1
|
Docsa T, Sipos A, Cox CS, Uray K. The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Development of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136917. [PMID: 35805922 PMCID: PMC9266627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding intolerance and the development of ileus is a common complication affecting critically ill, surgical, and trauma patients, resulting in prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stays, increased infectious complications, a higher rate of hospital readmission, and higher medical care costs. Medical treatment for ileus is ineffective and many of the available prokinetic drugs have serious side effects that limit their use. Despite the large number of patients affected and the consequences of ileus, little progress has been made in identifying new drug targets for the treatment of ileus. Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the development of ileus, but surprisingly little is known about the direct effects of inflammatory mediators on cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and many of the studies are conflicting. Understanding the effects of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines on the development of ileus will facilitate the early identification of patients who will develop ileus and the identification of new drug targets to treat ileus. Thus, herein, we review the published literature concerning the effects of inflammatory mediators on gastrointestinal motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Adám Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu GX, Yang YX, Yan J, Zhang T, Zou YP, Huang XL, Gan HT. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor reduces inflammation and improves delayed colonic transit in rat models of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:145-52. [PMID: 24462388 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal inflammation is well known to cause gut dysmotility through the effects on the enteric nervous system. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory effects and neuronal protective actions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the GDNF could improve inflammation-induced gut dysmotility. METHODS Recombinant adenoviral vectors encoding GDNF (Ad-GDNF) were administered intracolonically in experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The disease activity index (DAI) and histological score were measured. Colonic transit was measured by using phenol red and assessed with the geometric center. PGP 9.5 immunostaining was used to examine the number and distribution of enteric neurons. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured by ELISA assay. The expression of Akt, caspase-3, bcl-2 and PGP 9.5 was analyzed by western blot assay. RESULTS A significant neuronal cell loss and a significant delay in colonic transit accompanied with the neuronal loss following inflammation were observed. GDNF prevented partially the loss of enteric neurons and ameliorated significantly experimental colitis and delayed colonic transit by, at least in part, down-regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β expression, decrease of infiltration of leukocytes, and inhibition of neuronal cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS GDNF reduces inflammation and improves delayed colonic transit in DSS-induced colitis. GDNF may be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of gut dysmotility in patients with UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gong Xiang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine and Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Xue Yang
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine and Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine and Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine and Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Pei Zou
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine and Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Li Huang
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine and Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hua Tian Gan
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine and Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu W, Li F, Mahavadi S, Murthy KS. Upregulation of RGS4 expression by IL-1beta in colonic smooth muscle is enhanced by ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and inhibited by the PI3K/Akt/GSK3beta pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1310-20. [PMID: 19369446 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00573.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Initial Ca(2+)-dependent contraction of intestinal smooth muscle is inhibited upon IL-1beta treatment. The decrease in contraction reflects the upregulation of regulator of G protein signaling-4 (RGS4) via the canonical inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase-2 (IKK2)/IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB pathway. Here, we show that the activation of various protein kinases, including ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), differentially modulates IL-1beta-induced upregulation of RGS4 in rabbit colonic muscle cells. IL-1beta treatment caused a transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. It also caused the phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), sequential downstream effectors of PI3K. Pretreatment with PD-98059 (an ERK inhibitor) and SB-203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) significantly inhibited IL-1beta-induced RGS4 expression. In contrast, LY-294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) augmented, whereas GSK3beta inhibitors inhibited, IL-1beta-induced RGS4 expression. PD-98059 blocked IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of IKK2, degradation of IkappaB-alpha, and phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB subunit p65, whereas SB-203580 had a marginal effect, implying that the effect of ERK1/2 is exerted on the canonical IKK2/IkappaB-alpha/p65 pathway of NF-kappaB activation but that the effect of p38 MAPK may not predominantly involve NF-kappaB signaling. The increase in RGS4 expression enhanced by LY-294002 was accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation of IKK2/IkappaB-alpha/p65 and blocked by pretreatment with inhibitors of IKK2 (IKK2-IV) and IkappaB-alpha (MG-132). Inhibition of GSK3beta abolished IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of IKK2/p65. These findings suggest that ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK enhance IL-1beta-induced upregulation of RGS4; the effect of ERK1/2 reflects its ability to promote IKK2 phosphorylation and increase NF-kappaB activity. GSK3beta acts normally to augment the activation of the canonical NF-kappaB signaling. The PI3K/Akt/GSK3beta pathway attenuates IL-1beta-induced upregulation of RGS4 expression by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu W, Mahavadi S, Li F, Murthy KS. Upregulation of RGS4 and downregulation of CPI-17 mediate inhibition of colonic muscle contraction by interleukin-1beta. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1991-2000. [PMID: 17959727 PMCID: PMC4123227 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00300.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta contributes to the reduced contractile responses of gut smooth muscle observed in both animal colitis models and human inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. The effects of IL-1beta on the signaling targets mediating acetylcholine (ACh)-induced initial and sustained contraction were examined using rabbit colonic circular muscle strips and cultured muscle cells. The contraction was assessed through cell length decrease, myosin light chain (MLC(20)) phosphorylation, and activation of PLC-beta and Rho kinase. Expression levels of the signaling targets were determined by Western blot analysis and real-time RT-PCR. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) were used to silence endogenous RGS4 in muscle strips or cultured muscle cells. IL-1beta treatment of muscle strips inhibited both initial and sustained contraction and MLC(20) phosphorylation in isolated muscle cells. IL-1beta treatment increased RGS4 expression but had no effect on muscarinic receptor binding or Galpha(q) expression. In contrast, IL-1beta decreased the expression and phosphorylation of CPI-17 but had no effect on RhoA expression or ACh-induced Rho kinase activity. Upregulation of RGS4 and downregulation of CPI-17 by IL-1beta in muscle strips were corroborated in cultured muscle cells. Knockdown of RGS4 by siRNA in both muscle strips and cultured muscle cells blocked the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on initial contraction and PLC-beta activation, whereas overexpression of RGS4 inhibited PLC-beta activation. These data suggest that IL-1beta upregulates RGS4 expression, resulting in the inhibition of initial contraction and downregulation of CPI-17 expression during sustained contraction in colonic smooth muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gan HT, Pasricha PJ, Chen JDZ. Blockade of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway ameliorates delayed intestinal transit in burned rats. Am J Surg 2007; 193:530-7. [PMID: 17368305 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injury has been shown to impair intestinal transit. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been shown to be involved in the production of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, on intestinal transit and to elucidate its possible mechanism. METHODS Burn rats and sham rats were divided into 4 groups: saline, S-methylisothiourea (a selective iNOS inhibitor), nimesulide (a selective COX-2 inhibitor), or SB203580. Intestinal transit was measured using phenol red and assessed using the geometric center. The protein or gene expression of NOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta were measured by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction or Western blot analysis. p38 MAPK activity or myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was determined by using the p38 MAPK assay kit or MPO assay kit. RESULTS Intestinal transit was delayed significantly with burn injury, improved significantly with S-methylisothiourea and nimesulide, but almost completely normalized with SB203580. p38 MAPK activity, MPO activity, iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta protein or gene expression increased markedly after burn injury. SB203580 inhibited p38 MAPK and MPO activity, and reduced iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta protein or gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Burn-induced delayed intestinal transit is associated with the p38 MAPK pathway. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway ameliorates delayed intestinal transit, at least in part, by inhibiting iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta expression. Thus, p38 MAPK could represent a novel target for therapy of gut dysmotility after burn injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian Gan
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gan HT, Chen JDZ. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 improves impaired intestinal transit after burn injury. Surgery 2006; 141:385-93. [PMID: 17349851 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injury has been shown to impair intestinal transit. The induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, has been demonstrated to provide protection against various injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the induction of HO-1 by hemin would improve impaired intestinal transit after burn injury. METHODS Burn/sham rats were divided into 3 groups: saline solution, hemin (HO-1 inducer), and hemin plus tin protoporphyrin IX. Intestinal transit was measured with the use of phenol red and assessed with the geometric center. The gene and/or protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-1beta, HO-1, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and/or by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Intestinal transit was delayed with burn injury and improved significantly with the induction of HO-1; burn injury significantly activated p38 MAPK and myeloperoxidase and increased gene and/or protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1beta, and HO-1. The administration of hemin led to a significant decrease in the activation of p38 MAPK and myeloperoxidase and the gene and/or protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta. CONCLUSION The induction of HO-1 improves burn-induced delayed intestinal transit. The beneficial effect of hemin treatment could be linked, at least in part, to the down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta expression, which suggests that the induction of HO-1 may provide an effective therapeutic measure for gut dysmotility after burn injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian Gan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
In a previous study, we established that leptin controls food intake and immune responses by acting on intestinal vagal chemosensitive mechanoreceptors via a functional link with interleukin-1 beta (Il-1 beta). Since the control of intestinal motility is one of the main roles of the vagal afferent fibres, we investigated the effects of leptin on intestinal electromyographic (EMG) activity which reflects intestinal motility. For this purpose, the effects of locally injected leptin on small intestine spontaneous EMG activity were studied in 23 anaesthetised cats. The EMG activity was recorded using bipolar electrodes implanted in the proximal small intestine. Leptin and Il-1 beta (0.1, 1 and 10 microg), administered through the artery irrigating the upper part of the intestine 20 min after cholecystokinin (CCK, 10 microg, I.A.), had significant (P < 0.001) excitatory effects on intestinal EMG activity. The effects of both substances were blocked by the endogenous interleukin-1 beta receptor antagonist (Il-1ra, 250 microg, I.A.), by atropine (250 microg, I.A.) and by vagotomy. In the absence of CCK, leptin and Il-1 beta had no effect on intestinal electrical activity. It can therefore be concluded that: (1) leptin is effective only after the previous intervention of CCK, (2) the enhancement of the electrical activity induced by leptin involves Il-1 beta receptors and the cholinergic excitatory pathway, (3) the modes whereby the leptin-induced enhancement of EMG activity occurs strongly suggest that these effects are due to a long-loop reflex involving intestinal vagal afferent fibres and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gaigé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurovégétative, UMR CNRS 6153, UMR INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Saint-Jérôme, Université Aix-Marseille 3, Case postale 351-352, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Storr M, Thammer J, Dunkel R, Schusdziarra V, Allescher HD. Modulatory effect of adenosine receptors on the ascending and descending neural reflex responses of rat ileum. BMC Neurosci 2002; 3:21. [PMID: 12495441 PMCID: PMC139982 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2002] [Accepted: 12/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine is known to act as a neuromodulator by suppressing synaptic transmission in the central and peripheral nervous system. Both the release of adenosine within the small intestine and the presence of adenosine receptors on enteric neurons have been demonstrated. The aim of the present study was to characterize a possible involvement of adenosine receptors in the modulation of the myenteric reflex. The experiments were carried out on ileum segments 10 cm in length incubated in an single chambered organ bath, and the reflex response was initiated by electrical stimulation (ES). RESULTS ES caused an ascending contraction and a descending relaxation followed by a contraction. All motility responses to ES were completely blocked by tetrodotoxin, indicating that they are mediated by neural mechanisms. Atropine blocked the contractile effects, whereas the descending relaxation was significantly increased. The A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine increased the ascending contraction, whereas the ascending contraction was reduced by the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine. Activation of the A1 receptor further reduced the descending relaxation and the latency of the peristaltic reflex. The A2B receptor antagonist alloxazine increased ascending contraction, whereas descending relaxation remained unchanged. For A2A and A3 receptors, we found contradictory effects of the agonists and antagonists, thus there is no clear physiological role for these receptors at this time. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the myenteric ascending and descending reflex response of the rat small intestine is modulated by release of endogenous adenosine via A1 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Storr
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jutta Thammer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Dunkel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Schusdziarra
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Allescher
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poli E, Pozzoli C, Coruzzi G. Role of histamine H(3) receptors in the control of gastrointestinal motility. An overview. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PARIS 2001; 95:67-74. [PMID: 11595420 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4257(01)00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the biochemical and functional characterization of H(3) receptors has been a matter for extensive investigation, culminating in the cloning of the human, guinea pig and rat receptor protein from brain tissues. This discovery contributed to determine the distribution of receptors in the body and to define the molecular mechanisms which follow activation. The major breakthrough in the histamine H(3) receptor field came with the synthesis of selective and potent agonists and antagonists, which unravelled the function of this receptor subtype in the different tissues. As expected from the ubiquitous location of histamine in the body, histamine H(3) receptors have also been identified in virtually every tissue, although they are quantitatively less abundant than H(1) and H(2) receptors. Concerning the gastrointestinal tract, this new receptor subtype seems to have multiple cellular locations, which include neurons, enteric ganglia, paracrine and immune cells and, in some tissues, also smooth muscle cells. Therefore it might be regarded as a general regulatory system of different digestive functions, including motility. The effects mediated by histamine H(3)-receptors mainly reflect the presynaptic inhibition of the release of either excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters from the myenteric plexus. The molecular mechanism of presynaptic inhibition seems to involve a restriction of calcium entry into the nerve endings, but other mechanisms (reduction of cAMP), possibly associated to different H(3) receptor subtypes, may be involved. Despite the widespread distribution and the well defined inhibitory effects evoked in the majority of in vitro models of intestinal motility, no clear cut evidence of its involvement in the control of peristalsis could be provided. In vivo models of gastrointestinal transit, indeed, did not reveal a defined effect of histamine H(3) receptor ligands, even though the possibility of a central inhibition was pointed out in several studies. Therefore, it is not clear at the present what is the physiological meaning of the histamine H(3) receptor in the control of gastrointestinal motility and whether it could represent a potential target for novel therapeutic interventions in deranged motility, taking into account that human gastrointestinal tissues are apparently devoid of this receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Poli
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Parma, School of Medicine, Via Volturno 39, I-43100 Parma, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
During the period of review, work has been ongoing to refine existing techniques and to better define normal patterns of small intestinal motility. Researchers continue to learn more about the established neurohumoral control mechanisms of motility, as well as the effects and potential importance of newly discovered neuropeptides and receptors. There has also been continued interest in alterations in motility in various disease states and in the effects on motility of a number of pharmacologic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Malcolm
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|