrease was restricted to the temporal pole. TLE patients also demonstrated an increased BP in various regions contralateral to the epileptogenic zone. These data suggest that in TLE patients with hippocampal seizure onset, the decrease in 5-HT(1A) receptor binding partly reflects hippocampal neuronal loss, but is also observed in various regions involved in temporo-limbic epileptogenic networks that appeared normal on MRI. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical usefulness of [(18)F]MPPF-PET as compared to other established PET tracers in drug resistant TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Merlet
- EA1880, Epilepsy Department, Neurological Hospital, Federative Institute of Neurosciences (IFR19), Lyon, France.
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23
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Heikman P, Tuunainen A, Sailas E, Kuoppasalmi K. Seizures induced by low-dose right unilateral and bifrontal electroconvulsive stimuli. J ECT 2003; 19:189-93. [PMID: 14657770 DOI: 10.1097/00124509-200312000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The duration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) seizures of depressive patients has been found to be inversely related to titrated right unilateral (RUL) and bilateral (BL) seizure threshold (ST) levels. This inverse relationship is thought to reflect those neural processes determining seizure duration. The relation between seizure duration and titrated ST level in bifrontal (BF) ECT, which has not been previously studied, is examined here in addition to RUL ECT. We found an inverse relationship in RUL ECT but no relationship in BF ECT. Eighteen percent of RUL patients seized at the first stimulus level versus 40% of BF patients. Compared with previous studies, both our starting dose and the increments between stimuli were greater in BF ECT (50.4 mC) than in RUL ECT (25.2 mC). A relationship between stimulus dose and seizure length may have also been present in BF ECT had similar titration schedules been used for both electrode placements. Future studies using titration schedules with a lower initial dose and finer gradations between stimulus levels are needed to evaluate whether a relationship between stimulus dose and seizure duration exists in BF ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pertti Heikman
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Abstract
Studies in experimental models have suggested a potential role for serotonergic transmission in epilepsy, and interest in this research has been increased by the development of positron emission tomography (PET) ligands that can be used to study 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors and transporters. The serotonergic system is very complex. At least 13 distinct G protein-coupled 5-HT receptors and one ligand-gated ion channel receptor (5-HT(3)) are divided into seven distinct classes (5-HT(1) to 5-HT(7)) ((1)). The receptors vary widely in their distribution and effects, innervating vascular structures and gut smooth muscle as well as neuronal tissue. Several receptor subtypes may be relevant to epilepsy.
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25
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Fedi M, Reutens DC, Andermann F, Okazawa H, Boling W, White C, Dubeau F, Nakai A, Gross DW, Andermann E, Diksic M. alpha-[11C]-Methyl-L-tryptophan PET identifies the epileptogenic tuber and correlates with interictal spike frequency. Epilepsy Res 2003; 52:203-13. [PMID: 12536053 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(02)00216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy surgery has been successfully performed in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and seizures arising from a restricted epileptogenic area. The outcome of cortical excision depends on accurate pre-surgical identification of the epileptogenic tuber. [11C] alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan (alpha-MTrp) was originally developed to measure serotonin synthesis in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). However in pathologic conditions its uptake may also depend on the synthesis of quinolinic or kynurenic acid via the kynurenine pathway. Increased levels of serotonin and quinolinic acid have been observed in epileptogenic lesions, raising the possibility that alpha-MTrp PET may localize the epileptogenic area. The aim of this study was to correlate alpha-MTrp PET uptake with the localization of the epileptogenic area and with interictal spike frequency in patients with TSC. alpha-MTrp uptake was measured in 8 patients (2 males, mean age 29.6+/-14.9 years, range 3-50 years) with intractable partial epilepsy due to TSC. All patients underwent scalp EEG monitoring during the PET scan. In four (50%), increased uptake of alpha-MTrp occurred in the epileptogenic area alone. Two (25%) patients showed multifocal abnormalities and the remaining two (25%) did not show focal changes. PET localization was mostly seen in patients with frequent interictal abnormalities on the EEG. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between alpha-MTrp uptake and the frequency of interictal spikes (r=0.6; P<0.05). alpha-MTrp PET is a promising diagnostic tool in the localization of the epileptogenic area in patients with TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fedi
- Department of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Que., Montreal, Canada
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26
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Jobe PC. Are there specific anatomical and/or transmitter systems (cortical or subcortical) that should be targeted? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2002; 49:221-52. [PMID: 12040894 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)49015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C Jobe
- Department of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
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27
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Hernandez EJ, Williams PA, Dudek FE. Effects of fluoxetine and TFMPP on spontaneous seizures in rats with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002; 43:1337-45. [PMID: 12423383 DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.48701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly used to treat depression. Some uncontrolled clinical studies have reported that SSRIs increase seizures, but animal experiments with evoked-seizure models have suggested that SSRIs at therapeutic doses decrease seizure susceptibility. We tested the hypothesis that fluoxetine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP, a nonselective 5-HT-receptor agonist) reduce the frequency of spontaneous motor seizures in pilocarpine-treated rats. METHODS Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) and TFMPP (5 mg/kg) were administered to rats with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Phenobarbital (PB; 10 mg/kg) was a positive control, and saline (i.e., 0.5 ml) controlled for the injection protocol. Each rat received each treatment (intraperitoneally) once per day for 5 consecutive days with 1 week between treatments. Rats were continuously video-monitored for the last 72 h of each treatment. RESULTS When compared with saline over the entire 72-h observation period, PB and fluoxetine treatment, but not TFMPP, reduced the spontaneous-seizure rate. Plots of magnitude of the drug effect as a function of seizure frequency after saline treatment revealed larger drug effects for fluoxetine and PB in the rats with the highest control seizure rate. When the data from the five rats with the highest seizure frequency in saline were analyzed for the first 6 h after treatment, TFMPP also significantly reduced seizure frequency. CONCLUSIONS Animal models with spontaneous seizures can be used to screen potential antiepileptic drugs, and fluoxetine and TFMPP reduce spontaneous seizures in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Hernandez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Watanabe K, Ashby CR, Katsumori H, Minabe Y. The effect of the acute administration of various selective 5-HT receptor antagonists on focal hippocampal seizures in freely-moving rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 398:239-46. [PMID: 10854835 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the effects of the acute administration of various 5-HT receptor antagonists on hippocampal partial seizures generated by low-frequency electrical stimulation in male Wistar rats. The seizure threshold and severity were determined by measuring the pulse number threshold and primary and secondary afterdischarges, respectively, and the latency of secondary discharge was also determined. The administration of either the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazineyl]ethyl]-N-(pyridinyl)-c yclohe xanecarboximimde 3 HCl (WAY 100635, 0.1-1 mg/kg i.p.), the selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist granisetron (0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.), the selective 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist R-(+)-a-(2, 3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl) ethyl]-4-piperidine-methanol (MDL 100907, 0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.) or the 5-HT(2B,C) receptor antagonist antagonist N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-pyridyl) urea HCl (SKB 200646A, 5-50 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter the pulse number threshold compared to vehicle-treated animals. However, the acute administration of WAY 100635 (0.3 mg/kg) and M100907 (1 mg/kg) significantly increased, whereas granisetron (1 mg/kg) decreased, the primary afterdischarge duration compared to vehicle-treated animals. The latency of secondary after discharge was significantly decreased by WAY 100635 (1 mg/kg) and granisetron (3 mg/kg) compared to vehicle-treated animals. These results suggest that in this model, the antagonism of 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(3) or 5-HT(2B,C) receptors do not lower or raise seizure threshold. However, the antagonism of 5-HT(1A) receptors may increase or augment seizure severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 113-8655, Tokyo, Japan
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