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Choi S, Zhao J, Lee PC, Choi D. The Effect of Coupling Agents and Graphene on the Mechanical Properties of Film-Based Post-Consumer Recycled Plastic. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:380. [PMID: 38337269 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic composed primarily of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), which generally exhibit poor miscibility, by applying coupling agents and graphene. Here, we compare a commercially available coupling agent with a directly synthesized maleic anhydride (MA) coupling agent. When applied to a 5:5 blend of recycled PP and PE, an optimum tensile strength was achieved at a 3 wt% coupling agent concentration, with the MA coupling agent outperforming the commercial one. Characterization through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) revealed a PP:PE ratio of approximately 3:7 in the PCR plastics, with 4.86% heterogeneous materials present. Applying 3 wt% of the commercial and MA coupling agents to the PCR plastics resulted in a significant 53.9% increase in the tensile strength, reaching 11.25 MPa, and a remarkable 421.54% increase in the melt flow index (MFI), reaching 25.66 g/10 min. Furthermore, incorporating 5 wt% graphene led to a notable 64.84% increase in the tensile strength. In addition, the application of MA coupling agents and graphene improved the thermal stability of the PCR plastics. These findings show significant promise for addressing environmental concerns associated with plastic waste by facilitating the recycling of PCR plastics into new products. The utilization of coupling agents and graphene offers a viable approach to enhance the mechanical properties of PCR plastics, paving the way for sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoong Choi
- Carbon & Light Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
- Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxiang Zhao
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Duyoung Choi
- Carbon & Light Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
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Kwon HJ, Jang J, Koh WG, Lee JY, Hwang K. Ductile Effect of PGA/PCL Blending Plastics Using a Novel Ionic Chain Extender with Non-Covalent Bonds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3025. [PMID: 37514415 PMCID: PMC10385193 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is a promising polymer in the packaging field owing to its excellent hydrolysis, heat resistance, and gas barrier properties, but it is limited in application due to its poor toughness. For this reason, a covalently bonded chain extender is introduced to increase compatibility with flexible polymers. However, covalent bonds are unfavorable for application to degradable plastics because of the energy required for reverse reactions. Therefore, we intended to effectively control the ductility of blending plastics by using a novel ionic chain extender with a relatively weaker non-covalent bond than the existing covalent bond. Polycaprolactone (PCL), which has biodegradability and flexibility, was selected as a blending polymer. For comparison, a covalently reactive chain extender (G-CE) and a non-covalently ionic chain extender (D-CE) were synthesized and compounded with blending plastics. Each chain extender improved the compatibility between PGA and PCL, and the ductility of the PGA/PCL blending plastics was more greatly enhanced with non-covalently bonded D-CE than with covalently bonded G-CE. At this time, the ductility of the PGA/PCL(90/10) blending plastic without CE was 7.2%, the ductility of blending plastic with D-CE (10D) was 26.6%, and the ductility of blending plastic with G-CE (10G) was 18.6%. Therefore, it was confirmed that the novel ionic chain extender inducing non-covalent bonds improves the compatibility between PGA and PCL and is more advantageous in enhancing ductility through a reversible reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Jun Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Jang
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiseob Hwang
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang K, Zhang Z, Cai R, Sun G, Cheng P, Peng Y. Improving the mechanical properties of
3D
printed recycled polypropylene‐based composites through adjusting printing temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering Central South University Changsha China
- ICUBE Laboratory‐CNRS University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Ruijun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering Central South University Changsha China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering Central South University Changsha China
- ICUBE Laboratory‐CNRS University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering Central South University Changsha China
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Pospiech P, Strzelec K. Effects of Chemically Treated Eucalyptus Fibers on Mechanical, Thermal and Insulating Properties of Polyurethane Composite Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071781. [PMID: 32290106 PMCID: PMC7179037 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams were prepared by incorporating 2 wt% of eucalyptus fibers. The eucalyptus fibers were surface-modified by maleic anhydride, alkali, and silane (triphenylsilanol) treatment. The impact of the modified eucalyptus fibers on the mechanical, thermal, and fire performances of polyurethane foams was analyzed. It was observed that the addition of eucalyptus fibers showed improved mechanical and thermal properties and the best properties were shown by silane-treated fibers with a compressive strength of 312 kPa and a flexural strength of 432 kPa. Moreover, the thermal stability values showed the lowest decline for polyurethane foams modified with the silane-treated fibers, due to the better thermal stability of such modified fibers. Furthermore, the flame resistance of polyurethane foams modified with the silane-treated fibers was also the best among the studied composites. A cone calorimetry test showed a decrease in the peak of heat release from 245 to 110 kW∙m−2 by the incorporation of silane-treated fibers. Furthermore, total heat release and total smoke release were also found to decrease remarkably upon the incorporation of silane-treated fibers. The value of limiting oxygen index was increased from 20.2% to 22.1%. Char residue was also found to be increased from 24.4% to 28.3%. It can be concluded that the application of chemically modified eucalyptus fibers has great potential as an additive to incorporate good mechanical, thermal, and fire properties in rigid polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Piotr Pospiech
- Centre of Papermaking and Printing, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
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Râpă M, Spurcaciu BN, Coman G, Nicolae CA, Gabor RA, Ghioca PN, Berbecaru AC, Matei E, Predescu C. Effect of Styrene-Diene Block Copolymers and Glass Bubbles on the Post-Consumer Recycled Polypropylene Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030543. [PMID: 31979228 PMCID: PMC7040787 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recycled polypropylene (rPP) materials that meet technical requirements such as reducing the dimensions and improving the tensile, elongation, impact strength, thermal stability, as well as melt processing, are required for the manufacturing industry. In this paper, we studied the mechanical and thermal properties of post-consumer rPP by adding both synthesized thermoplastic elastomers, and glass bubbles (GB) by a melt allowing process. Styrene-butadiene (SBS) and styrene-isoprene (SIS) block-copolymers that had a styrene content of 30 wt% were synthesized by anionic sequential polymerization. The obtained post-consumer rPP composites were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical analyses (tensile, density, hardness, VICAT softening temperature (VST), heat deflection temperature (HDT), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), IZOD strength) and thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). Weight reduction and improvement of the tensile, elongation, impact strength, thermal stability, as well as melt processing of post-consumer recycled polypropylene (rPP) properties compounded with thermoplastic elastomers and glass bubbles, sustain the use of these formulations for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Râpă
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Bogdan Norocel Spurcaciu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.A.N.); (R.A.G.); (P.N.G.)
- Correspondence: (B.N.S.); (E.M.); Tel.: +40-773-912-101 (B.N.S.); +40-724-543-926 (E.M.)
| | - George Coman
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristian Andi Nicolae
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.A.N.); (R.A.G.); (P.N.G.)
| | - Raluca Augusta Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.A.N.); (R.A.G.); (P.N.G.)
| | - Paul Niculae Ghioca
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry (ICECHIM), 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.A.N.); (R.A.G.); (P.N.G.)
| | - Andrei Constantin Berbecaru
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Ecaterina Matei
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.N.S.); (E.M.); Tel.: +40-773-912-101 (B.N.S.); +40-724-543-926 (E.M.)
| | - Cristian Predescu
- Center for Research and Eco-Metallurgical Expertise (ECOMET UPB), University Politehnica from Bucharest, 313 Spl. Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.R.); (G.C.); (A.C.B.); (C.P.)
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Influence of the Conditions of Corotating Twin-Screw Extrusion for Talc-Filled Polypropylene on Selected Properties of the Extrudate. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091460. [PMID: 31500160 PMCID: PMC6781200 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the application of processing screws with a modified test segment in a corotating twin-screw extruder on selected properties of talc-filled polypropylene extrudate. The test segment was built of trilobe kneading elements and its design modifications refered to changing the distance between the kneading elements and the angle of positions of kneading elements that are relative to each other. The performed tests included the production of extrudate with various degrees of talc-filling using five design solutions of the test segment and then measurements of selected properties, such as tensile strength, elongation at maximum tensile stress, and melt flow rate. Structural studies using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were also carried out. The study includes not only the description of experimental results but also the determination of empirical models describing the dependence of the properties of the obtained extrudate on the conditions of the extrusion process and the design features of the test segment.
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Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties and creep behavior of micro- and nano-CaCO3 particle-filled HDPE nano- and microcomposites produced in large scale. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Jmal H, Bahlouli N, Wagner-Kocher C, Leray D, Ruch F, Munsch JN, Nardin M. Influence of the grade on the variability of the mechanical properties of polypropylene waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 75:160-173. [PMID: 29463419 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The prior properties of recycled polypropylene depend on the origin of waste deposits and its chemical constituents. To obtain specific properties with a predefine melt flow index of polypropylene, the suppliers of polymer introduce additives and fillers. However, the addition of additives and/or fillers can modify strongly the mechanical behaviour of recycled polypropylene. To understand the impact of the additives and fillers on the quasi-static mechanical behaviour, we consider, in this study, three different recycled polypropylenes with three different melt flow index obtained from different waste deposits. The chemical constituents of the additives and filler contents of the recycled polypropylenes are determined through thermo-physico-chemical analysis. Tensile and bending tests performed at different strain rates allow identifying the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus, the yield stress, the maximum stress, and the failure mechanisms. The results obtained are compared with non-recycled polypropylene and with few researches to explain the combined effect of additives. Finally, a post-mortem analysis of the samples was carried out to make the link between the obtained mechanical properties and microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Jmal
- ICube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 2-4 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nadia Bahlouli
- ICube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 2-4 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christiane Wagner-Kocher
- LPMT - ENSISA, Université de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, 11 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France; LMGC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Dimitri Leray
- Cetim-Cermat, 21 Rue de Chemnitz, 68200 Mulhouse, France.
| | - Frédéric Ruch
- Cetim-Cermat, 21 Rue de Chemnitz, 68200 Mulhouse, France.
| | - Jean-Nicolas Munsch
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR 7361, 15 Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France.
| | - Michel Nardin
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR 7361, 15 Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France.
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Elshereksi NW, Ghazali M, Muchtar A, Azhari CH. Review of titanate coupling agents and their application for dental composite fabrication. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:539-552. [PMID: 28652551 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Silane is a dominant coupler that is widely used in dentistry to promote adhesion among the components of dental composites. Silica-based fillers can be easily silanized because of their similarly ordered structure. However, silane is hydrolytically degraded in the aqueous oral environment and inefficiently bonds to non-silica fillers. Thus, the development of hydrolytically stable dental composites is an important objective in the research on dental materials. Titanate coupling agents (TCAs) exhibit satisfactory interfacial bonding, enhanced homogeneous filler dispersion, and improved mechanical properties of the composites. Titanates also provide superior hydrolytic stability in wet environments, which should be considered in fabricating dental composites. The addition of a small amount of titanates can improve the resistance of the composites to moisture. This paper reviews the effects of the instability of silanes in moisture on the performance of dental composites and presents TCAs as alternative couplers to silanes for fabricating dental composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Wanis Elshereksi
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.,Department of Dental Technology, College of Medical Technology
| | - Mariyam Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
| | - Andanastuti Muchtar
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
| | - Che Husna Azhari
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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10
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Lu Y, Zhang W, Li X, Xu S. Synthesis of new polyether titanate coupling agents with different polyethyleneglycol segment lengths and their compatibilization in calcium sulfate whisker/poly(vinyl chloride) composites. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03692b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CSW modified by coupling agent and the interfacial interaction between mCSW and PVC matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Shiai Xu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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Elshereksi NW, Ghazali MJ, Muchtar A, Azhari CH. Studies on the effects of titanate and silane coupling agents on the performance of poly (methyl methacrylate)/barium titanate denture base nanocomposites. J Dent 2016; 56:121-132. [PMID: 27916635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to fabricate and characterise silanated and titanated nanobarium titanate (NBT) filled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture base composites and to evaluate the behaviour of a titanate coupling agent (TCA) as an alternative coupling agent to silane. The effect of filler surface modification on fracture toughness was also studied. METHODS Silanated, titanated and pure NBT at 5% were incorporated in PMMA matrix. Neat PMMA matrix served as a control. NBT was sonicated in MMA prior to mixing with the PMMA. Curing was carried out using a water bath at 75°C for 1.5h and then at 100°C for 30min. NBT was characterised via Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis before and after surface modification. The porosity and fracture toughness of the PMMA nanocomposites (n=6, for each formulation and test) were also evaluated. RESULTS NBT was successfully functionalised by the coupling agents. The TCA exhibited the lowest percentage of porosity (0.09%), whereas silane revealed 0.53% porosity. Statistically significant differences in fracture toughness were observed among the fracture toughness values of the tested samples (p<0.05). While the fracture toughness of untreated samples was reduced by 8%, an enhancement of 25% was achieved after titanation. In addition, the fracture toughness of the titanated samples was higher than the silanated ones by 10%. CONCLUSION Formation of a monolayer on the surface of TCA enhanced the NBT dispersion, however agglomeration of silanated NBT was observed due to insufficient coverage of NBT surface. Such behaviour led to reducing the porosity level and improving fracture toughness of titanated NBT/PMMA composites. Thus, TCA seemed to be more effective than silane. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Minimising the porosity level could have the potential to reduce fungus growth on denture base resin to be hygienically accepTable Such enhancements obtained with Ti-NBT could lead to promotion of the composites' longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal W Elshereksi
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Dental Technology, College of Medical Technology, P.O. Box: 1458 Misurata, Libya
| | - Mariyam J Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andanastuti Muchtar
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Che H Azhari
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Synthesis of a New Titanate Coupling Agent for the Modification of Calcium Sulfate Whisker in Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Composite. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080625. [PMID: 28773748 PMCID: PMC5509043 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new titanate coupling agent synthesized from polyethylene glycol (PEG), isooctyl alcohol, and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) was used for the modification of calcium sulfate whiskers (CSWs) and the preparation of high-performance CSW/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites. The titanate coupling agent (sTi) and the modified CSWs (sTi–CSW) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and heat resistant properties and thermostability of sTi–CSW/PVC and CSW/PVC composites were compared. The results show that sTi–CSW/PVC composite with 10 wt. % whisker content has the best performance, and its tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation at break, break strength, and impact strength are 67.2 MPa, 1926 MPa, 233%, 51.1 MPa, and 12.75 KJ·m−2, with an increase of 20.9%, 11.5%, 145.3%, 24.6%, and 65.4% compared to that of CSW/PVC composite at the same whisker content. As the whisker content increases, the storage modulus increases, the Vicat softening temperature decreases slightly, and the glass transition temperature increases at first and then decreases.
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13
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Liu X, Wu W, Qu H, Sun J, Xu J. Flame-Retarding and Mechanical Properties of Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride with Surface-Treated Lamellar Magnesium Hydroxide. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1123212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Pokharel P, Bae H, Lim JG, Lee KY, Choi S. Effects of titanate treatment on morphology and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelets/high density polyethylene nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pashupati Pokharel
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Hannam University; Daejeon 305-811 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Bae
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Hannam University; Daejeon 305-811 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Gyu Lim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Hannam University; Daejeon 305-811 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yong Lee
- Lotte Chemical 115, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu; Daejeon 305-726 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoong Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Hannam University; Daejeon 305-811 Republic of Korea
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15
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Govorčin Bajsić E, Bulatović VO, Rek V. The influence of filler treatment on the properties of TPU/PP blends: I. Thermal properties and stability. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Govorčin Bajsić
- The Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Department of Polymer Engineering and Organic Chemical Technology; University of Zagreb; Marulićev trg 19 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Vesna Ocelić Bulatović
- The Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Department of Polymer Engineering and Organic Chemical Technology; University of Zagreb; Marulićev trg 19 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Vesna Rek
- The Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Department of Polymer Engineering and Organic Chemical Technology; University of Zagreb; Marulićev trg 19 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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16
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Yousfi M, Livi S, Dumas A, Le Roux C, Crépin-Leblond J, Greenhill-Hooper M, Duchet-Rumeau J. Use of new synthetic talc as reinforcing nanofillers for polypropylene and polyamide 6 systems: Thermal and mechanical properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 403:29-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Jin X, Xiao CF, An SL, Jia GX, Wang YY. Carbon Black Filled Polyester as Electrically Conductive Master Batch for Fibers. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carbon black (CB) was added into a matrix of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by melt processing to prepare electrically conductive master batch (ECMB) for fiber applications. The amount of CB required to achieve a desired electrical property often results in poor mechanical properties of the final fibers. To solve this problem, a type of ECMB with a lower percolation threshold was designed by incorporating titanate coupling agent treated CB and using a matrix blend (adding polyethylene (PE) into PET). The effects of titanate coupling agent treatment and the matrix blend on the percolation threshold of ECMB are discussed and the effect of lower percolation threshold on the mechanical properties of final melt-spun fibers was investigated. The results indicated that titanate coupling agent treatment and a matrix blend are able to reduce the percolation threshold and thereby minimize problems with the mechanical properties of the final fibers, yet maintain the desirable electrical property.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Jin
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber (FMFF), Tinajin, PR China
| | - C. F. Xiao
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber (FMFF), Tinajin, PR China
| | - S. L. An
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber (FMFF), Tinajin, PR China
| | - G. X. Jia
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber (FMFF), Tinajin, PR China
| | - Y. Y. Wang
- Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Fiber Modification and Functional Fiber (FMFF), Tinajin, PR China
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18
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Duan J, Dou Q. Investigation on β-polypropylene/PP-g-MAH/surface treated talc composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Silver-filled epoxy composites: effect of hybrid and silane treatment on thermal properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-012-0808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Castillo LA, Barbosa SE, Capiati NJ. Surface-modified talc particles by acetoxy groups grafting: Effects on mechanical properties of polypropylene/talc composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Bonadies I, Avella M, Avolio R, Carfagna C, Errico ME, Gentile G. Poly(vinyl chloride)/CaCO3 nanocomposites: Influence of surface treatments on the properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Nurdina AK, Mariatti M, Samayamutthirian P. Effect of filler surface treatment on mechanical properties and thermal properties of single and hybrid filler-filled PP composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Tham WL, Chow WS, Ishak ZAM. The effect of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/hydroxyapatite composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Bakar MBA, Ishak ZAM, Taib RM, Rozman HD, Jani SM. Flammability and mechanical properties of wood flour-filled polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Arencón D, Velasco JI. Fracture Toughness of Polypropylene-Based Particulate Composites. MATERIALS 2009. [PMCID: PMC5513573 DOI: 10.3390/ma2042046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (J.I.V.); Tel.: +34 937 837 022; Fax: +34 937 841 827
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26
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El-Midany AA, Ibrahim SS. The effect of mineral surface nature on the mechanical properties of mineral-filled polypropylene composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Cho YS, Kim HM, Hong JJ, Yi GR, Jang SH, Yang SM. Dispersion stabilization of conductive transparent oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Abu Bakar MB, Leong YW, Ariffin A, Mohd Ishak ZA. Effect of chemical treatments on the mechanical, flow, and morphological properties of talc- and kaolin-filled polypropylene hybrid composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Ariffin A, Mansor AS, Jikan SS, Mohd. Ishak ZA. Mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of polypropylene/kaolin composite. Part I. The effects of surface-treated kaolin and processing enhancement. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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MAE H, OMIYA M, KISHIMOTO K. Microstructural Observation and Simulation of Micro Damage Evolution of Ternary Polypropylene Blend with Ethylene-Propylene-Rubber (EPR) and Talc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1299/jmmp.2.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaki OMIYA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University
| | - Kikuo KISHIMOTO
- Department of Mechanical and Sciences Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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31
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Synergistic effects of layered double hydroxide with hyperfine magnesium hydroxide in halogen-free flame retardant EVA/HFMH/LDH nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Bakar MBA, Leong YW, Ariffin A, Ishak ZAM. Mechanical, flow, and morphological properties of talc- and kaolin-filled polypropylene hybrid composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Wang T, Liu D, Keddie JL. An alternative approach to the modification of talc for the fabrication of polypropylene/talc composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Ljungberg N, Cavaillé JY, Heux L. Nanocomposites of isotactic polypropylene reinforced with rod-like cellulose whiskers. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Jin X, Xiao C, An S, Jia G. Percolation threshold of electrically conductive master batch for polyester fibers application. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Öksüz M, Eroglu M, Yıldırım H. Effect of talc on the properties of polypropylene/ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Duan Y, Liu S, Wang G, Guan H, Wen B. Effect of a coupling agent on the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of carbon black/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Ljungberg N, Bonini C, Bortolussi F, Boisson C, Heux L, Cavaillé JY. New Nanocomposite Materials Reinforced with Cellulose Whiskers in Atactic Polypropylene: Effect of Surface and Dispersion Characteristics. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2732-9. [PMID: 16153113 DOI: 10.1021/bm050222v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New nanocomposite films were prepared with atactic polypropylene as the matrix and either of three types of cellulose whiskers, with various surface and dispersion characteristics, as the reinforcing phase: aggregated without surface modification, aggregated and grafted with maleated polypropylene or individualized and finely dispersed with a surfactant. Films obtained by solvent casting from toluene were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile testing. In the linear region, the mechanical properties above the glass-rubber transition were found to be drastically enhanced for the nanocomposites as compared to the neat polypropylene matrix. These effects were ascribed to the formation of a rigid network with filler/filler interactions. In addition, interactions between the filler and the matrix as well as the dispersion quality were found to play a major role on the mechanical properties of the composites when investigation of the films was performed in the nonlinear region.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ljungberg
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
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39
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Shah GB, Fuzail M. Modification of polyethylene and incorporation of fillers for effective reinforcement of mechanical and better flame retardant properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Bose S, Mahanwar PA. Effect of titanate coupling agent on the mechanical, thermal, dielectric, rheological, and morphological properties of filled nylon 6. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Shao W, Wang Q, Li K. Intercalation and exfoliation of talc by solid-state shear compounding (S3C) using pan-mill equipment. POLYM ENG SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Bose S, Mahanwar P. Effects of titanate coupling agent on the properties of mica-reinforced nylon-6 composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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McAlpine M, Hudson NE, Liggat JJ, Pethrick RA, Pugh D, Rhoney I. Study of the factors influencing the exfoliation of an organically modified montmorillonite in methyl methacrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate) mixtures. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Leong YW, Bakar MBA, Mohd. Ishak ZA, Ariffin A. Effects of filler treatments on the mechanical, flow, thermal, and morphological properties of talc and calcium carbonate filled polypropylene hybrid composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Wang Z, Hu K, Hu Y, Gui Z. Thermal degradation of flame-retarded polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) elastomer composites. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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46
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Effects of coupling agents on mechanical and morphological behavior of the PP/HDPE blend with two different CaCO3. Eur Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Wang Z, Shen X, Fan W, Hu Y, Qu B, Gui Z. Effects of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) elastomer on mechanical properties and combustion behaviour of flame retarded polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide composites. POLYM INT 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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